Full bibliography

The concept of "cooperation" was commonly employed by the Left in Canada in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In this paper I have examined how J.S. Woodsworth used this notion. In fact, he used it in three different ways. One, however, predominated; that is, the idea of cooperation as industrial centralization and integration, monopolies, planning and managerial directedness. Cooperation, and by implication his theory of community, thus became subsumed in an image of industrial society that was hierarchical, coercive, centralist, and bureaucratic. Moreover, I argue that Woodsworth's theories of cooperation and community show an intellectual affinity with certain liberal views of social reality, views that were utilitarian, instrumentalist and individualist.