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In 2013, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that three sections of the Criminal Code of Canada pertaining to sex work were unconstitutional. In response to this ruling—otherwise known as the Bedford Decision—the Conservative government introduced the Protection of Communities and Exploited Persons Act (PCEPA) in 2014. In this paper, I ask: to what extent does the Protection of Communities and Exploited Persons Act meet its stated goal of addressing the health and safety of those who “engage in prostitution”? In exploring this question, I first trace the legal terrain leading to the PCEPA’s conception. Following this, I show that the PCEPA has failed to address its stated goals in two central ways. First, by co-opting the progressive framing of the Bedford Decision in a way that obscures the situations of violence it seeks to address, and second, by making the most precarious category of sex work even more dangerous through its implementation. In order to render the actual foundations of the PCEPA visible, I draw upon critical race and feminist theory. Through this analysis, I show how gendered and racialized hierarchies regulate violence along and within the sex work spectrum. Overall, this paper argues that the PCEPA has failed to address the health and safety of “those engaged in prostitution,” and instead, has facilitated racialized patterns of gender violence against vulnerable populations.

This artcile reviews "Documentaries: Poems" by Walter Hildebrandt.

The article reviews the book, "On Durban's Docks: Zulu Workers, Rural Households, Global Labor," by Ralph Callebert.

Using data from the 2011 National Household Survey, the present analysis seeks to provide a recent estimate of aboriginal/non-aboriginal earnings disparities for a sample of employees who work full-time, full-year. Wage gaps are estimated and decomposed at the mean for several aboriginal identity groups as well as those living on- and off-reserves. consistent with previous research, the results of the present analysis find earnings disparities are, in general, larger for aboriginal identity respondents (i.e. those who identify themselves as aboriginal persons), as opposed to those who report having aboriginal ancestry, but who do not identify as aboriginal persons. among aboriginal identity groups living off-reserve (First Nations, Métis and Inuit), First Nations experience the largest earnings inequality, followed by Inuit males and Métis. aboriginal identity respondents living on-reserve experience by far the largest earnings disadvantage of all the groups considered in the analysis. the study concludes by discussing the implications of the findings for future research, with an emphasis on the importance of addressing the potential role of discrimination in labour markets.

Objective: To compare occupational health and safety (OHS) vulnerability of recent Canadian immigrants and workers born in Canada. Methods: Recent immigrants (n = 195) were recruited at four settlement agencies in Southern Ontario, and non-immigrants in Ontario (n = 1030) were contacted by phone and email by a third-party survey provider. The questionnaire measured OHS vulnerability using a 27-item measure and collected sociodemographic and workplace information. Responses were used to evaluate one overall and three specific (policy and procedure, awareness, and empowerment) measures of OHS vulnerability. Log-binomial models compared the overall and policy and procedure-, awareness- and empowerment-related vulnerability of recent immigrants to non-immigrant workers. Models were adjusted for demographic and workplace characteristics. Results: New immigrants experience statistically elevated levels of overall (adjusted risk ratio [ARR] = 1.60, 95% CI 1.23-2.07) and empowerment-related vulnerability (ARR = 1.54, 95% CI 1.09-2.17). Compared to workers born in Canada, immigrants also report elevated levels of policy and procedure vulnerability (ARR = 1.37, 95% CI 0.98-1.92), although this estimate did not meet traditional criteria for statistical significance. Conclusions: This study uses a novel multi-dimensional measure to identify how differences in workplace context place recent immigrant workers at increased risk of work-related injury or illness. Recent immigrant workers experience increased risk of OHS vulnerability. In particular, this vulnerability results from exposure to hazards in combination with inadequate levels of empowerment to protect themselves in the workplace. Policy-makers, advocates, and employers should implement strategies that not only build workplaces where occupational hazards are minimized but also ensure immigrant workers are empowered to act on their workplace rights and engaged to improve workplace safety.

The article reviews the book, "The Great Labour Unrest: Rank-and-File Movements and Political Change in the Durham Coalfield," by Lewis H. Mates.

This article reviews the book, "The Life of Ellen Wilkinson, Socialist, Feminist, Internationalist" by Laura Beers.

While expert knowledge is a crucial resource for large science-based companies, management of the specific population of experts remains a sensitive issue for the HRM. In order to recognize and retain these employees, companies traditionally implement a dual ladder—a career management tool that proposes an alternative technical career track to the managerial one, thus allowing recognition of an expert status in the organization. However, multiple studies have demonstrated that the implementation of a dual ladder does not bring the expected results. While previous research has investigated the individual aspirations of experts as possible reasons for their dissatisfaction with this managerial tool, we show the importance of the collective dimension of expertise and claim that the latter is insufficiently supported by HRM practices. Drawing on a case study in a large multinational firm, we explore the consequences of individualized practices on expert work and discuss the role of HRM in dealing with so-called “hero-based” management. The findings show that individualized practices could endanger the learning and innovation capacities of the firm and compromise processes such as decision making and problem solving. It could also jeopardize the continuity of expertise from a long-term perspective as younger generations refuse to align with a “hero-based” culture. Despite such a strategic challenge, HR managers experience difficulties in reinforcing the collective dimension of expertise. This opens up new perspectives for the HRM function that could lead the management of experts towards new horizons by supporting the fragile equilibrium between “agency” and “communion” in expertise processes.

The article reviews and comments on the books, "Against Labor: How U.S. Employers Organized to Defeat Union Activism," edited by Rosemary Feurer and Chad Pearson, and "Political Economy of Labor Repression in the United States," by Andrew Kolin.

The article reviews the book, "'We Are All Fast-Food Workers Now': The Global Uprising against Poverty Wages," by Annelise Orleck.

During the 1970s and 1980s, after the Royal Commission on the Status of Women made its far-reaching recommendations, the volunteer Ontario Committee on the Status of Women went head-to-head with the Ontario government of Premier William Davis to fully implement equality for women in Ontario. Areas of concern were in employment, pay and benefits, child care and reproduction rights, education and training, family law, pensions, politics and the civil service, and human rights generally. Members of this committed organization tell the stories of how they came together, how they organized and lobbied for change, how they collaborated with other groups, how the issues changed, and what the work means for women in Ontario today. --Publisher's description. Contents: OSCW song -- Prologue: The view from 1967 -- Equality is a woman's place: the Royal Commission on the Status of Women / Beth Atcheson -- The challenge accepted: the founding of the Ontario Committee on the Status of Women / Lynn McDonald -- Employment and economy: the Fair Employment Practices Committee / Marjorie Griffin Cohen -- Family law, childcare, and reproduction / Beth Atcheson, Wendy Lawrence, Irma Melville, Cathleen Morrison and Lorna Marsden -- Pensions / Wendy Lawrence, Cathleen Morrison, Brigid O'Reilly, and Lorna Marsden -- Education and training / Lorna Marsden -- Survey of OCSW members / Naomi Black --Process and personalities / Lorna Marsden -- Epilogue: The view from 2017 -- In Memory of Lynne Sullivan / Judith Davidson-Palmer -- Appendix 1. RCSW report excerpt: plan of action and list of recommendations -- Appendix 2. RCSW: overview of recommendations by jurisdiction / Beth Atcheson -- Appendix 3. Equal opportunity for women in Ontario: a plan for action (June 1973) excerpt: proposals for change: a summary -- Appendix 4. Who's who, what's what, where and up...a partial chronological guide to the bureaucracy and public sector maze -- Appendix 5. Married women's property rights.

This trailblazing history of early British Columbia focuses on a single year, 1858, the year of the Fraser River gold rush — the third great mass migration of gold seekers after the Californian and Australian rushes in search of a new El Dorado. Marshall’s history becomes an adventure, prospecting the rich pay streaks of British Columbia’s “founding” event and the gold fever that gripped populations all along the Pacific Slope. Marshall unsettles many of our most taken-for-granted assumptions: he shows how foreign miner-militias crossed the 49th parallel, taking the law into their own hands, and conducting extermination campaigns against Indigenous peoples while forcibly claiming the land. Drawing on new evidence, Marshall explores the three principal cultures of the goldfields — those of the fur trade (both Native and the Hudson’s Bay Company), Californian, and British world views. The year 1858 was a year of chaos unlike any other in British Columbia and American Pacific Northwest history. It produced not only violence but the formal inauguration of colonialism, Native reserves and, ultimately, the expansion of Canada to the Pacific Slope. Among the haunting legacies of this rush are the cryptic place names that remain — such as American Creek, Texas Bar, Boston Bar, and New York Bar — while the unresolved question of Indigenous sovereignty continues to claim the land. -- Publisher's website description. Contents: Introduction: Fraser River fever on the Pacific slope of North America -- Prophetic patterns: the search for a new El Dorado -- The fur trade world -- The Californian world -- The British world -- Fortunes foretold: the Fraser River War -- Mapping the new El Dorado -- Inventing Canada from west to east -- Conclusion: "The river bears south."

The Generation Effect shows that employment precarity is penalizing a generation. Precarious employment has become an unwanted, unnecessary and not-by-choice, new reality of our workforce and economy. Despite the recent changes to Ontario employment regulations, most legislation remains outdated and provides for a workforce and economy that no longer exists. Our social support systems are outdated and currently unable to support the growing ranks of the working poor and people living in poverty. The continued adherence to neoliberalism, an economic philosophy and ideology that has made it easy for corporations to trade and enhance their profits and, at the same time, eliminate full-time permanent jobs, has made life more difficult for millennial workers. The Generation Effect provides a snapshot of the lives of Hamilton-area millennials working in a labour market that differs significantly from that of their parents. It is a starting point for a long overdue conversation about the current nature and structure of work, its impact on millennial workers and their families, our communities and society at large. --From authors' summary

Some studies have shown strong support for positive outcomes related to flexible work arrangements such as improved performance and productivity (Bloom, Liang, Roberts, Ying, 2015; Laschinger, Finegan, Shamian, Wilk, 2001; Laschinger, Leiter, Day, Gilin, 2009), while others have found detrimental effects including negative impacts on managing and separating work, life, and family demands (Cohen Single, 2001; Yuile, Chang, Gudmundsson, Sawang 2012). The typical approach to studying flexible work arrangements is to examine outcomes at the individual level among employees, assessing the relationship with performance and work-life, or work-family balance. This study examined the relationship between flexible work arrangements and job attitudes and work-life balance, simultaneously at both the individual and organizational unit level of analysis in the Federal public sector in Canada. The data is from responses captured five times over the span of 12 years within the public-sector workforce. The findings provide further contributions to the body of research on the job demands-resources model (Bakker Demrouti, 2007) and support the idea that some types of flexible work arrangements are positively related to work-life balance and job satisfaction, while also being positively mediated by structural empowerment of employees. These findings hold both at the individual and organizational level. Certain flexible work arrangements, namely flextime and telework, show consistent and positive relationships with work-life balance at both the individual and organizational unit level. Compressed work weeks, and income averaging, however, show signs of negative relationships and require further study. A critical finding of this study is that empowerment consistently fosters improved work-life balance and job satisfaction, providing strong evidence for practitioners to prioritize employee structural empowerment as part of strategic human resource plans.

This article reviews the book, "How Capitalism Destroyed Itself: Technology Displaced by Financial Innovation," by William Kingston.

The article reviews the book, "Global Labour Studies," by Marcus Taylor and Sébastian Rioux.

The purpose of this article is to highlight the role that Izzat played in the unfolding industrial disputation that emerged at the Toyota plant in Bangalore between 1999 and 2007. Isolated instances contributed to a build-up of employee and community resentment at what was perceived as an attack on Izzat. Behind the events is the attempt to transpose Japanese “lean production and management systems” into an Indian subsidiary where local industrial and cultural conditions were not suitable for the imposition of such practices from headquarters to a subsidiary. The result of the analysis contributes to the understanding of workplace industrial relations (IR) in India and the centrality of Izzat. Within India, the significance of trade unions; the respect of employees; the importance of family and community; the importance of seniority; and the role of respect and honour are factors that multinationals often fail to understand in the design and implementation of their production and HRM systems. The study contributes to the debate over the transferability of standardized HRM policies and practices. MNEs should play a proactive role in supporting the employees of subsidiaries to adjust to and accommodate new paradigms in workplace industrial relations. The aggressive production and HRM practices at the Toyota plant were not compatible with the norms and cultural institutions of the Indian workforce. One of the key implications of this research is that foreign production, organizational and industrial relations systems and practices cannot be transplanted into host-country environments without the due recognition of key cultural conditions, notably Izzat in India.

This thesis aims to increase understanding of the association of underemployment (unemployment or overqualification) to mental health inequities between immigrant and Canadian-born labour force participants. The first paper provides a theoretical framework to guide design, analyses and interpretation of findings for this thesis, and future research on social determinants of mental health inequities. The second paper uses the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) Cycle 1.2 to assess the construct validity of self-rated mental health (SRMH) for the overall population, and sub-groups by immigrant status and sex. Positive associations between SRMH and a comprehensive array of mental morbidity measures were large and consistent, but a sizeable percentage of respondents with mental morbidity did not rate their mental health as fair/poor. SRMH is useful for assessing social determinants of inequities in general mental health, but not specific mental health morbidities. The third paper uses CCHS Cycle 2.1 (2003) to examine the association of underemployment to fair/poor self-rated mental health (SRMH) in: 1. labour force participants (18-64 yrs) in Canada, and 2. between a. immigrants vs. Canadian-born labour force participants, and b. recent immigrant (< 10 years in Canada) vs. long-term immigrant (³ 10 years in Canada) labour force participants. Underemployment was positively associated with fair/poor SRMH for labour force participants. There was a significant positive association of overqualification to fair/poor SRMH for immigrant (AOR 1.63), but not for Canadian-born labour force participants (AOR 1.03), and differences between the groups were significant (p<0.05). Unemployment had a higher magnitude of association (AOR 3.41) than overqualification (AOR 1.52) to fair/poor SRMH for long-term immigrants, while overqualification had a higher magnitude of association (AOR 2.04) than unemployment (AOR 1.15) to fair/poor SRMH for recent immigrants arriving between 1993-2003. For recent immigrants, the associations of unemployment and overqualification to fair/poor SRMH were not statistically significant (p<0.05). Though differences between groups did not achieve statistical significance (p<0.05), differences may have practical importance....

Controversy shrouds sharing economy platforms. It stems partially from the platforms’ economic impact, which is felt most acutely in certain sectors: Uber drivers compete with taxi drivers; Airbnb hosts compete with hotels. Other consequences lie elsewhere: Uber is associated with a trend toward low-paying, precarious work, whereas Airbnb is accused of exacerbating real estate speculation and raising the cost of long-term rental housing. While governments in some jurisdictions have attempted to rein in the platforms, technology has enabled such companies to bypass conventional regulatory categories, generating accusations of “unfair competition” as well as debates about the merits of existing regulatory regimes. Indeed, the platforms blur a number of familiar distinctions, including personal versus commercial activity; infrastructure versus content; contractual autonomy versus hierarchical control. These ambiguities can stymie legal regimes that rely on these distinctions as organizing principles, including those relating to labour, competition, tax, insurance, information, the prohibition of discrimination, as well as specialized sectoral regulation. This book is organized around five themes: technologies of regulation; regulating technology; the sites of regulation (local to global); regulating markets; and regulating labour. Together, the chapters offer a rich variety of insights on the regulation of the sharing economy, both in terms of the traditional areas of law they bring to bear, and the theoretical perspectives that inform their analysis. --Publisher's description. Contents: Introduction: The “sharing economy” through the lens of law / Finn Makela, Derek McKee, and Teresa Scassa. Part 1: Technologies of regulation. Peer platform markets and licensing regimes / Derek McKee -- The false promise of the sharing economy / Harry Arthurs -- The fast to the furious / Nofar Sheffi. Part 2: Regulating technology. The normative ecology of disruptive technology / Vincent Gautrais -- Information law in the platform economy: Ownership, control, and reuse of platform data / Teresa Scassa. Part 3: The space of regulation—local to global. Urban cowboy e-capitalism meets dysfunctional municipal policy-making: What the Uber story tells us about Canadian local governance / Mariana Valverde -- The sharing economy and trade agreements: The challenge to domestic regulation / Michael Geist. Part 4: Regulating Markets. Should licence plate owners be compensated when Uber comes to town? / Eran Kaplinsky -- Competition law and policy issues in the sharing economy / Francesco Ducci. Part 5: Regulating labour. The legal framework for digital platform work: The French experience / Marie-Cécile Escande-Varniol -- Uber and the unmaking and remaking of taxi capitalisms: Technology, Law, and Resistance in Historical Perspective / Eric Tucker -- Making sense of the public discourse on Airbnb and Labour: What about labour rights? / Sabrina Tremblay-Huet.

The article reviews the book, "Women's ILO: Transnational Networks, Global Labour Standards and Gender Equity, 1919 to Present," edited by Eileen Boris, Dorothea Hoehtker, and Susan Zimmermann.