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This paper underlines the significance of farm dwellers to the wage labour force during the first half of the 19th century. It begins with a consideration of the influences which led farm dwellers in the northeast Maritimes to seek wage work. It then examines the types of work that they became involved with, emphasizing the variety in their work experiences, both in local and in distant settings. It concludes with a consideration of some of the consequences that followed from the involvement of farm dwellers in wage labour.

The article reviews the books "Who Built America? Working People and the Nation's Economy, Politics, Culture and Society: From Conquest and Colonization Through Reconstruction and the Great Uprising of 1877," Vol. I, by Bruce Levine, Stephen Brier, and David Brundage and "Who Built America? Working People and the Nation's Economy, Politics, Culture and Society: From the Gilded Age to the Present," Vol. II, by Joshua Freeman, Nelson Lichtenstein, and Susan Porter Benson.

The article reviews the book, "Getting Work: Philadelphia, 1840-1950," by Walter Licht.

The article reviews the book, "Index et résumés des sentences arbitrales de griefs, logiciel «Naturel»," by Coplanam Ltée.

The article reviews the book, "Traité de négociation collective," by Gérard Hébert.

Working Families takes the reader onto the streets of Montreal and into the homes of its working-class families during the years that it became a major, industrial city. Between the 1860s and 1890s the expansion of wage labour changed the bases of family survival. It offered new possibilities and created new points of tension within the families of the emerging working class. Here we meet the men, youth, and children who worked for wages. We see the women who stayed home with their young, cooked and sewed, planted gardens and tended animals, stretching their often meagre family wages into goods and services for survival. We also see the ingenuity and agony of women whose husbands lost their jobs, fell ill, drank up their wages, deserted their families, or died. Working Families explores the complex variety of responses of working-class families to their new lives within industrial capitalist society, and offers new ways of looking at the industrial revolution in Canada. --Publisher's description

The article reviews the book, "Labour Arbitration in America," by the National Academy of Arbitrators and the NAA Research and Education Foundation.

The article reviews the book, "Jurisprudence commentée en droit du travail, de 1898 à nos jours," by Fernand Morin.

Each year, for generations, poor, ill-clad Newfoundland fishermen sailed out "to the ice" to hunt seals in the hope of a few pennies in wages from the prosperous merchants of St. John's. The year 1914 witnessed the worst in a long line of tragedies that were part of their way of life. For two long days and freezing nights a party of seal hunters - one hundred thirty-two men - were left stranded on a ice field floating in the North Atlantic in winter. They were thinly dressed, with almost no food, and with no hope of shelter on the ice against the snow or the constant, bitter winds. To survive, they had to keep moving, always moving. Those who lay down to rest died.... Publisher's description

The article reviews the book, "Classes sociales et mouvements sociaux au Québec et au Canada: Essai-synthese et bibliographie," by David Descent, Louis Maheu, Martin Robitaille, and Gilles Simard.

The article reviews the book, "Schooling for "Good Rebels": Socialist Education for Children in the United States, 1900-1920," by Kenneth Teitelbaum.

This essay explores relations of gender and class, and the strategies developed by male unionists in defence of masculine craft status in the International Typo- graphical Union (ITU), the International Printing Pressmen's and Assistants' Union (IPP&AU), and the International Brotherhood of Bookbinders (IBB), between 1850 and 1914. The ITU and IPP&AU organized along masculine craft lines and effectively defended their status within the workplace with industrial capitalist incursions and the mechanization of the production process. A crisis to male domination of typesetting occurred with the introduction of machine typesetting in newspaper production during the early 1890s. The ITU succeeded in securing control over the operations of the machines for its predominately male membership. By the mid-19th century the work of press feeder was defined as unskilled work suitable for women and boys. With the introduction of larger and faster presses during the last two decades of the 19th century, the IPP&AU struggled to appropriate the task for masculinity using the male breadwinner ideal. The IBB actively supported the organization of women bindery workers from its inception in 1892, albeit with the intent of protecting the interests of journeymen.

Following capitalism's arrival on the Canadian Prairies, the desire to challenge the existing order grew within a number of sharply divided communities. Immediately following World War I, moderates and radicals alike responded to the grim realities of unemployment, starvation wages, poor working conditions, and unsanitary housing by challenging a contradictory system of social relations in a battle over the meaning of "democracy". It was a golden age of social criticism, as pioneer reformers reached out to the large community audiences. In colleges, in churches, and in a radicalized press, the arrival of reform was heralded as the coming of a new day. Few persons were as outspoken or were able to gain as wide an audience as William Ivens. As a Methodist minister, a Labour Church leader, a working-class intellectual, and eventually as a member of the Manitoba Legislative Assembly, William Ivens challenged the existing order. He represented a tendency in Western Canadian thought throughout the 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s. His Labour Church as a working-class institution helped forge a political space in the community. Ivens offered Manitobans a new social order based not on competition, but rather on co-operation. His tendency was the result of passing various elements of Marxism, and Labour Marxist thought through the lens of a non-conformist Christianity and Methodism. The end result was an ethical socialist social philosophy that effectively addressed the social problems of the period. As a spokes-person and as an agitator for social reform, Ivens' ethical socialist outlook achieved a consensus among radical and moderate labourists. His importance as an activist in the community and the type of reforms that he was advocating, make him an important, interesting and worthwhile study in Western Canadian history.

The objectives of the National Round Table on Aboriginal Economic Development and Resources were to stimulate discussion of the economic development challenges facing Aboriginal peoples and to elicit suggestions on how these challenges can best be met. The results of the Round Table were to contribute to the formulation of the Royal Commission’s final recommendations. To bring a broad range of perspectives to the discussion, participants included those knowledgeable in economic development and resources issues and those with expertise in the creation and implementation of economic development initiatives benefitting Aboriginal communities — with a balance in terms of gender, age and Aboriginal identification. Economic development issues are very broad-ranging. To help focus discussion, five issue groups or themes were selected, and participants were asked to consider particular questions relating to each of the themes. Discussion papers were commissioned on each of the themes, and a series of examples or models of individual and community enterprise in economic development were presented. --Objectives, p. 1.

The article reviews the book, "Plaisir d'amour et crainte de Dieu : sexualité et confession au Bas-Canada," by Serge Gagnon.

The article reviews the book, "The union and its members," by Julian Barling, Clive Fullagar, and E. Kevin Kelloway.

The article reviews the book, "L'avènement de la linotype: les cas de Montréal à la fin du XIXe siècle," by Bernard Dansereau.

The work of Boivin (1992) and Meltz (1992) on the issue of industrial relations as a discipline is expanded by exploring the implications of this debate for graduate curricula. The debate over whether industrial relations constitutes a discipline is presented, and then some of the implications of the outcome of this debate for the development of industrial relations teaching units and curriculum content are discussed. The alternative organizational approaches to graduate-level study of industrial relations in Canada and the US are broadly characterized. Some of the factors giving rise to the wide variety of programs observed in both countries are presented. Like Boivin, undergraduate labor studies programs are not considered. Some of the factors influencing changes in program content are considered, and the implications of these for the future study of and instruction in industrial relations are discussed.

A labor shortage in 1922, the promise of a bumper yield in 1923, and increased imperialist sentiment resulted in the recruitment of nearly 12,000 British workers to assist Canadian harvesters with the 1923 prairie wheat crop. Since most of them came from the cities they found the transition to western agriculture difficult and their complaints about the treatment they endured caused considerable damage to Canada's image abroad. Nevertheless, many persevered and returned home after the harvest satisfied. Those who remained to make a new life for themselves had a harder time since they were forced to take farm work at subsistence wages for the winter. Others chose to seek work in their own trades in Canada's cities. Like many, those in Toronto faced unemployment but, with the help of area radicals, the militants among them decided to lead a long march to demand work at reasonable wages from the Mackenzie King government. Despite unrelenting harassment from public officials they remained united and, with the assistance of citizens in the communities along the way, they reached the capital bedraggled but defiant a fortnight later. While their march proved futile in the short term, it was an early example of escalating militancy among the unemployed, both domestic and immigrant, which helped to focus attention on both the plight of unskilled labor in a national economy and on the short-sighted, employer-driven immigration policies.