Un encadrement de proximité en recomposition : Les « managers de rayon » dans la grande distribution - Racine, Florent (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
Cet article porte sur les salariés des grandes surfaces alimentaires en France. Si la littérature existante sur le secteur porte essentiellement sur les caissières et utilise la monographie, notre approche s’intéresse aux managers de rayon. Porter le regard sur les managers de rayon, premier niveau d’encadrement en magasin, permet de mieux comprendre les logiques qui traversent le secteur. Mais contrairement à l’approche habituelle qui utilise la monographie, notre approche combine les échelles d’analyse (micro, méso et macro) afin d’ancrer les observations du terrain au sein de l’histoire sectorielle et de la conjoncture. Cela nous conduits à associer la sociologie du travail et de l’emploi avec la sociologie des groupes professionnels pour montrer que les managers travaillent au sein de deux principaux segments professionnels : les rayons alimentaires, d’une part, et les rayons non alimentaires, d’autre part. Sur chaque segment, les conditions de travail ne sont pas tout à fait les mêmes : la situation économique des groupes intégrés étant préoccupante, ces derniers ont procédé à une réorganisation des rayons. Par conséquent, les conditions d’emploi sont également différentes. En effet, si le processus de centralisation-décentralisation des tâches et la sélection d’un nouveau profil de managers sont bien mis en oeuvre de façon homogène dans les rayons alimentaires, deux rayons non alimentaires conservent leur particularité. Au rayon parapharmacie tout d’abord, le titre de docteur constitue une barrière à l’entrée dans ce marché du travail fermé. Parallèlement, les récentes réorganisations permettent à ce dernier de s’emparer des rayons des collègues, faisant de ce manager le grand gagnant des mutations actuelles. Aux rayons brun-blanc-gris ensuite, les managers sont dans une situation plus difficile : plus que partout ailleurs, ces rayons qui perdent de l’argent ont été réorganisés ou supprimés, annonçant la « mort » progressive de ce groupe.
Keywords: department managers; emploi; employment; labour; managers de rayon; organisation du travail; professional segments; segments professionnels; travail; work organization

Pour elles toutes : femmes contre la prison - Rech, Nathalie (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Pour elles toutes : femmes contre la prison," by Gwenola Ricordeau.

The Responsible Professor: EAPs and the Neoliberal University - Reuter, Shelley Zipora (Canadian Journal of Sociology, 2021)
Universities commonly engage Employee Assistance Programs to help workers with their problems. In this institutional case study of neoliberalism in action, I analyze the EAP newsletters from one Canadian institution I call “Corporate U” for their impact on full-time tenured and tenure-track faculty. I show how their messaging counterproductively amplifies pressures in today’s university to be resilient and perform and be accountable. I take the EAP to be an agent of the university, and as such, their newsletters demonstrate the rise of neoliberal managerialism in academic life. Of particular concern is their individualising tendency to construct “the responsible professor” as an ideal to which all academic workers must now aspire.
Keywords: performance

Sessional Contract Faculty, Unionization, and Academic Freedom - Ross, Stephanie; Savage, Larry; Watson, James (Canadian Journal of Higher Education / Revue canadienne d'enseignement supérieur, 2021)
This article explores the relationship between unionization and academic freedom protections for sessional faculty in Ontario universities. Specifically, we compare university policies and contract provisions with a view to determining whether unionized sessionals hired on a per-course basis have stronger academic freedom protections than their non-union counterparts. We then explore whether particular kinds of bargaining unit structures are more conducive to achieving stronger academic freedom provisions. Finally, we consider whether academic freedom can be exercised effectively by sessionals, whether unionized or not. We conclude that unionization does help to produce stronger academic freedom protections for sessional faculty and that faculty association bargaining unit structures are most likely to help deliver this outcome. We further conclude that academic freedom is difficult to exercise for sessional faculty, regardless of union status, but that unionization offers greater protections for sessionals facing repercussions as a result of asserting their academic freedom.
Keywords: academic freedom; associations de professeurs d’université; bargaining unit structures; chargés de cours; contract faculty; enseignants contractuels; faculty associations; liberté académique; sessional instructors; structures d’unités de négociation; syndicats; unions

The Shock Doctrine Comes to Canada: Laurentian University’s Insolvency Claim and the Neoliberal Tide - Roth, Reuben (Critical Sociology, 2021)
During the depths of COVID-19, Laurentian University, a small Canadian postsecondary institution located in the mid-sized city of Sudbury Canada, declared that it was insolvent and was legally allowed to terminate one-third of its faculty and cut almost one-half of its academic programmes. This historically unprecedented attack on a Canadian public institution utilized a Federal corporate court process, the Companies’ Creditors Arrangement Act (CCAA), a piece of legislation akin to the US Chapter 11 process. The result of the still-ongoing process saw the university Administration and Board of Governors working against the interests of the community, targeting the arts, Indigenous, Francophone and working-class communities. This article poses the question ‘to whom do universities belong, and at what point does a publicly funded university stop being a collective “social good” – responsible to the society that spawned it – and start being a stand-alone organization that serves private interests?’
Keywords: Companies’ Creditors Arrangement Act; academic labour; austerity; neoliberalism; privatization

Upon the Altar of Work: Child Labor and the Rise of a New American Sectionalism - Rouleau, Brian (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Upon the Altar of Work: Child Labor and the Rise of a New American Sectionalism," by Betsy Wood.

Editors’ Note / Note de la rédaction - Sangster, Joan; Smith, Charles W. (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
Considers the human and financial cost of the 1918-19 flu pandemic versus the Covid-19 pandemic. Pays tribute to the late Leo Panitch, to whom the volume is dedicated. Comments on articles in the issue and notes that they emphasize the importance of all forms of work and organization. Deplores the rise of market-driven universities and the cuts at Laurentian University. Welcomes Kirk Niergarth as co-editor, which helps pave the way for Joan Sangster's retirement as co-editor.

The Legacy of Leo Panitch - Sangster, Joan; Smith, Charles W.; Warskett, Rosemary; Blanc, Eric; Konings, Martijn; Maher, Stephen; Ross, Stephanie (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
Introduced by editors Sangster and Smith, this roundtable offers papers by former students of Panitch on his multifaceted legacy. Themes include Panitch as organic intellectual (Warskett), the fall and future of social democracy (Blanc), money and the critique of capitalism between political sociology and political economy (Konings), Panitch and the practice of socialist mentorship (Maher), and Panitch as a transformative teacher (Ross).
Keywords: Leo Panitch; activist; class struggle; global scholar; labour; legacy; scholar; social democracy; socialism

Organized Labour and the NDP: Looking Back on Sixty Years of Party-Union Relations - Savage, Larry (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
This article begins with a broad overview of the scholarly literature on labour politics in Canada before focusing more specifically on the relationship between organized labour and the NDP. The article is organized thematically, focusing on three key features of the party-union relationship: (1) institutional ties between labour and the NDP; (2) the ideological impact of labour on the politics of the NDP: and (3) labour's (in)ability to deliver votes to the party. Each dimension of the party-union relationship reveals factors that contributed to a loosening of ties over time and sets the stage for a final concluding section exploring the implications of a weakened NDP-union link for the future of labour and working-class politics in Canada. --From author's introduction
Keywords: New Democratic Party; labour politics; party-union relations; social democracy; unions

Workload, workplace violence and harassment, and well-being of personal support workers in home and community care - Sayin, Firat; Denton, Margaret; Brookman, Catherine; Davies, Sharon; Zeytinoglu, Isik (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
Demand for home and community care services has continuously increased in Canada and elsewhere in the last few decades due to aging of the population and healthcare policy changes shaped by budgetary limitations. As a result, home and community care organizations are having trouble hiring adequate numbers of healthcare workers to meet the escalating demand, the result being increased workload on these workers. Another stream of literature has shown that care recipients and their family members, frustrated with the limited ability of healthcare workers to provide adequate care because of increased workload, might resort to violence and harassment. Bringing these two streams of literature together, we examined the relationships among three variables : workload ; workplace violence and harassment ; and well-being of personal support workers (PSWs). Using structural equation modeling, we analyzed a 2015 Ontario-wide survey of 1,347 PSWs employed in the home and community care sector. The results indicate that workload is negatively associated with extrinsic and intrinsic job satisfaction, and this relationship is mediated by violence and harassment and by stress. Specifically, workload is positively associated with violence and harassment at work, which in turn is positively associated with stress, which in turn is negatively associated with extrinsic and intrinsic job satisfaction. Our study contributes to the literature by examining the impact of a work environment factor, workload, on the well-being of PSWs. This approach makes it possible to expand the current literature’s focus on psychological processes at the individual level to a more contextual approach. Furthermore, the results have important implications for home and community care organizations as well as for the healthcare sector in general. The well-being of PSWs is critical to retaining them and to ensuring the quality of care they provide their clients. Thus, their workload should be lowered to a more manageable level to help minimize the violence and harassment they experience.
Keywords: Canada; extrinsic job satisfaction; healthcare workers; intrinsic job satisfaction; personnel de santé; satisfaction extrinsèque au travail; satisfaction intrinsèque au travail; stress

Balayons les abus : expérience d’organisation syndicale dans le nettoyage - Simonet, Maud (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Balayons les abus : expérience d’organisation syndicale dans le nettoyage," by Marielle Benchehboune.

Change and Continuity: Canadian Political Economy in the New Millennium - Smith, Charles W. (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Change and Continuity: Canadian Political Economy in the New Millennium," edited by Mark P. Thomas, Leah F. Vosko, Carlo Fanelli, and Olena Lyubchenko.

Remembering Wayne Roberts, 1944–2021 - Sobel, David (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
Obituary for Wayne Roberts (1944-2021), a Labour/Le Travail contributor who wrote on labour, food policy, the environment, and urban issues.

Une histoire politique du tiers-monde - Sondarjee, Maïka (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Une histoire politique du tiers-monde," by Vijay Prashad.

The Death Penalty and Sex Murder in Canadian History - Swainger, Jonathan (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "The Death Penalty and Sex Murder in Canadian History," by Carolyn Strange.

Technological Strikebreaking: A Case Study of Quebec’s Anti-Scab Legislation - Talarico, Andrea (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
The right to strike has been constitutionally protected in Canada since 2015. In other jurisdictions where the right to strike is explicitly recognized in the constitution, protection against strikebreaking is recognized as part of that right. Only two Canadian provinces restrict the use of replacement workers during a strike or a lockout. Quebec’s Labour Code has provisions that prohibit the use of replacement workers at the employer’s establishment. Quebec arbitrators, courts, and boards have interpreted this ill-defined concept as a strictly physical location of production, while ignoring technological advances that make remote work possible. This paper examines how the restrictive interpretation of establishment allows a form of strikebreaking that the Spanish Constitutional Court has described as “technological strikebreaking” (esquirolaje technologico), while also allowing the use of technology already at the employer’s disposal to circumvent restrictions on replacement workers even when such technology is not routinely used. The impact of technology on strikebreaking is examined through two case studies: the successive lockouts at the Journal de Québec and the Journal de Montréal. In both cases, external contributors provided the newspapers with content electronically, thus allowing uninterrupted publication. Using Katz, Kochan and Colvil’s three-tier model of collective bargaining, this paper looks at how technological strikebreaking disrupts not only the balance of bargaining power but also bargaining strategy, and how, in the case of the Journal de Montréal, it led to devastating bargaining outcomes. Though the lockouts led to a call for legislative reform in 2011, legislative change is not necessary to align existing provisions with the goal of shortening labour disputes.
Keywords: lockout; replacement workers; right to strike; technological strikebreaking

Should I Stay or Should I Go Home? Newcomer Employment Experiences in Mid-Sized Canadian Cities - Thomas, Jasmine (Canadian Journal of Sociology, 2021)
Despite changes to Canadian immigration policy to address declining labour market outcomes, many highly educated immigrants still face challenges when searching for career-related employment. Semi-structured interviews with 38 newcomer professionals in Edmonton, Alberta and Winnipeg, Manitoba illustrate significant obstacles including a lack of credential recognition, racial discrimination and a requirement for Canadian experience. Drawing from intersectional feminism and critical race theory, this study assesses the perspectives of newcomers during their employment search and explores the common desire for return-migration. Findings illustrate how the pre-arrival expectations of immigrants are incongruent with the realities of persistent labour market barriers. Newcomers consider if they should stay in Canada due to the lack of meaningful economic opportunities.
Keywords: critical race theory; intersectionality; labour market integration; labour market segmentation; transnational feminism

Cabin Crew Conflict: The British Airways Dispute, 2009–11 - Tiemeyer, Phil (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Cabin Crew Conflict: The British Airways Dispute, 2009–11," by Phil Taylor and Sian Moore.

Corvée Labour and the Habitant “Spirit of Mutiny” in New France, 1688–1731 - Tomczak, Richard H. (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article examines the evolution of Canadian corvée labour in the late 17th- and early 18th-century French Empire. In New France, tenants, referred to as habitants, rented land from seigneurs in exchange for several taxes. The labour tax, or corvée, required habitants to work on their seigneur’s estate for one to two days a year. Additionally, habitants were responsible for providing corvée for building any public infrastructure that the community required. From the Nine Years’ War (starting in 1688) to the construction of the Chemin du Roy (1732), colonial officials experimented with mass corvée labour mobilization in Canada. A number of factors allowed habitants to challenge authority when they felt the colonial élite had violated their right to subsistence. When drafted annually into forced labour for the construction of Québec and Montréal’s fortifications, groups of habitants refused to show up for work, called upon their superiors to protect them from service, or collectively discussed mutiny if conditions did not improve. During the first three decades of the 18th century, corvée was a negotiated process, with habitants constantly putting forth their own definitions of acceptable labour mobilization.
Keywords: New France; Québec; corvée; habitants; labour history; mutiny; protest; seigneurial system

Promenade sur Marx. Du côté des héroïnes - Toupin, Louise (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Promenade sur Marx. Du côté des héroïnes," by Valérie Lefebvre-Faucher.

New Geographies of Racism: Urbanization, the Biopolitical, and Racial Capitalism - Tretter, Eliot (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews and comments on the books, "Indigenous in the City: Contemporary Identities and Cultural Innovation," edited by Evelyn Peters and Chris Anderson, "Displacing Blackness: Planning, Power, and Race in Twentieth-Century Halifax," by Ted Rutland, "Stolen City: Racial Capitalism and the Making of Winnipeg," by Owen Toews, and "Dead Labor: Toward a Political Economy of Premature Death," by James Tyner.

Farewell, Ed Finn: An Early Labour/Le Travail Board Member Who Used Critical Thought and Journalistic Skill to Expose Wrongdoing - Verzuh, Ron (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
Obituary for Ed Finn (1926-2000), journalist, editor, trade unionist, and first leader of the Newfoundland and Labrador NDP.

Internet Platform Employment in China: Legal Challenges and Implications for Gig Workers through the Lens of Court Decisions - Wang, Tianyu; Cooke, Fang (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
Research Objective and Questions: We aimed to examine court rulings on disputes between network platforms and labour providers in order to understand the nature of the employment relations and the broader consequences for society as a whole. We addressed two questions: What is the attitude and role of the courts in resolving disputes between Internet network platforms and labour providers in China within a civil law system? What are the prospects that legal innovations will improve protection for platform labour providers who fall outside the scope of labour law, in order to counter the unregulated expansion of digital capitalism at the expense of the under-/unprotected? Methodology: We primarily used secondary data, namely 102 publicly available Court decisions from 2014 to 2019. The case decision reports were downloaded from the Supreme People’s Court “Network of Court Decision Papers.” Results: Disputes occurred mainly in cities that have the most developed platforms and an independent worker model of employment. They mainly involved network platforms that provide such services as driving, food delivery and courier services. All of the disputes involved road accidents, and over half occurred in Beijing and Shanghai—two leading cities in China that have dense populations. Dispute cases rose sharply, peaked in 2017, started to drop in 2018 and fell even more in 2019. The disputes seem to have educated people on both sides, with the result that more precautions are being taken. Contributions: Our study makes three contributions. First, we identified three types of platform employment in China, the motives of the platforms in their choice of labour utilization and the legal implications in terms of labour and third-party protection. Second, we examined the attitude and role of the courts in judging disputes between network platforms and labour providers within legal constraints. Third, we propose that socialization of contract service should be central to platform employment.
Keywords: China; court decisions; gig economy; legal challenges; platform employment; subordination theory

The Chronology of Revolution: Communism, Culture, and Civil Society in Twentieth-Century Britain - Weesjes, Elke (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "The Chronology of Revolution: Communism, Culture, and Civil Society in Twentieth-Century Britain," by Ben Harker.

In Memoriam: Leo Panitch, 1945–2020 - Whitaker, Reginald (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
Pays homage to Panitch's life and work as an activist, academic, and writer. Discusses Panitch's origins in Winnipeg's left-wing Jewish community, his tutelage as a graduate student under Ralph Miliband in England, and his wide-ranging engagement as a Marxist political scientist. The author also reflects on his near half-century friendship with Panitch that began in London, England, in 1972.

The Long Deep Grudge: A Story of Big Capital, Radical Labor, and Class War in the American Heartland - Wood, Gregory (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "The Long Deep Grudge: A Story of Big Capital, Radical Labor, and Class War in the American Heartland," by Toni Gilpin.

Family Responsibilities and Silence of Rural Migrant Workers in China: The Role of Town-Fellow Organizations - Yuan, Fang; Cooke, Fang Lee; Zhong, Teng; An, Fansuo (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
Employee voice in China remains an under-researched topic from an industrial relations perspective. We investigated the relationship between family dependents (children and elderly) and migrant worker silence, with town-fellow organizations as a moderator, based on the data of the 2014 Guangdong Migrant Workers Survey. The findings reveal that migrant workers with dependent children are more likely to keep silent when their labour rights and interests are violated at the workplace, while family responsibilities for dependent elderly family members do not have significant impacts on migrant workers’ silence. In addition, town-fellow organizations weaken the association between family responsibilities for elderly dependents and silence. Our study contributes to the existing literature on employee voice and provides evidence on the role of town-fellow organizations in China as an informal, emerging institutional actor that regulates labour relations through their involvement in dispute resolution.
Keywords: acteur institutionnel informel; employee silence; family dependents; informal institutional actor; membres de famille à charge; migrant workers; organisation de migrants venus de la même ville; silence de l’employé; town-fellow organization; travailleurs migrants

A Fistful of Shells: West Africa from the Rise of the Slave Trade to the Age of Revolution - Zachernuk, Philip S. (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "A Fistful of Shells: West Africa from the Rise of the Slave Trade to the Age of Revolution," by Toby Green.

Remote Work and Employment Dynamics under COVID-19: Evidence from Canada - Gallacher, Guillermo; Hossain, Iqbal (Canadian Public Policy, 2020)
In this study, we find that 41 percent of jobs in Canada can be performed remotely, with significant variation across provinces, cities, and industries. We complement this finding with labour microdata and document facts on the relationship between the feasibility of remote work and income inequality, gender, age, and other worker characteristics. We then show that workers in occupations for which the possibility of remote work is less likely experienced larger employment losses between March and April. This relationship also holds for employment losses across cities and (in one of the specifications) across industries. Across provinces, there is a negative link in the February–March 2020 variation.

Northern Populism: Causes and Consequences of the New Ordered Outlook - Graves, Frank; Smith, Jeff (School of Public Policy Publications (University of Calgary), 2020)
Canada has not been left untouched by a new authoritarian, or ordered, populism that has seen the election of Donald Trump as U.S. president and the United Kingdom vote to leave the European Union. Based on measurements of public opinion and other means developed to assess the phenomenon, this paper finds that populism in Canada is a significant political force, replacing the traditional left-right political spectrum. Not only has northern populism created a heightened partisan polarization in Canada, but it also proved to be a strong predictor of the outcome of the 2019 federal election. The authors’ research shows that 34 per cent of Canadians maintain a populist outlook. Older, less-educated, working-class Canadians are the most likely to sympathize with ordered populism, and it is more prevalent in Alberta and Saskatchewan. It is also more closely aligned with Canadians whose political sympathies lie with conservative political parties. A number of factors have contributed to the rise of ordered populism. These include economic stagnation, the growing disparity between the wealthy and the middle and working classes, a sense that society is headed in the wrong direction and a backlash against the loss of traditional core values.

View of Contributors / Collaborateurs | Labour / Le Travail (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
Provides brief bios of the contributors to v. 85 (Spring, 2020).

The Case for Economic Democracy - Adams, Roy (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "The Case for Economic Democracy," by Andrew Cumbers.

Pierre Trudeau, the Assault on Collective Bargaining, and Lowering Working-Class Expectations - Aivalis, Christo (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
Examines the federal state's interventions in collective bargaining, including the use of back-to-work legislation, during the 1970s and 80s under the Liberal government of Pierre Trudeau.

The Geographies of Precarious Labour in Canada - Ali, Waad; Newbold, K.; Mills, Suzanne (Canadian Journal of Regional Science / Revue canadienne des sciences régionales, 2020)
Using Statistics Canada’s 2011-2016 Labor Force Surveys, this paper examines the spatial dimensions of precarious forms of employment (PFE) in Canada. We first compare different PFEs across a range of geographies including national, provincial, census metropolitan areas and urban/rural areas. The results show that different PFEs exhibited distinct spatial patterns across space and scale. Second, using logistic regression models, results show that patterns in PFEs were reinforced by factors such as immigration status, gender, age, education, and income. These models further confirm that spatial variations in PFEs were robust even when controlling for socio-demographic and socio-economic effects. Taken together, these marked spatial patterns advances our understanding of the spatial divisions of precariousness in Canada.

Bad Faith: Teachers, Liberalism, and the Origins of McCarthyism - Antaya, Sean (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Bad Faith: Teachers, Liberalism, and the Origins of McCarthyism," byAndrew Feffer.

The New Left at Work: - Antaya, Sean (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
his article examines rank-and-file organizing in Windsor’s automobile factories during the 1970s. In particular, I look at the history of two organizations: Workers’ Unity and the New Tendency’s Auto Worker Group. I demonstrate how these groups were part of the North American New Left’s broader turn toward Marxism and the working class that contributed to the emergence of radical rank-and-file movements that challenged both management and bureaucratized trade union leaders. In Windsor, New Left auto workers embraced forms of autonomist Marxist politics concerned primarily with working-class self-activity at the point of production, and these activists formed connections with influential theorists and organizations in Detroit and Italy. Putting these intellectual exchanges into action, the rank-and-file organizations in Windsor used direct action in an attempt to improve working conditions and develop a radical culture of democracy on the shop floor. Although these groups were relatively short lived, their history tells us much about the trajectory of the New Left in Canada and the ways that former student activists grappled with the radical potential of 1970s working-class militancy.

The Political Economy of Employment Regulation in Small Developing Countries - Arrowsmith, James; Parker, Jane (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
It is generally accepted that employment regulation offers mechanisms to generate orderly economic growth as well as provide for the protection of workers. Both these efficiency and equity arguments particularly pertain to developing country contexts. The evolution and impact of employment law and industrial relations institutions in large developing countries is of growing interest to western scholars, but small developing countries have been ignored. This lack of research inhibits understanding of the political economy of employment regulation in developing country contexts. This article explores developments in labour regulation in three small developing countries in the South Pacific—Nauru, Tonga, and Papua New Guinea—that have been impacted by globalization and international labour regulation in different ways. The comparative research adopts a stakeholder analysis approach based on programs of qualitative interviews and documentary analysis. The paper identifies a number of structural and agency constraints on the development and effective implementation of employment regulatory systems that primarily reflect political factors. These include disorganized employment relations, under-developed civil society institutions, concentration of power networks, the under-resourcing and compartmentalization of state institutions and a broader context of political change and instability. These factors, which are related to country size as well as stage of development, subvert the introduction, implementation and review of employment regulation even where efficiency and equity arguments may be accepted by policymakers. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications and need for future research.
Keywords: Nauru; Pacific Island Countries; Pacifique Sud; Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée; Papua New Guinea; Tonga; employment regulation; less developed countries; pays en développement; pays insulaires; réglementation de l’emploi

A Qualitative Descriptive Study of Underground Workers Who Received Aluminum Dust Treatment and Its Organizational Level Impact - Aubin, Danielle; Lightfoot, Nancy; Gauthier, Alain; Côté, Daniel; Arrandale, Victoria (Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 2020)
From 1943 to 1980, some underground gold and uranium workers in Ontario, Canada were required to inhale aluminum dust for silicosis prevention. Workers were exposed to the dust for up to 30 min daily. This study explored the perceived organizational impact on workers exposed to the aluminum dust treatment in Northeastern Ontario. This qualitative descriptive study included 16 respondents who participated in individual semi-structured interviews. All respondents were Northeastern Ontario workers who were exposed to aluminum dust treatment for at least 1 year. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically. Themes that emerged were: 1) confidence and trust in companies, 2) lack of participants' and heath care providers' knowledge, and 3) need for compensation and formal apology. Workers' perceived that their long term health was impacted by exposure. The results will be used to help workers, companies, and unions address workplace exposures. The latest information about McIntyre powder will enhance the knowledge about the impact of the exposure.
Keywords: Aluminum; Aluminum dust; Aluminum powder; McIntyre powder; Qualitative descriptive; Workplace exposure

Regulating Employment Precarity in Ontario Home Care - Bartkiw, Timothy J. (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
In the mid-1990s, the province of Ontario instituted a new model of “managed competition” to govern a significant portion of home care services delivery. The new model, based on competitive bidding for the delivery of home care services, deepened reliance on private and increasingly for-profit “service provider organizations.” In time, the outcomes of the transition to managed competition – particularly increased employment precarity and turnover – grew increasingly salient and became captured in prior literature. However, a series of subsequent responses to these outcomes also began to emerge, ostensibly aimed at improving work and employment conditions in this sector. This article provides a historical analysis of various responses to the heightened employment precarity wrought by the managed competition regime in Ontario home care, with a focus on personal support workers (psws) insofar as they have historically tended to experience the most precarious conditions among the primary home care occupations. The analysis suggests that the core institutional arrangement of fissured work and organizational relations, coupled with a hyperdecentralized bargaining structure, was a key constraint and mediating factor. The most dramatic policy measure aimed at employment precarity, the 2014 psw Wage Enhancement Initiative, constituted a major, ad hoc overriding of this structure that had until then delivered wage restraint so successfully that it challenged the government’s own health human resources objectives. This reliance on such an extraordinary ad hoc instrument, without addressing the core institutional structure, severely restricts the degree of improvement in psw employment outcomes capable of being produced by collective bargaining in Ontario home care.

Améliorer la gestion du changement dans les organisations - Ben Mansour, Jamal (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Améliorer la gestion du changement dans les organisations," edited by Martin Lauzier and Nathalie Lemieux.

Petit traité de management pour les habitants d’Essos, de Westeros et d’ailleurs - Berrier-Lucas, Celine; Deschaintre, Stéphane; Coblence, Emmanuel (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Petit traité de management pour les habitants d’Essos, de Westeros et d’ailleurs," by Marine Agogué, Stéphane Deschaintre, and Cyrille Sardais.

Masters and Servants: The Hudson’s Bay Company and Its North American Workforce, 1668-1786 - Berthelette, Scott (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Masters and Servants: The Hudson’s Bay Company and Its North American Workforce, 1668-1786," by Scott P. Stephen.

L’aménagement du pluralisme syndical en droit du travail québécois : quel équilibre entre efficacité et participation des salariés ? - Bilodeau, Pier-Luc (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
En marge du modèle dominant de monopole de l’association majoritaire dans les rapports collectifs du travail, le pluralisme syndical s’est exprimé de longue date au Québec et nécessite un aménagement normatif approprié. Le présent article vise à identifier les enjeux d’un tel aménagement à partir d’une étude comparative de trois cas, soit : 1- la participation des associations accréditées aux comités d’équité salariale; 2- le traitement des plaintes relatives au maintien de l’équité salariale dans des entreprises où plus d’une association accréditée représente des salariés; et, 3- la participation des associations syndicales à la négociation des conventions collectives sectorielles de l’industrie québécoise de la construction. L’analyse des solutions retenues par le législateur dans ces trois cas permet de mettre au jour une tension entre efficacité et participation des salariés, ainsi que de discuter des conséquences de celles-ci pour la démocratie au travail.
Keywords: Quebec law; droit québécois; démocratie au travail; effectiveness; efficacité; employee participation; participation des salariés; pluralisme syndical; union pluralism; workplace democracy

Red State Revolt: The Teachers’ Strike Wave and Working-Class Politics - Bocking, Paul (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Red State Revolt: The Teachers’ Strike Wave and Working-Class Politics," by Eric Blanc.

Prairie Fairies: A History of Queer Communities and People in Western Canada, 1930–1985 - Boulay, Nadine (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Prairie Fairies: A History of Queer Communities and People in Western Canada, 1930–1985," by Valerie Korinek .

What Have You Done for Me Lately? Back-to-Work Legislation and the Constitutional Right to Strike - Braley-Rattai, Alison (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
Discusses back-to-work legislation, including the definition of essential services, with respect to the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Supreme Court of Canada's 2015 decision that upheld the right to strike. Concludes that back-to-work legislation will continue to be the Canadian state's go-to option, although recent case law also supports "meaningful" alternative dispute resolutions.

Progression des femmes et mixité dans les services correctionnels au Québec : des transformations possibles ? - Brière, Sophie; Pellerin, Antoine; Laflamme, Anne-Marie; Laflamme, Julie Maude (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
Cet article s’intéresse au cheminement de carrière des agentes de services correctionnels, particulièrement aux facteurs qui ont une influence sur leur rétention et leur progression. Alors que les études antérieures réalisées sur la réalité des femmes qui exercent ce métier montraient de nombreux obstacles et révélait le fait que les établissements de détention véhiculaient une culture masculine et des stéréotypes bien ancrés vis-à-vis des rôles qui sont joués dans ce milieu, la progression de la situation des agentes de services correctionnels québécoises a été très importante depuis le début des années 1990 et leur taux de rétention en emploi est, de nos jours, excellent. Nous avons donc cherché à comprendre cette progression et cette rétention, tout comme quelles en furent les conséquences au plan organisationnel. Sur la base d’approches théoriques mobilisées de manière convergente, soit les approches sur la mixité au travail, les théories féministes, la théorie institutionnelle et la théorie du changement, des entretiens semi-dirigés ont été menés auprès d’agentes et d’agents de services correctionnels et de gestionnaires oeuvrant dans des établissements de détention québécois. Les résultats de notre collecte de données révèlent que la progression des femmes au sein des services correctionnels a pris la forme d’une réelle mixité au travail et a eu un impact significatif sur le milieu de travail. Le fait que les équipes de travail soient composés d’hommes et de femmes et que les tâches confiées aux membres du personnel, à l’exception des fouilles à nu, soient identiques et non tributaire du genre, ont permis aux femmes d’être perçues comme des membres à part entière de l’organisation. Nous avons également constaté des transformations et des changements importants dans tous les piliers de l’organisation, ainsi qu’une évolution de la culture organisationnelle. Enfin, notre recherche a aussi permis d’identifier quelques enjeux qui représentent toujours des obstacles à la progression et à la rétention des agentes de services correctionnels.
Keywords: approach to equality; correctional services; diversity; diversité; démarche organisationnelle d’égalité; femmes; mixité au travail; services correctionnels; women; workplace gender mix

Writing the Lives of the English Poor, 1750s–1830s - Brown, Douglas H. L. (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Writing the Lives of the English Poor, 1750s–1830s," by Steven King.

Projecting Grid Compression to Reduce Gender Salary Gaps - Brown, Laura; Troutt, Elizabeth (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
This paper examines the effects of grid compression on gender-based salary gaps. In this case, the workplace setting is a large Canadian research university previously found to have both a positionally segregated cohort of academic staff and a persistent gender-based differential in their salaries. The annual salary grids at this institution underwent seemingly subtle compressions over the course of two decades, with within-rank compression largely confined to the first decade and across-rank compression confined to the second decade. We employ a simulation methodology to check whether the two types of compression reduce the salary gap to varying degrees. After deflating staff salaries back to the start of each decade, we project the salaries forward using the historical annual increases and grids in place in each year at the university. We compute the gap present in the salary distribution at the start and end of each decade in the simulation, and check whether the gap decreased more across one decade than the other. We find that across-rank compression of the institution’s salary grid during the second decade narrows the salary gap to a greater extent than the within-rank compression of the earlier decade. Our work demonstrates that employers using stated salary grids could use simulation to monitor the equity effects of their pay policies and shows that they could accelerate the closure of gaps through consciously altering relationships among pay levels at different points in the grid’s hierarchy.
Keywords: disparités entre les sexes; pay differential; politiques salariales; sex gender gap; simulation; wage determination; wage equity; écarts de rémunération; équité salariale

Impact des contextes économique et organisationnel des entreprises sur le sens du travail chez les salariés - Bruyère, Mireille; Lizé, Laurence (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
Cet article propose d’établir des liens entre le sens du travail chez les salariés et les contextes économique et organisationnel dans lequel ils travaillent. Cet environnement économique est marqué, notamment, par la montée des relations donneurs d’ordre/sous-traitants, une gestion plus flexible de la production ou de l’emploi et la financiarisation des entreprises. Selon nos hypothèses, ces transformations agissent sur les conditions de travail et, de ce fait, sur le sens que les individus peuvent accorder à leurs tâches. Ce sens peut varier à la hausse comme à la baisse. Cette étude exploite deux bases de données françaises : tout d’abord, l’Enquête Conditions de travail 2013 réalisée auprès de 6724 salariés, rattachés à 5496 établissements. Ensuite, chaque établissement a été apparié à des données macro-sectorielles de l’Insee (Base ESANE-FARE, en évolution entre 2008 et 2012), afin de disposer d’informations sur l’évolution de ratios qui caractérisent les dynamiques productives actuelles, comme le taux de marge ou la financiarisation du capital des entreprises. À l’aide de questionnaires auprès des salariés, quatre conditions du sens du travail ont été identifiées et, ensuite, mesurées par quatre scores. Il s’agit de l’utilité, l’autonomie, la pression temporelle et les relations dans le collectif de travail. Ce sont les variations de ces scores que nous cherchons à expliquer. Par une analyse multiniveau, nous pouvons mesurer l’impact du contexte organisationnel (niveau 2) et du contexte macro-sectoriel des entreprises (niveau 3) sur ces quatre conditions du sens du travail. Les résultats montrent comment l’organisation du travail dans les établissements et la financiarisation des entreprises influencent le sens du travail chez les salariés. De plus, nous avons observé que le sens de cet impact dépend beaucoup de la position de l’établissement dans la chaîne de valeur.
Keywords: analyse multi-niveau; conditions de travail; financialization; financiarisation; meaning of work; multi-level analyses; sens du travail; working conditions

Mapping Wage Theft in the Informal Economy: Employment Standards Violations in Residential Construction and Renovations - Buckley, Michelle (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
This article explores the experiences of informal construction and home renovation workers with payment-related violations of employment standards. Such violations, often broadly referred to as ‘wage theft,’ can comprise an array of practices including, but not limited to, withholding workers’ wages for long periods of time, paying workers below the minimum wage, extracting illegal deductions from workers’ paycheques, and outright not paying the wages due.
Keywords: employment standards violations; home renovations; informal economy; informal work; rénovation résidentielle; travail informel; violations des normes du travail; vol de salaires; wage theft; économie informelle

Labor and the Class Idea in the United States and Canada - Cantin, Étienne (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Labor and the Class Idea in the United States and Canada," by Barry Eidlin.

From Industrial to Social Campaigns: Lay Morality, General Elections and Australia’s Trade Union Federation - Caspersz, Donella; Barratt, Tom (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
This article considers the potential for union revitalization through campaigning in general elections. It first charts changes in unions’ campaigns in general elections, moving beyond a focus on industrial relations issues towards issues of social significance, such as health and education. Second, by reconceptualizing this activity using lay morality, unions may enhance their ability to increase their power and legitimacy. Thus, by acting in this way, unions can broaden the bases for their legitimacy and build new opportunities for their renewal. However, this approach may not lead to revitalizing their density, but may open the opportunity for their renewal because this approach consolidates their legitimacy to a broader constituency. We suggest that when unions act in this way, they become agents of social utility who champion the interests of a wider constituency. We argue that, given the dynamics of changes to work and the ways in which workers now work, this provides one route for unions to tap into these multiple subjectivities of workers and remain relevant. This article combines an analysis of over 1000 media articles that cover four periods of campaigns by peak unions in Australian elections between the years 2007-2016, with original interviews with key informants and an analysis of electoral survey results for each election to provide the discussion. These three methods triangulate to establish the shift in unions’ campaign focus and to suggest that this is a potential path to revitalization.
Keywords: lay morality; moralité laïque; national elections; revitalisation syndicale; social utility; union revitalization; utilité sociale; élections nationales

Borders and Boundaries in the Lives of Migrant Agricultural Workers - Caxaj, C. Susana; Cohen, Amy; Buffam, Bonar; Oudshoorn, Abe (Witness: The Canadian Journal of Critical Nursing Discourse,, 2020)
In 2018, roughly 72% of the 69,775 temporary migrant agricultural labourers arriving in Canada participated in the Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program (SAWP). Despite having legal status in Canada, these individuals are often systematically excluded from community life and face barriers when accessing health and social services. SAWP workers’ exclusion from many public spaces and their incomplete access to the benefits of Canadian citizenship or residency provide us a unique opportunity to examine social and political mechanisms that construct (in)eligibility for health and protection in society. As individuals seeking to care for the sick and most marginalized, it is important for nurses to understand how migrant agricultural workers are positioned and imagined in society. We argue that the structural exclusion faced by this population can be uncovered by examining: (1) border politics that inscribe inferior status onto migrant agricultural workers; (2) nation-state borders that promote racialized surveillance, and; (3) everyday normalization of exclusionary public service practices. We discuss how awareness of these contextual factors can be mobilized by nurses to work towards a more equitable health services approach for this population.

American Labour’s Cold War Abroad: From Deep Freeze to Détente, 1945–1970 - Clark, Denis (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "American Labour’s Cold War Abroad: From Deep Freeze to Détente, 1945–1970," by Anthony Carew.

Identité professionnelle et agressions dans les métiers spécialisés de la construction et du secteur manufacturier au Québec - Cloutier, Geneviève; Marchand, Alain (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
Cette étude vise à mieux comprendre le lien entre identité professionnelle et agressions fondées sur le sexe et le genre dans les métiers spécialisés de la construction et du secteur manufacturier au Québec. Une limite importante dans la littérature s’avère être l’absence d’étude portant sur l’identité professionnelle et sa fragilisation. L’identité professionnelle englobe l’ensemble des pratiques et des coutumes qui procure une reconnaissance aux travailleurs dans l’exécution de leurs tâches, en plus d’une affirmation d’eux-mêmes au travail (Ashforth et Mael, 1989). Des questionnaires ont été distribués dans sept chantiers de construction et dans quatre établissements manufacturiers, pour un total de 282 répondants. Les résultats des analyses multiniveaux, en considérant les variations entre les 54 équipes de travail, ont suggéré un effet direct de la déviance interpersonnelle sur les agressions psychologiques. Les résultats ont aussi révélé que l’identité professionnelle et sa fragilisation prédisposent aux agressions, notamment une faible intégration des différences dans l’équipe, ainsi qu’un soutien social insuffisant. Tandis qu’une utilisation des compétences plus forte et une faible préoccupation pour le groupe s’associent aux agressions sexuelles dans les métiers spécialisés. De plus, une faible estime publique du métier s’associe à des agressions physiques, alors que des demandes élevées au travail et l’insécurité d’emploi s’associent à des agressions psychologiques. Enfin, les modèles multiniveaux ont associé le fait d’être une femme aux agressions physiques et sexuelles. Les conclusions de cette recherche corroborent l’importance d’agir sur les dimensions identitaires afin de réduire les agressions, particulièrement en misant sur l’inclusion des travailleurs dans les processus innovants et sur une plus grande ouverture de leur part aux nouvelles idées. Au niveau de la culture des métiers spécialisés, il serait également judicieux de privilégier les valeurs dites plus féminines basées sur la collaboration, l’empathie et le soutien.
Keywords: agression fondée sur le sexe et le genre; identité professionnelle; modèles multiniveaux; multilevel models; métiers spécialisés; professional identity; sex and gender-based aggressions; skilled trades

Access to Justice for Gig Workers: Contrasting Answers from Canadian and American Courts - Coiquaud, Urwana; Martin, Isabelle (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
With the introduction of digital platforms in the Canadian labour law’s landscape comes an increased used of agreements imposing arbitration as a dispute resolution mechanism. To challenge their classification as independent workers and gain employment standards acts’ protection, gig workers therefore need to submit their disputes to a private proceeding, often located outside Canada. It is in this context that the Ontario Court of Appeal’s decision to invalidate the arbitration clause in Heller v Uber Technologies Inc. must be read. Having granted leave for appeal, will the Supreme Court of Canada follow in the footsteps of American law and allow mandatory arbitration agreements to impede collective actions challenging the misclassification of gig workers? Our study of the Ontarian and American decisions regarding the validity of mandatory arbitration agreements between Uber and its drivers brings to light the determining impact of the approach chosen by courts.
Keywords: Ontario; United States; access to justice; accès à la justice; arbitrage ou clause compromissoire; arbitration clause; dispute resolution mechanism; mode de résolution des conflits; plateformes numériques; status of platform workers; statut des travailleurs; États-Unis

La « fabrique réglementaire » autour de l’arrivée d’Uber - Coiquaud, Urwana; Morissette, Lucie (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
L’arrivée d’Uber a provoqué une petite révolution par sa conception innovante de la prestation de transport par taxi, rendue possible grâce à une application numérique (la plateforme) permettant de jumeler conducteurs et passagers. Cette incursion aurait pu être bénéfique à l’ensemble de l’industrie, mais elle s’est effectuée, au Québec, au mépris des acteurs historiques en place et, surtout, de la réglementation en vigueur, ce qui entraîna sa fissuration, puis sa démolition. L’industrie fut alors complètement déréglementée.
Keywords: Quebec; Québec; Uber; deregulation; digital platforms; déréglementation; plateformes numériques; politiques publiques; public policies; taxi

Annual general meeting [2020: convened virtually from various locations across Turtle Island] - Committee on Canadian Labour History (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
Minutes of the annual general meeting held by Zoom on June 16, 2020,

Our History is the Future: Standing Rock versus the Dakota Access Pipeline, and the Long Tradition of Indigenous Resistance - Cothran, Boyd (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Our History is the Future: Standing Rock versus the Dakota Access Pipeline, and the Long Tradition of Indigenous Resistance," by Nick Estes.

From Faceless to In-Your-Face Bosses: Work in Neo-Feudal America [review essay] - Dabscheck, Braham (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The article reviews "Coerced: Work under Threat of Punishment," by Erin Hatton, "Bite Back: People Taking on Corporate Food and Winning," edited by Saru Jayaraman and Kathryn De Master, "Hustle and Gig: Struggling and Surviving in the Sharing Economy," by Alexandra J. Ravenelle, "Uberland: How Algorithms Are Rewriting the Rules of Work," by Alex Rosenblat, and "Bandage, Sort and Hustle: Ambulance Crews on the Front Line of Human Suffering," by Josh Seim. "Beginning in 2018, the University of California Press has published a series of books under the general title of 'Labor in a Time of Crisis.' They examine employment and related issues of those who engage with Uber, TaskRabbit, Kitchensurfing and Airbnb; food workers; prisoners, workfare workers (welfare recipients), college athletes, science graduate students; and ambulance crews....These five works document different dimensions of the nature of work in neo-feudal America." --From author's introduction and conclusion.

Maurice Blackburn: Champion of the People - Dabscheck, Braham (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Maurice Blackburn: Champion of the People," by David Day.

The Long Deep Grudge: A Story of Big Capital, Radical Labor and Class War in the American Heartland - Dabscheck, Braham (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "The Long Deep Grudge: A Story of Big Capital, Radical Labor and Class War in the American Heartland," by Toni Gilpin.

The Supreme Court of the United States and Anarcharsis’ Theory of the Law: A Review Article - Dabscheck, Braham (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
This article reviews the book, "Supreme Inequality: The Supreme Court’s Fifty-Year Battle for a More Unjust America," by Adam Cohen.

Touched with Fire: Morris B. Abram and the Battle against Racial and Religious Discrimination - Dabscheck, Braham (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Touched with Fire: Morris B. Abram and the Battle against Racial and Religious Discrimination," by David E. Lowe .

Du flexible au liquide : le travail dans l’économie de plateforme - Degryse, Christophe (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
Le modèle social historique que connaissent la plupart des pays industrialisés s’est bâti sur des fondations solides qui, à l’instar du théâtre classique, repose sur ces trois unités : unité de lieu de travail (l’atelier, la fabrique, l’usine, le bureau), unité de temps de travail (les horaires de travail hebdomadaires, les périodes de repos) et unité d’action (l’organisation collective du travail). Or, après avoir connu, vers la fin du 20e siècle, des « fissurations » dans l’unité de lieu avec le développement de la sous-traitance, des chaînes de valeur mondiales et la coordination d’entreprises subordonnées, l’économie de plateforme et les nouvelles formes d’externalisation du travail qu’elle permet contribuent, aujourd’hui, à éroder l’ensemble de ces fondements, à tout le moins dans certains segments de l’économie, ce qui a pour effet de «liquéfier» le travail et de fragiliser ce modèle social historique. Le travail dans l’économie de plateforme échappe aux régulations de lieux, de temps et de l’organisation collective. Autrement dit, pour les travailleurs de plateforme, il n’y a pas de locaux d’entreprise, pas de collègues, pas d’horaires, pas de représentants du personnel, pas non plus de règlements en matière de santé et de sécurité, pas de prévention des accidents du travail, pas de congés payés, pas de négociation collective, pas d’assurance-maladie… Cette nouvelle forme de fragilisation et de précarisation des travailleurs donne lieu, depuis quelques années, à l’expérimentation de pratiques innovantes, parmi lesquelles la création de collectifs autonomes, l’organisation d’actions collectives, la construction de cahiers de revendications, mais aussi le répertoire d’action plus traditionnel du mouvement syndical : sensibilisation, organisation, négociation. Certes, ces stratégies sont confrontées à des obstacles inédits tels que la difficulté à identifier le responsable de la relation de travail, l’absence de lieu de dialogue social, la confusion concernant le statut du travailleur, la difficulté à organiser ces îlots de travailleurs éparpillés en l’absence de lieux d’échange entre eux. Malgré leurs limitations, ces expérimentations sociales peuvent être vues comme l’embryon d’un modèle social adapté à l’économie de plateforme et, plus largement, à la généralisation du numérique dans l’économie.
Keywords: digitalization; modèle social; online work platforms; plateformes de travail en ligne; platform economy; social model; syndicats; unions; ère numérique; économie de plateforme

Equal Justice: Fair Legal Systems in an Unfair World - Dennie, Martine (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Equal Justice: Fair Legal Systems in an Unfair World," by Frederick Wilmot-Smith.

Revenge of the She-Punks: A Feminist Music History from Poly Styrene to Pussy Riot - Dewitt, Jessica M. (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Revenge of the She-Punks: A Feminist Music History from Poly Styrene to Pussy Riot," by Vivien Goldman.

Au-delà de l’entreprise libérée : Enquête sur l’autonomie et ses contraintes - Dickason, Rebecca (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Au-delà de l’entreprise libérée : Enquête sur l’autonomie et ses contraintes," by Thierry Weil and Sophie Dubey.

Back to the Future of Canadian Labour Law - Doorey, David (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
Covers perspectives on the evolution of labour law in Canada and the US since the 1980s. Argues that labour law in the future will trend toward sectoral bargaining or some other form of broad-based bargaining, although there will be foreschocks in the nearer term. The paper was presented as the H.D. Woods Lecture at the Annual Conference of the Canadian Industrial Relations Association, Vancouver, May 2019.

Les lois du travail au Canada : retour vers le futur - Doorey, David (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
Ce texte a initialement été présenté à titre de Conférence H. D. Woods dans le cadre de la Conférence annuelle de l’Association canadienne des relations industrielles (ACRI/CIRA), en mai 2019, à Vancouver.

Construire des mobilisations face aux restructurations d’entreprises : une comparaison du pouvoir syndical local en France et au Canada - Dupuis, Mathieu (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
Les restructurations d’entreprises sont des réalités socio-économiques importantes depuis au moins trois décennies. À la suite de la crise de 2008-2009, ces tendances, loin de se résorber, se sont accélérées et ont poussé les représentants des salariés à investir de nouveaux champs d’action stratégiques pour contester, avaliser ou influencer les restructurations. Ces mobilisations syndicales ne sont pas sans faire apparaître de contradictions dans les fonctions représentatives des salariés. Cet article propose d’analyser ces stratégies et leurs résultats à travers une comparaison internationale de quatre syndicats locaux dans deux contextes nationaux différents (France et Canada). Sa thèse principale est que ces stratégies se doivent d’être analysées au-delà des contextes institutionnels propres et selon la notion de pouvoir syndical « de », c’est-à-dire des capacités associées aux acteurs sociaux. Trois registres d’action sont identifiés, à savoir « d’opposition », « de coopération » et « d’inventivité ». L’apport de cet article est, à la fois, de souligner l’importance du pouvoir syndical, mais de l’interroger dans la durée, les stratégies d’urgence à la suite d’annonces de restructurations prenant des directions diverses. Bien que cette analyse diachronique relativise la centralité du pouvoir syndical, celui-ci demeure capital à l’heure où les régimes institutionnels subissent d’importantes transformations.
Keywords: analyse comparée; comparative analysis; corporate restructuring; entreprises multinationales; institutions; multinational corporations; pouvoir social; restructurations d’entreprises; social power; syndicats; trade unions

Financialization and Union Decline in Canada: The Influence on Sectors and Core Industries - Dupuis, Mathieu; Peters, John; Scrimger, Phillippe J. (Competition & Change, 2020)
This article explores the long-run relationship between financialization and union density in Canada’s non-financial sector. Drawing on critical political economy literatures, we argue that the shareholder business model, the growing use of financial assets and leading global industries have led to a restructuring of labour markets and unionized workforces. Evidence from panel data analysis suggests that the negative relationship between financialization and union density holds when controlling for economic context and sectoral characteristics. We conclude that the sectoral impacts of financialization on union density – especially in highly financialized sectors such as manufacturing, extractive resources, transport and warehousing – are critical to understanding union decline and recent changes to employment relations.

Red Round Globe Hot Burning: A Tale at the Crossroads of Commons and Closure, of Love and Terror, of Race and Class, and of Kate and Ned Depard - Epstein, James (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Red Round Globe Hot Burning: A Tale at the Crossroads of Commons and Closure, of Love and Terror, of Race and Class, and of Kate and Ned Depard," by Peter Linebaugh.

Whistleblowing. Toward a New Theory - Fanchini, Mahaut (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Whistleblowing. Toward a New Theory," by Kate Kenny.

Live at the Cellar: Vancouver’s Iconic Jazz Club and the Canadian Co-operative Jazz Scene in the 1950s and '60s - Fillion, Eric (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Live at the Cellar: Vancouver’s Iconic Jazz Club and the Canadian Co-operative Jazz Scene in the 1950s and '60s," by Marian Jago .

Pratiques de rétention des femmes dans des emplois traditionnellement masculins au Québec : que peut-on apprendre de l’expérience des inspectrices ? - Fournier, Pierre-Sébastien; Brière, Sophie; Pellerin, Antoine; Laflamme, Anne-Marie (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
La diversité de la main-d’oeuvre dans les organisations représente une stratégie porteuse afin de surmonter les problèmes de recrutement et de rétention d’une main-d’oeuvre qualifiée et compétente. Parmi les groupes cibles, les femmes sont sous-représentées dans de nombreux emplois qui nécessitent des qualifications et des compétences spécifiques. La littérature montre bien l’importance des pratiques de gestion comme outil de rétention. L’objectif de cet article est de documenter les pratiques de gestion favorables à la rétention des femmes dans le cas particulier des inspectrices dans les domaines de l’hygiène, de la santé et de la sécurité au travail. De façon plus précise, elle vise à comprendre la réalité des femmes inspectrices afin de saisir, de leur point de vue, les pratiques de gestion qui favoriseront ou non leur rétention dans l’organisation. Deux groupes ont fait l’objet de cette étude : des inspectrices en santé et sécurité du travail et des inspectrices en hygiène alimentaire et animalière. Au total, 62 personnes ont été rencontrées lors d’entrevues collectives, soit 10 gestionnaires et 52 inspectrices et inspecteurs. Les résultats montrent six grandes pratiques stratégiques : la valorisation du travail et de l’expertise professionnelle, la réduction des risques du travail, la rémunération globale équitable, les horaires flexibles, l’autonomie au travail et la transformation des dynamiques de travail. La réussite passe par une transformation stratégique de l’ensemble des processus visant à instaurer un contexte favorable au recrutement et à la rétention des femmes. Un modèle pour agir à divers niveaux sur ces enjeux de diversité dans les milieux de travail est proposé. Ce modèle permet ainsi de mieux documenter les pratiques organisationnelles et d’aller au-delà des obstacles rencontrés par les femmes de façon individuelle.
Keywords: diversité de main-d’oeuvre; food hygiene; hygiène alimentaire; management practices; pratiques de gestion; retention of women; rétention des femmes; santé et sécurité au travail; workforce diversity; workplace health and safety

‘Smart’ Industrial Relations in the Making? Insights from Analysis of Union Responses to Digitalization in Italy - Gasparri, Stefano; Tassinari, Arianna (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
How do unions respond to the emerging threats and opportunities posed by digitalization in the sphere of employment relations? What factors account for the focus and varying effectiveness of their responses? This paper seeks to address these questions in the case of Italy—a theoretically interesting case that combines significant digitalization-related challenges, historically strong industrial relations institutions under increasing pressure, and diverse union confederations. From the available evidence, we find that Italian union strategies and demands so far have been primarily focused on interventions at the macro and meso levels, with a view to extending traditional forms of protection—especially sectoral collective bargaining agreements—to deal with the disruptive effects of digitalization. This focus has been coupled with some limited innovation in union agendas and discursive repertoires focused on the micro level of intervention, as well as a shift in union preferences toward inclusion of platform workers and self-employed workers in their constituencies. Whilst highlighting the importance of agential factors, we nonetheless find that the focus and effectiveness of union interventions are crucially shaped by prior institutional legacies and distributions of power resources, as well as by the ideological orientation and strategic capabilities of individual unions themselves. Overall, Italian unions have to date tended to privilege gradual response strategies based on extension and adaptation of existing and established institutions. It remains to be seen whether such adaptive approaches will be sufficient to effectively govern the digital transformation of work or whether more radical institutional experimentation will become necessary. Either way, in order to build smart industrial relations in Italy, unions will have an active role to play.
Keywords: Industry 4.0; commerce électronique; e-commerce; industrial relations institutions; industrie 4.0; institutions; plateformes; platforms; relations de travail; stratégies syndicales; trade union strategies

Neo-Taylorism in the Digital Age: Workplace Transformations in French and German Retail Warehouses - Gautié, Jérôme; Jaehrling, Karen; Perez, Coralie (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The paper analyzes how digitalization in conjunction with changes to the economic environment are affecting the nature of low-skilled jobs in the logistics sector; in particular, job content and the working and employment conditions attached to those jobs. On the basis of expert interviews and company case studies in French and German retail warehouses, the authors investigate whether the adaptation of these jobs corresponds to the more general ‘neo-Taylorist’ transformation of workplaces discussed in the literature and seek to identify those factors that are helping to stabilize or modify this trend. Drawing on the comparative labour relations literature, which distinguishes between different types of workers’ power resources (institutional, associational and structural), the study examines how and to what extent employees and their representatives renegotiate or influence techno-organizational choices. By focusing on firms headquartered in France and Germany, we can shed some light on whether the institutional power of organized labour may enable them to foster trajectories other than the kind of ‘digital Taylorism’ we see in liberal market economies. The findings point, however, to a general convergence on digitally enhanced ‘Neo-Taylorism,’ which is characterized by deskilling and intensification of performance control. The limited cross-country variation can largely be explained by the very similar effects across countries of ‘lean’ supply-chain transformation and the trend toward outsourcing and offshoring, which negatively affect workers’ structural power. Moreover, associational resources are negatively affected by the deskilling trend. Meanwhile, the findings provide some evidence of a beneficial impact from the institutional power of worker representatives in both countries: in particular, the rights to veto and co-determine performance management systems. These rights have not altogether helped prevent the shift toward neo-Taylorism but have contributed to somewhat less intense forms of neo-Taylorism.
Keywords: changements technologiques; deskilling; digital Taylorism; déqualification; employment relations; gestion de la performance; performance management; power resources; relation d’emploi; ressources de pouvoir; taylorisme digital; technological change

Les théories du travail : les classiques - Gharyeni, Abdellatif (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Les théories du travail : les classiques," edited by Daniel Mercure and Jan Spurk .

Reform, Revolution and Direct Action amongst British Miners: The Struggle for the Charter in 1919 - Gildart, Keith (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Reform, Revolution and Direct Action amongst British Miners: The Struggle for the Charter in 1919," by Martyn Ives .

La carrière managériale des Marocaines : politiques de diversité et obstacles à leur inclusion - Giraud, Laurent; Sahraoui, Doha; Frimousse, Soufyane (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
Objectif de la recherche : L’objectif de cette recherche est de cerner quels sont les leviers des politiques de diversité qui pourraient se révéler particulièrement efficaces au Maroc, ainsi que d’identifier les obstacles à la carrière managériale des Marocaines. Intérêt de la recherche : Comme les politiques de diversité proviennent de modèles de management généralement occidentaux, il se peut que des idiosyncrasies marocaines en amenuisent les impacts. L’intérêt d’une telle recherche réside dans l’identification des leviers des politiques de diversité efficaces au Maroc, un territoire qui témoigne toujours de fortes inégalités de genre, notamment dans les fonctions managériales. Méthodologie : Les données ont été récoltées au Maroc grâce à 36 entretiens semi-directifs au sein de six entreprises et auprès de femmes managers, de Directeurs généraux et de Directeurs des ressources humaines. Résultats : Les résultats identifient les obstacles classiques à la carrière managériale des Marocaines, ainsi que les leviers des politiques de diversité qui seraient particulièrement efficaces au Maroc. Contributions et implications managériales : Les entreprises trouveront, dans cet article, les leviers prioritaires permettant de déployer de meilleures politiques de diversité dans un contexte marocain. Les DRH y trouveront, également, une liste des obstacles à la carrière managériale des Marocaines, ce qui devrait leur permettre de mieux les prendre en compte. Limites : Le biais de désirabilité sociale et la taille restreinte de l’échantillon sont les principales limites de cet article.
Keywords: Maroc; Morocco; career; carrière; diversity; diversité; femmes; inclusion; managers; women

The Talent Revolution: Longevity and the Future of Work - Glee-Vermande, Catherine (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "The Talent Revolution: Longevity and the Future of Work," by Lisa Taylor and Fern Lebo.

Contesting Big Brother: Legal Mobilization against Workplace Surveillance in the Puretex Knitting Company Strike, 1978–1979 - Godden, Mason (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
In 1978, over 200 textile workers affiliated with Local 560 of the Canadian Textile and Chemical Union went on strike at Puretex Knitting Company, a small garment factory in Toronto, Ontario. Of the strikers, 190 were immigrant women who opposed management’s installation of nine security cameras on the premises, one of which was trained on the entrance to the women’s washroom. To have the cameras removed and win the strike, Local 560 used a combination of traditional strike tactics and legal mobilization. This article makes a case for the significance of the Puretex strike by arguing that workplace surveillance acted as a flashpoint around which feminist and legal allies could mobilize in support of exploited immigrant women in the textile industry during the 1970s. By the strike’s end, the Puretex women had not only gained invaluable and transformative strike experience but engaged with industrial legality and the state in a way that brought about meaningful change in their workplace. The Puretex strike is therefore a significant case of immigrant women’s militant organizing in the labour and feminist movements during the 1970s and an important reminder that engagement with industrial law and the state, in certain historical contexts, can provide avenues for successful worker resistances.

Changements de paradigmes et survie des revues : ce que la démarche scientifique peut enseigner aux chercheurs en relations industrielles / Paradigm Shifts and Journal Survival: What the Scientific Enterprise Has to Teach Employment Relations Scholars - Gould, Anthony (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The editor reflects on the 75th anniversary of the journal.

“All of This Happens Here?”: Diminishing Perceptions of Canada through Immigrants’ Precarious Work in Ontario - Hande, Mary Jean; Mian Akram, Ayesha; Condratto, Shelley (Journal of International Migration and Integration, 2020)
Prior to entering Canadian workplaces, immigrants generally expect strong legislative protections based on Canada’s global reputation for equity and equality as reported by Hardwick and Mansfield (Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 99(2), 383-405, 2009). However, after exposure to poor working conditions, employment standards (ES) violations, and challenges with filing claims for recompense, immigrant workers’ perceptions of work in Canada often diminish significantly. Although scholars have explored Canadian immigrants’ experiences with unemployment and poor working conditions, little research has uncovered the effects of these experiences on their shifting perceptions of Canada and their overall experience of adjusting to a new life in Canada. Our narrative data, collected in Ontario, Canada, reveals (1) the exploitation of immigrant workers’ perceived limited access to and knowledge of workplace rights and (2) limited access to employment opportunities and protections for immigrant workers. These two factors lead to workers’ diminishing perceptions of Canada as they navigate poor working conditions on the precarity track according to Goldring and Landolt (Goldring and Landolt 2013). This analysis offers insight into the everyday experiences of immigrant workers and the impacts of precarious employment on perceptions of Canada.
Keywords: Canada; Canadian Politics; Employment standards; Immigration and settlement; Labour Law/Social Law; Precarious work; Social Work and Migration; Sociology of Migration; Sociology of Work; Sociology of the labour market; Worker perceptions; Working conditions

Change and Continuity: Canadian Political Economy in the New Millennium - Harrison, Trevor (Canadian Journal of Sociology, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Change and Continuity: Canadian Political Economy in the New Millennium," edited by Thomas, Mark P., Leah F. Vosko, Carlo Fanelli, and Olena Lyubchenko.

They Call Me George: The Untold Story of Black Train Porters and the Birth of Modern Canada - Henry, Natasha (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "They Call Me George: The Untold Story of Black Train Porters and the Birth of Modern Canada," by Cecil Foster.

Deeming Laws and Practices as Violations of the Rights of People With Work-Acquired Disabilities in Canada - Hilgert, Jeffrey (New Solutions: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy, 2020)
The Ontario Network of Injured Workers’ Groups in Canada is leading a multiyear campaign called Workers’ Comp is a Right to reform the provincial workers’ injury compensation system and to fight back against regressive changes made to the system over several decades. At their Annual General Meeting in Toronto held in June 2019, delegates voted unanimously to make this submission to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities as a part of the regular supervisory process under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The subject is income deeming “phantom jobs” to injured worker claimants with income replacement benefits. The document illustrates how Canadian injured worker groups have activated a human rights lens and references international labor and human rights standards concerning social insurance and income replacement benefits for work-related injury and illness.

Organiser les inorganisés d’une multinationale de services en ligne ? Le virage numérique d’Organization United for Respect at Walmart - Hocquelet, Mathieu (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
Cet article s’intéresse à l’Organization United for Respect at Walmart, l’une des initiatives nationales les plus ambitieuses en matière d’organisation de la main-d’oeuvre aux États-Unis au cours de la dernière décennie. S’appuyant sur une enquête qualitative menée autour du travail d’organisation des employés lors d’actions et de mobilisations de OUR Walmart (OWM) de 2013 à 2018, il revient sur les transformations de la campagne d’organisation des inorganisés (organizing) du géant de la grande distribution. À partir d’une approche diachronique des dimensions pratiques et rhétoriques d’OWM, nous verrons que l’effort d’organisation lancé par le grand syndicat des travailleurs de l’alimentation et du commerce UFCW, puis sa poursuite de manière indépendante après 2014, ont conduit OWM à opérer un virage numérique. Cet article montre, plus spécifiquement, que le lancement d’OWM dans le cadre d’une campagne syndicale visant le distributeur Walmart et son existence en tant qu’association indépendante depuis se caractérisent par deux approches de l’organisation des inorganisés. Au terme d’une revue de littérature portant sur les enjeux de cette stratégie, sur les caractéristiques de la campagne et la méthodologie adoptée, l’article examine comment OWM est passée d’une approche de l’organisation des inorganisés par un grand syndicat des services à une campagne beaucoup plus modeste en effectifs et en ressources financières. Liant innovations numériques et participation active des salariés, le virage technologique et réticulaire entamé par OWM souligne ainsi une opportunité de rendre visibles les inégalités raciales et de genre, tout en favorisant la coconstruction d’une solidarité professionnelle à grande échelle dans une entreprise et un secteur auparavant jugés hors d’atteinte et qui aujourd’hui, se trouvent particulièrement exposés en matière de risques en santé et sécurité au travail.
Keywords: United States; bas salaire; campagne d’organisation; digital technology; inequalities; inégalités; labour organizing; low-wage workers; numérique; travailleurs inorganisés; États-Unis

Historical Memory: The Struggle for the Miners’ Archive in Bolivia - John, S. Sándor (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The Miners' Archive [founded on the impetus of mine workers in 2000] remains little known outside Bolivia. Yet the story of its creation is part of the legacy of struggle and sacrifice by Bolivia's predominantly Indigneous working people and a vital contribution to collective memory by and for the working class, and for historians the world over. --From author's conclusion.

Work: What is Political Economy - Joseph, Daniel James (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Work: What is Political Economy," by Bruce Pietrykowski.

From the “Dark Druidical Groves” to the “Dartmouth Station”: A Tribute to Michael S. Cross - Kealey, Gregory S. (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
Pays homage to the life and work of the Canadian social historian, Michael Cross (1938-2019). Includes two photos.

Making the Best of It: Women and Girls of Canada and Newfoundland During the Second World War - Kealey, Linda (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Making the Best of It: Women and Girls of Canada and Newfoundland During the Second World War," edited by Sarah Glassford and Amy Shaw,

Resistance Comix: Narrative, Activism, and History - Kristofferson, Rob (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews and comments on the books, "Amplify: Graphic Narratives of Feminist Resistance," by Norah Bowman and Meg Braem, art by Dominique Hui; "Direct Action Gets the Goods: A Graphic History of the Strike in Canada," by Graphic History Collective with Althea Balmes, Gord Hill, Orion Keresztesi, and David Lester; "1919: A Graphic History of the Winnipeg General Strike," by Graphic History Collective and David Lester; and "Christie Pitts," by Jamie Michaels and Doug Fedrau.

L’impact de la Loi sur la laïcité de l’État sur les conditions de travail des agents et agentes de l’État québécois - Lampron, Louis-Philippe (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
Au-delà des importantes questions soulevées quant à la validité constitutionnelle de la Loi sur la laïcité de l’État, qui alimenteront sans doute les débats politiques et juridiques au cours de la prochaine décennie, est-il vrai de prétendre que cette loi établit un nouveau régime de séparation du religieux et de l’État au Québec? Le présent article a pour objectif de démontrer que les seuls changements concrets que la Loi sur la laïcité imposera aux règles actuellement applicables au Québec se résument à deux interdictions concernant le port de certains signes religieux. Pour le reste, la Loi sur la laïcité se borne essentiellement à codifier des règles et des principes qui s’appliquaient déjà aux agents et agentes des institutions publiques du Québec et qui continueront de s’appliquer même si la Loi sur la laïcité devait être abrogée ou déclarée inconstitutionnelle par les tribunaux au cours des prochaines années.
Keywords: Charte; Charter; Quebec law; droits et libertés; interdiction; laicity; laïcité; loi québécoise; position in authority; poste en autorité; prohibition; religious symbols; rights and freedoms; signes religieux

New NDP vs. Classic NDP: Is a Synthesis Possible, and Does It Matter? - Langford, Tom (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
Review essay of "The New ndp: Moderation, Modernization, and Political Marketing" (2019) by David McGrane and "Party of Conscience: The CCF, the ndp, and Social Democracy in Canada" (2018) edited by Roberta Lexier, Stephanie Bangarth and Jon Weier.

Digitalization and Regulation of Work and Employment: Introduction - Lévesque, Christian; Fairbrother, Peter; Roby, Nicolas (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
This thematic issue is an effort to understand how digitalization is disrupting and reordering the regulation of work and employment. It also examines how these concerns may lead to organizational and institutional experimentation.

Régulation du travail et de l’emploi à l’ère numérique : Introduction - Lévesque, Christian; Fairbrother, Peter; Roby, Nicolas (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
Ce numéro thématique cherche à comprendre comment le numérique est venu perturber et réorganiser la régulation du travail et de l’emploi et comment il peut conduire à des formes d’expérimentation organisationnelle et institutionnelle.

L’art du sens dans les organisations - Luc, Sylvain (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "L’art du sens dans les organisations," edited by Jean-Luc Moriceau, Hugo Letiche and Marie-Astrid Letheule.

Marx at the Arcade: Consoles, Controllers, and Class Struggle - MacDougall, Robert (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Marx at the Arcade: Consoles, Controllers, and Class Struggle," by Jamie Woodcock.

Austerity, Struggle, and Union Democracy: Bill 115 and the Ontario Secondary School Teachers’ Federation, an Insider View - Mancini, Chantal (Labor Studies Journal, 2020)
In 2012, unions representing teachers and education workers in Ontario, Canada, were faced with Bill 115, legislation used by the provincial government to impose a collective agreement upon education workers and remove their right to strike. With a specific focus on the Ontario Secondary School Teachers’ Federation, this paper is an insider view of how Bill 115 and the external political contexts of the time affected Ontario Secondary School Teachers’ Federation’s internal democratic practices at the height of the struggle. It employs theories of union democracy in order to consider how external forces can shape teacher unions’ internal democracy, and how the competing pressures faced by union leaders can impact their actions and decisions. This paper takes the view that internal union democracy is an important consideration in teacher unions’ resistance to government austerity agendas.

Barriers to Economic Security: Disability, Employment, and Asset Disparities in Canada - Maroto, Michelle; Pettinicchio, David (Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie, 2020)
Although ample research shows that people with disabilities face significant labor market barriers, questions remain about whether and how disadvantages in employment and earnings contribute to economic insecurity. We use 1999 to 2012 Canadian Survey of Financial Security data to study disparities in nonhousing assets, which include household savings, stocks, and pensions, across households with and without disabilities. We find that households where the respondent or their spouse reported a disability held 25 percent less in nonhousing assets after accounting for key employment, education, and demographic factors. Demonstrating the more complicated relationship between disability, employment, and assets, these direct effects were further strengthened by disability's indirect effects on assets through its relationship with employment income.

Casinos and Captive Labour Markets: - Mazar, Alissa (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
Economically depressed communities across North America have opened casinos based on the promise of creating “good jobs.” Some scholars find that workers benefit from casinos via employment and wage growth, while others find that casinos exploit host communities, including their workers. Yet, little research addresses whom casinos employ and how workers experience the quality of employment. Existing research is based on geographic areas that house multiple casinos where workers have the mobility to move between different casino operators. Across North America, however, casinos are being adopted in economically depressed areas and in limited-licence states with large distances between casinos. Using the case study of Casino Windsor – located in Canada’s economically struggling automotive capital, Windsor, Ontario – this article speaks to whether casinos offer “good jobs” when a single casino exists in an economically struggling area. Based on 48 interviews with Windsor stakeholders and casino workers, media coverage, and descriptive statistics, these findings provide an alternative story of the employment implications of casino development when casino workers are immobile. The immobility of Casino Windsor workers results from a high unemployment rate, the absence of other employment offering comparable remuneration, and an international border. This scenario allows management to rule through disciplinary actions while still reaping the benefits of worker “loyalty” and effort. With states/provinces justifying casino developments to economically devitalized host communities by promising the creation of “good jobs,” researchers and policymakers must consider whether such developments will create and potentially exploit a captive labour supply, leading to the development of not-so-good casino jobs.

Work Incentives for “Welfare Mothers” in 1970s Ontario: - McKeen, Wendy (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
This article analyzes the politics surrounding the 1970s/early 1980s introduction of work-incentive measures for “welfare mothers” in Ontario. It uses governance and assemblage theory to analyze the substance and dynamics of the debates in this area as they involved state officials, social policy and social welfare advocates, and welfare mother activists. Using a wide array of archival documents and media accounts, the article uncovers the discursive and other kinds of practices that government officials used in seeking to contain the debate and foreclose more radical possibilities, as well as the role that progressive groups sometimes played in reinforcing official expertise. The article concludes that the work incentives for welfare mothers measures were not just benign policy but mechanisms that screened out the political and, ultimately, further disempowered and marginalized welfare mothers. Such programs operate to this day to reinforce a worldview that ignores structural oppression and inequality.

Black Lives, Native Lands, White Worlds: A History of Slavery in New England - McNeil, Adam (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Black Lives, Native Lands, White Worlds: A History of Slavery in New England," by Jared Ross Hardesty.

L’adéquation formation-emploi : concepts et pratiques de gestion des ressources humaines - Michaud, Renée; Bernier, Amélie; Ben Mansour, Jamal (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
L’adéquation formation-emploi a fait couler beaucoup d’encre au cours des dernières années, car elle présente des défis importants auxquels tant les entreprises que les pouvoirs publics cherchent à répondre. Il s’agit d’une notion polysémique que l’on doit s’assurer de bien cerner parce que la littérature regorge d’une multitude de vocables et de mesures utilisés pour décrire les situations d’inadéquation formation-emploi et d’écarts observés dans le marché du travail.
Keywords: PME; adéquation formation-emploi; appariement personne-emploi; gestion des ressources humaines; human resource management; person-job matching; skills mismatch; small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs)

Gender and Academic Promotion to Full Professor in Ontario - Millar, Paul E.; Barker, Jane (Canadian Journal of Sociology, 2020)
This is a study of 933 academic promotions from associate to full professor in Ontario, Canada for the period 2010-2014. Publicly available sources provided a bibliometric profile including gender, year of promotion, university, academic discipline, salary, type and number of publications and number of authors for each promotion to full professor. We found a large gender gap in academic promotions favouring men, which is explained mainly by a structural focus on male-dominated academic disciplines. We also found large differences in numbers of publications by academic discipline, which was substantially reduced after considering the number of authors per publication. Business professors were paid substantially more than other professors at the time of promotion. Our study focused on publications, and given this limitation the results should be taken in the context that there are multiple considerations for promotion. Publication quality and impact, grants and patents, were not adjusted for.
Keywords: Salary

The Hidden Work of Challenging Precarity - Mirchandani, Kiran; Hande, Mary Jean (Canadian Journal of Sociology, 2020)
This article explores the hidden work of workers employed in precarious jobs which are characterized by part-time and temporary contracts, limited control over work schedules, and poor access to regulatory protection. Through 77 semi-structured interviews with workers in low-wage, precarious jobs in Ontario, Canada, we examine workers’ attempts to challenge the precarity they face when confronted by workplace conditions violating the Ontario Employment Standards Act (ESA), such as not being paid minimum wages, not being paid for overtime, being fired wrongfully or being subject to reprisals. We argue that these challenges involve hidden work, which is neither acknowledged nor recognized in the current ESA enforcement regime. We examine three types of hidden work that involve (1) creating a sense of positive self-worth amidst disempowering practices; (2) engaging in advocacy vis-à-vis employers, sometimes through launching official claims with the Ontario Ministry of Labour; and (3) developing strategies to avoid the costs of precarity in the future. We argue that this hidden work of challenging precarity needs to be formally recognized and that concrete strategies for doing so might lead to more robust protection for workers, particularly within ESA enforcement practices.
Keywords: Canada

Le travail à l’épreuve des nouvelles temporalités - Mohamed, Yasmine (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Le travail à l’épreuve des nouvelles temporalités," edited by Diane-Gabrielle Tremblay et Sid Ahmed Soussi.

Formation à l’égalité femmes-hommes par le théâtre d’entreprise : une analyse de saynètes - Montargot, Nathalie; Redon, Gaëlle (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
Cet article a pour objectif d’analyser la formation à la diversité par le théâtre d’entreprise en se centrant sur le thème de l’égalité femmes/hommes dans le monde professionnel. Il se focalise sur la première phase de la prestation théâtrale, à savoir les saynètes de formation sur catalogue, jouées par des comédiens-formateurs. Ces dernières exposent les situations d’inégalités femmes/hommes au travail, afin de préparer la seconde phase formatrice qui porte sur les stéréotypes, l’analyse des comportements exposés et les possibles remédiations. La problématique de recherche est centrée sur la façon dont le théâtre d’entreprise représente les inégalités femmes/hommes au travail dans les saynètes introduisant leur formation à la diversité. Pour y répondre, une méthodologie qualitative a été choisie et celle-ci permet de comprendre les mécanismes à l’oeuvre dans les formations théâtrales qui servent de support aux politiques de gestion à la diversité dans les organisations. Il apparaît, notamment, que ces formations se concentrent sur certaines dimensions de l’égalité femmes/hommes, le plus souvent dans un but de mise en conformité avec la loi, omettant en cela de prendre en compte plusieurs facettes du phénomène d’inégalité. Cette recherche montre le mode de fonctionnement du théâtre fondé sur un idéal-type et l’exposition de situations, basées sur les différentes barrières rencontrées par les femmes. Bien qu’il constitue un outil de formation et de sensibilisation original, seul, il n’est pas suffisant pour saisir toute la complexité du phénomène en oeuvre et mener à un changement des comportements. Il apparait donc important dans de futures recherches de mieux appréhender le processus de formation et de procéder à une mesure longitudinale de l’apport du théâtre dans la formation à l’égalité femmes-hommes.
Keywords: corporate theatre; diversity; diversité; formation; gender equality; stereotypes; stéréotypes; théâtre d’entreprise; training; égalité femmes/hommes

Organization Change: Theory and Practice - Montreuil, Véra-Line (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Organization Change: Theory and Practice, 5th edition," by Warner W. Burke.

Radical Housewives: Price Wars & Food Politics in Mid-Twentieth Century Canada - Mosby, Ian (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Radical Housewives: Price Wars & Food Politics in Mid-Twentieth Century Canada," by Julie Guard.

L’économie morale des rémunérations : une comparaison France-Québec des rhétoriques de justice salariale d’enseignants - Moulin, Stéphane (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
Cet article propose un cadre théorique pluraliste d’analyse de l’économie morale des rémunérations afin d’examiner les jugements de justice salariale que portent les enseignants québécois et français. La question générale de recherche est la suivante : Quelles sont les rhétoriques mobilisées pour justifier des avantages salariaux et pour dénoncer des injustices? Théoriquement, nous proposons un cadre d’analyse selon lequel les acteurs construisent des rhétoriques de justice en combinant quatre normes particulières (droits, besoins, investissements et marché) à deux principes premiers (égalité et différenciation). Notre cadre permet d’abord de tenir compte de la hiérarchisation des normes, des plus égalisatrices aux plus différenciatrices. De plus, notre cadre systématise l’idée de malléabilité instrumentale des normes, les normes de droits et de besoins pouvant être perverties dans une orientation différenciatrice et la norme du marché subvertie dans une orientation égalisatrice. Méthodologiquement, nous analysons des témoignages électroniques d’enseignants de la France et du Québec, du niveau primaire à l’enseignement supérieur. L’intérêt heuristique du corpus tient, d’une part, au fait qu’elle permet d’inclure des salariés dont les régimes de rémunération sont inégaux et, d’autre part, à la comparaison des deux contextes nationaux. Nous explorons tant les thèmes de justifications salariales que les champs sémantiques des justifications et des dénonciations. L’analyse nous conduit à confirmer la mobilisation par les enseignants d’une pluralité de rhétoriques de perception de l’injustice. Nous dégageons un continuum hiérarchisé de logiques de perceptions de l’injustice : les enseignants ont d’autant plus tendance à mobiliser des normes différenciatrices qu’ils sont élevés dans la hiérarchie salariale statutaire. L’analyse empirique permet également de dégager l’existence de rhétoriques spécifiques aux deux espaces nationaux étudiés. Ces dernières correspondent à des usages subversifs du marché ou pervertis des principes de droits ou de besoins. Enfin, nous montrons que les enseignants les plus privilégiés pervertissent les normes du droit et du besoin pour préserver leurs avantages.
Keywords: distributive justice; enseignants; equity; justice distributive; repertoires; rémunération; répertoires; teachers; wages; équité

American Labour’s Cold War Abroad: From Deep Freeze to Détente, 1945-1970 - Muldoon, Jeffrey (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "American Labour’s Cold War Abroad: From Deep Freeze to Détente, 1945-1970," by Anthony Carew.

Bullshit Jobs: A Theory - Muldoon, Jeffrey (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Bullshit Jobs: A Theory," by David Graeber.

Capitalism in America: A History - Muldoon, Jeffrey (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Capitalism in America: A History," by Alan Greenspan and Adrian Wooldridge .

The Dark Side of Management: A Secret History of Management Theory - Muldoon, Jeffrey (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "The Dark Side of Management: A Secret History of Management Theory," by Gerald Hanlon.

The Great Reversal: How America Gave Up on Free Markets - Muldoon, Jeffrey (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The article reviews the book, " The Great Reversal: How America Gave Up on Free Markets," by Thomas Philippon.

The Personality Brokers: The Strange History of Myers-Briggs and the Birth of Personality Testing - Muldoon, Jeffrey (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "The Personality Brokers: The Strange History of Myers-Briggs and the Birth of Personality Testing," by Merve Emre.

Bad Faith: Teachers, Liberalism, and the Origins of McCarthyism - Newkirk, Anthony B. (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Bad Faith: Teachers, Liberalism, and the Origins of McCarthyism," by Andrew Feffer.

App Imperialism: The Political Economy of the Canadian App Store - Nieborg, David B.; Young, Chris J.; Joseph, Daniel (Social Media + Society, 2020)
To critically engage with the political economy of platformization, this article builds on the concepts of platform capitalism and platform imperialism to situate platforms within wider historical, economic, and spatial trajectories. To investigate if platformization leads to the geographical redistribution of capital and power, we draw on the Canadian instance of Apple’s iOS App Store as a case study. App stores are situated in a complex ecosystem of markets, infrastructures, and governance models that the disparate fields of business studies, critical political economy of communications, and platform studies have begun to catalog. Through a combination of financial and institutional analysis, we ask if Canadian game app developers are effective in generating revenue within their own national App Store. Given Canada’s vibrant game industry one would expect Canadian developers to have a sizable economic footprint in the burgeoning app economy. Our results, however, point toward the US digital dominance and, therefore, we suggest the notion of app imperialism to signal the continuation, if not reinforcement of existing instances of economic inequalities and imperialism.

Past and Future Work at the International Labour Organization: Labour as a Fictitious Commodity, Countermovement and Sustainability - Novitz, Tonia (International Organizations Law Review, 2020)
This article analyses past and future work at the International Labour Organization (‘ILO’) with reference to the transformational analysis offered by Karl Polanyi, examining how constitutional statements made through ILO Declarations reflect countermovement to market dominance. These policy shifts at the ILO are also analysed in relation to the three pillars of sustainability (environmental, economic and social), which arguably map onto Polanyi’s three fictitious commodities (with a focus on labour as emblematic of social concerns). It is argued that the emphasis on social justice and sustainability in the 2019 ILO Global Commission Report, including the proposal for a Universal Labour Guarantee, provides significant resistance to the economic orthodoxy regarding the future of work promoted by the World Bank Group and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (‘OECD’). However, this narrative of ILO countermovement also exposes a lack of balanced regulation which requires more inclusive voice on the global stage.
Keywords: ILO; countermovement; fictitious commodities; future; labour; sustainability; voice; work

Set the Night on Fire: L.A. in the Sixties - Palmer, Bryan D. (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Set the Night on Fire: L.A. in the Sixties," by Mike Davis and Jon Wiener.

Les nouvelles sociologies du travail. Introduction à la sociologie de l’activité - Papinot, Christian (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Les nouvelles sociologies du travail. Introduction à la sociologie de l’activité," par Pascal Ughetto.

L’interdiction de signes religieux en entreprise : regards croisés autour de la protection du salarié en France et au Québec - Parent, Sébastien; Fleury, Pauline (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
Dans la tourmente d’une récente intervention législative au Québec qui restreint le port de signes religieux pour certains agents et agentes de l’État occupant une fonction d’autorité, une volonté d’étendre cette nouvelle conception de la neutralité au sein d’espaces privés, comme l’entreprise, pourrait émerger. La validité d’une politique interdisant le port de signes religieux en milieu de travail doit, toutefois, être analysée à l’aune de la liberté de religion et du droit à l’égalité des travailleurs, ce qui sollicitera inévitablement l’interprétation du juge. À cet égard, la France dispose de précédents très précis sur cette question, alors que le Québec fait l’objet d’une riche jurisprudence en matière d’accommodement raisonnable pour motifs religieux, qui permet aussi d’y répondre. Or, en présence d’une problématique identique dans l’entreprise, qui mobilise de surcroît les mêmes droits fondamentaux des travailleurs, un regard croisé entre la France et le Québec révèle les chemins diamétralement opposés empruntés par les juges de chacun de ces espaces nationaux. Ces divergences s’observent aussi bien à l’occasion du contrôle de la légitimité de l’interdiction de signes religieux adoptée par l’employeur qu’au moment de circonscrire les mesures qu’il devra prendre afin d’éviter le congédiement du salarié. Plus encore, le fardeau financier que l’entreprise aura à supporter, au terme de cet exercice, se situe aux antipodes. Dans l’ensemble, cette analyse comparative met en évidence l’impact décisif du travail interprétatif du juge sur la protection de l’emploi, en ne manquant pas de discuter des possibilités que la logique française se transporte en droit québécois.
Keywords: accommodement raisonnable; discrimination; droit à l’égalité; duty of reasonable accommodation; enterprise; freedom of religion; liberté de religion; neutralité de l’entreprise; policy of neutrality; right to equality

Compassion: A Global History of Social Policy - Pasolli, Lisa (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Compassion: A Global History of Social Policy," by Alvin Finkel.

The Decorated Tenement: How Immigrant Builders and Architects Transformed the Slum in the Gilded Age - Patterson, Matt (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "The Decorated Tenement: How Immigrant Builders and Architects Transformed the Slum in the Gilded Age," by Zachary J. Violette.

Uberland: How Algorithms are Rewriting the Rules of Work - Peticca-Harris, Amanda (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Uberland: How Algorithms are Rewriting the Rules of Work," by Alex Rosenblat.

Postcapitalist Precarious Work and Those in the ‘Drivers’ Seat: Exploring the Motivations and Lived Experiences of Uber Drivers in Canada - Peticca-Harris, Amanda; deGama, Nadia; Ravishankar, M. N. (Organization, 2020)
In this inductive, qualitative study, we observe how Uber, a company often hailed as being the poster-child of the sharing economy facilitated through a digital platform may also at times represent and reinforce postcapitalist hyper-exploitation. Drawing on the motivations and lived experiences of 31 Uber drivers in Toronto, Canada, we provide insights into three groups of Uber drivers: (1) those that are driving part-time to earn extra money in conjunction with studying or doing other jobs, (2) those that are unemployed and for whom driving for Uber is the only source of income, and (3) professional drivers, who are trying to keep pace with the durable digital landscape and competitive marketplace. We emphasize the ways in which each driver group simultaneously acknowledges and rejects their own precarious employment by distancing techniques such as minimizing the risks and accentuating the advantages of the driver role. We relate these findings to a broader discussion about how driving for Uber fuels the traditional capitalist narrative that working hard and having a dream will lead to advancement, security and success. We conclude by discussing other alternative economies within the sharing economy.

Debating the Labour Movement’s Past, Present, and Future - Pollack, Marion; Selby, Jim (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The following is an exchange sparked by Jim Selby’s presentation piece in Labour/Le Travail vol. 83. Since debates about the labour movement’s strategies – past, present and future – raise important questions, we have printed Marion Pollack’s response to Selby’s article and, in keeping with journal protocol, his final response. —Editors' introduction

Roadside Americans: The Rise and Fall of Hitchhiking in a Changing Nation; Thumbing a Ride: Hitchhikers, Hostels, and Counterculture in Canada - Powell, Christopher (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the books, "Roadside Americans: The Rise and Fall of Hitchhiking in a Changing Nation," by Jack Reid, and "Thumbing a Ride: Hitchhikers, Hostels, and Counterculture in Canada," by Linda Mahood.

Radical Medicine: The International Origins of Socialized Health Care in Canada - Razumenko, Fedir (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Radical Medicine: The International Origins of Socialized Health Care in Canada," by Esyllt W. Jones.

Four Unruly Women: Stories of Incarceration and Resistance from Canada’s Most Notorious Prison - Rech, Nathalie (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Four Unruly Women: Stories of Incarceration and Resistance from Canada’s Most Notorious Prison," by Ted McCoy.

Occupational Safety and the City: Licensing Regulation and Deregulation in the Taxi Sector - Reid-Musson, Emily; MacEachen, Ellen; Bartel, Emma; Saunders, Ron; Meyer, Samantha; Bigelow, Philip (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
Many large cities in North America have jurisdiction over licensing rules that shape the employment and health conditions of ride-hail and taxi drivers. Yet there is a lack of research on the role of licensing agencies relating to the occupational health and safety (OHS) of taxi drivers. Most taxi and ride-hail drivers in Canada are self-employed workers and are, by default, exempt from OHS and worker compensation laws. Additionally, municipal licensing regimes in Canada and the US have undergone various changes as a result of pressures from new platform-based ride-hail services, like Uber and Lyft. The analysis is part of a larger study on the health and safety conditions faced by ride-hail drivers. The research approach adopted a multi-level sampling and analysis strategy with the aim of connecting taxi drivers’ everyday work experiences to company and sector practices, and with various regulatory arenas, including municipal licensing, taxation and car insurance. In this paper, the analysis draws from in-depth interviews at these different levels: with taxi and ride-hail drivers, with taxi and ride-hail managers, and with key informants in government, law, insurance, tax and elsewhere. The paper identifies features and impacts of municipal deregulation in the era of on-demand taxi services, focusing on a large Canadian city in a province where municipal authorities regulate the vehicle-for-hire sector. The research identified regulatory changes that included removing centralized taxi vehicle inspections, cancelling mandatory driver training, and instigating rapid changes to competition in the taxi workforce by issuing unlimited numbers of ride-hail licenses. Our analysis indicates that regulatory changes adopted by the city administration have compounded work vulnerabilities and hazards for taxi drivers, while extending hazardous conditions to ride-hail drivers. These hazards suggest the need for interventions at a range of levels, actors and agencies, rather than solely by city licensing officials.
Keywords: Lyft; Uber; municipal licensing; occupational health and safety; permis municipaux; ride-hail; santé et sécurité au travail; self-employment; service de hélage électronique; taxi; travailleurs autonomes; voiturage

Understanding Needs, Breaking Down Barriers: Examining Mental Health Challenges and Well-Being of Correctional Staff in Ontario, Canada - Ricciardelli, Rosemary; Carleton, R. N. (R. Nicholas); Gacek, James; Groll, Dianne L. (Frontiers in Psychology, 2020)
Mental health challenges appear to be extremely prolific and challenging for correctional service employees, affecting persons working in community, institutional, and administrative correctional services. Focusing specifically on correctional workers employed by the Ontario Ministry of the Solicitor General, we shed light on their interpretations of the complexities of their occupational work and of how their work affects staff. Using a qualitative thematic approach to data analyses, we show that participants (n = 67) encounter barriers to treatment seeking, which they describe as tremendous, starting with benefits, wages, and shift work. We let the voices of staff elucidate what is needed to create a healthier correctional workforce. Recommendations include more training opportunities and programs; quarterly, semiannual, or annual appointments with a mental health professional who can assess changes in the mental health status of employees; offsite assessments to ensure confidentiality; and team building opportunities to reduce interpersonal conflict at work and increase moral by improving the work environment.

Graphic Memories of the Civil Rights Movement: Reframing History in Comics - Rocksborough-Smith, Ian (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Graphic Memories of the Civil Rights Movement: Reframing History in Comics," by Jorge J. Santos, Jr .

A Primer on American Labor Law - Rose, Joseph (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "A Primer on American Labor Law," by William Gould IV.

Eric Hobsbawm, A Life in History - Ross, George (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Eric Hobsbawm, A Life in History," by Richard J. Evans.

Interunion Conflict and the Evolution of Faculty Unionism in Canada - Ross, Stephanie; Savage, Larry (Studies in Political Economy, 2020)
This article explores the role of interunion conflict in the rise and evolution of faculty unionism in Canada. We argue that competition and tension between the Canadian Association of University Teachers (CAUT) and the Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE) in the early 1970s played a key role in driving professors’ support for the certification of independent faculty associations. Moreover, we contend that a parochial, sectionalist, and craft-like brand of faculty unionism remained dominant in Canada until the 2000s, when external forces and the rise of the neoliberal university convinced CAUT’s leadership to broaden the tent in terms of membership and embrace an enlarged notion of solidarity in an effort to better defend terms and conditions of work for university teachers.

Interrogating the Relationship Between Bargaining Structures and Bargaining Outcomes for Contract Academic Faculty in Ontario - Ross, Stephanie; Savage, Larry; Watson, James (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
This article uses case studies from three comparable Ontario-based universities to explore the relationship between bargaining unit structures and collective bargaining outcomes for unionized sessional contract academic faculty. The article charts the complex network of bargaining unit structures and inter-union or association relationships in Ontario universities and uses both quantitative and qualitative data to illustrate how different structures influence internal debates about sessional contract academic faculty, bargaining priorities, and collective bargaining strategies. The authors conclude that bargaining unit structures have less of an impact than practitioners assume and that success at the bargaining table for sessional contract academic faculty is dependent on a broad range of factors rather than any particular structure.

Is Industry 4.0 a Good Fit for High Performance Work Systems? Trade Unions and Workplace Change in the Southern Ontario Automotive Assembly Sector - Rutherford, Tod; Frangi, Lorenzo (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The automotive industry has long been a leader in the introduction of new forms of work organization and technology—including mass production and high performance work systems (HPWS). It has also been a focal point for how trade unions negotiate such systems. Recently, much attention has focused on Industry 4.0 (I 4.0)—a manufacturing system featuring advanced robotics, digitalization and artificial intelligence. However, in the automotive industry, I 4.0 is confronted with considerable technical and social challenges, and I 4.0 paradigms have been criticized for marginalizing the continuing importance of employees in shaping, if not ‘hybridizing,’ such new production processes. Based on a study of UNIFOR union locals in Canadian automotive assembly plants, we argue that I 4.0 has to be analyzed in terms of the ways unions have influenced the almost universal adoption of HPWS in that sector. We thus investigate the ways unions have impacted HPWS and its implications for their roles in workplace integration of I 4.0. As such, we first argue that, while overlapping, HPWS and I 4.0 represent different managerial strategies. Second, we develop an exploratory analytical framework for use in examining union roles in negotiating HPWS and technology adoption. Based on this framework, we then analyze 18 interviews we conducted in 2017-2018 with plant managers and key UNIFOR representatives at five southern Ontario assembly plants. The interviews illustrate not only commonalities in adoption of HPWS, but also differing ways in which the union influences the ‘hybridization’ of HPWS. Union practices differ significantly from one plant to another as a function of three variables: 1- firm-plant competitive positions; 2- the union’s overall monopoly face; and 3- internal union local solidarity and narratives around HPWS. Keeping these commonalities and differences in mind, we then consider the challenges that unions are likely to confront as they begin negotiating I 4.0.
Keywords: automotive industry; high performance work systems; industrie 4.0; industrie automobile; industry 4.0; modèle de gestion à haute performance (MGHP ou HPWS); syndicats; trade unions

A Suffragette in America: Reflections on Prisoners, Pickets and Political Change - Sangster, Joan (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "A Suffragette in America: Reflections on Prisoners, Pickets and Political Change," by E. Sylvia Pankhurst, edited with an introduction by Katherine Connelly,.

The Social Cost of Cheap Food: Labour and the Political Economy of Food Distribution in Britain, 1830–1914 - Sartore, Nastasha (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "The Social Cost of Cheap Food: Labour and the Political Economy of Food Distribution in Britain, 1830–1914," by Sébastien Rioux.

The Past, Present, and Future of the Canadian Labour Movement: Interrogating Insider Accounts - Savage, Larry (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
Review essay of "A Grander Vision: My Life in the Labour Movement" (2019) by Sid Ryan, and "A New Kind of Union: Unifor and the Birth of the Modern Canadian Union" (2019) by Fred Wilson.

Research Handbook on Employee Turnover - Sayin, Firat (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Research Handbook on Employee Turnover," edited by George Saridakis and Cary L. Cooper.

Unions, Industrial Relations and Market Income Inequality in Canada’s Provinces - Scrimger, Phillippe (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
While decades of scholarship point to the broad consensus that unions compress the distribution of wages and incomes, recent empirical contributions suggest that unions’ within-country egalitarian effect is dwindling, as unions decline and membership composition changes. What is more, unions now operate in an increasingly difficult political economy transformed by, among other forces, globalization, financialization and fiscal austerity. At the same time, there is an increased demand for unions to play a broader role in a movement for distributive justice. Transposing these debates to the Canadian provincial context, this article asks whether unions still matter for reducing inequality. Considering the role of industrial relations more broadly by taking into account strike activity and collective labour statutes, the article explores the relationship between union power and market income inequality over a period ranging from 1984 to 2012. This empirical contribution is framed in theories from comparative capitalism, economics, and sociology. Descriptive longitudinal statistics support the well-documented union decline narrative. On average, union density and strike activity have declined in the provinces. As for the quality of collective labour rights, it is argued that the relative apparent stability of statutes conceals more substantive issues with Wagnerism as an organizing model. Linking unions to inequality, results from multivariate regressions using panel data suggest that union power still matters for limiting market income inequality. While estimates for strike action are not statistically significant, those for union density and the quality of collective labour statutes suggest that unions still exert an inequality-reducing effect. However, the rarity of significant estimates across models using different measures of inequality indicates that this effect is by no means comprehensive.
Keywords: déclin; grève; industrial relations; inequality; inégalités salariales; relations de travail; revenus; strikes; syndicat; union decline

All Our Trials: Prisons, Policing, and the Feminist Fight to End Violence - Shaw, Joshua David Michael (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "All Our Trials: Prisons, Policing, and the Feminist Fight to End Violence," by Emily L. Thuma.

Canadian Administrative Law: The Case for Judicial Humility - Silberman Abella, Rosalie (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
For decades, the Supreme Court of Canada has contemplated the appropriate standard of judicial review of decisions by administrative tribunals. The Court has grappled with the tension between the role of, and relationship between, courts and tribunals. The author, who has been both a judge and a tribunal member, argues for an attitude of humility towards these administrative bodies. With this approach, the author argues, even those most skeptical of tribunals might recognize their value as less formal, more expeditious, more expert, and binding dispute resolution mechanisms that complement—rather than detract from or compete with—courts. They may come to appreciate tribunals as the court’s institutional justice sibling, pursuing similar ends through different means.
Keywords: Canada; administrative law; droit administratif; justice; recognition; reconnaissance; role; rôle; tribunal

Broader-Based and Sectoral Bargaining in Collective-Bargaining Law Reform: - Slinn, Sara J. (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
Compelling evidence exists that centralized bargaining structures, including broader-based and sectoral bargaining (bbb), offer significant benefits to workers. Examining the role of bbb in major Canadian labour law reform initiatives between the late 1980s and 2019, this article explores why the labour movement, despite the potential advantages of bbb, has not collectively pursued bbb reforms. It concludes with an analysis of the failure to incorporate bbb proposals into labour legislation and an assessment of the key challenges to adopting significant bbb reforms in the future. Earlier research concluded that bbb proposals in the 1990s failed because of employer opposition and lack of understanding, including by labour. This study departs from earlier conclusions to find that neither of these factors has been prominent regarding bbb in recent decades. Instead, lack of support for bbb arises from some unions’ concerns about preserving existing representation rights, resistance to the prospect of mandatory councils of unions, and anticipation of jurisdictional conflicts. Lack of support for bbb from some peak labour organizations arises from a consensus approach to deciding which labour law reform issues to promote. An additional challenge to its adoption is the politicized nature of labour law reform, and the political cost of innovative and untried proposals deter governments from adopting bbb.

Protected Concerted Activity and Non-Unionized Employee Strikes: Worker Rights in Canada in the Time of COVID-19 - Slinn, Sara J. (Osgoode Hall Law Journal, 2020)
During the pandemic employees in the US have engaged in a wave of strikes, protests, and other collective action over concerns about unsafe working conditions, and many of these involved non-unionized workers in the private sector. Similar employee protests were notably absent in Canada. This article examines the differences in labour legislation between the US and Canada, which may help to explain these diverging experiences, primarily: the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) section 7 protection for concerted activity, and the NLRA section 502 ability for a good faith strike due to abnormally dangerous conditions for work. This article outlines and compares the situation of, and consequences for, three categories of workers engaging in a strike over fears of workplace safety: unionized employees, non-unionized employees, and non-employees, such as independent contractors under the NLRA compared to under the Ontario Labour Relations Act (OLRA), as generally representative of Canadian labour legislation. In the final section, this article considers how a statutory provision similar to the NLRA protected concerted activity provision might be incorporated into Canadian labour legislation such as the OLRA. It also considers some more fundamental questions that such changes might prompt policymakers to reconsider, including: the focus of our statutory system on “organizing” collective action to the exclusion of “mobilizing” collective action, and questions about the potential role of minority unionism in our labour legislation system.

Class Struggle from Above: The Canadian State, Industrial Legality, and (the Never-Ending Usage of) Back-to-Work Legislation - Smith, Charles (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
Analyzes the historical context of class struggle and strikes under capitalism, the restrictions on strike activity in Canada, and the entrenchment of back-to-work legislation under the Canadian neoliberal regime.

Back-to-Work Legislation Roundtable: Introduction - Smith, Charles W. (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
Introduces the roundtable on back-to-work legislation held at the Canadian Association of Work and Labour Studies' annual conference in 2019. Summarizes the papers presented and pays tribute to the work of Leo Panitch and Donald Swartz.

Abstracts / Résumés [v. 86, Fall 2020] - Smith, Charles; Sangster, Joan (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
Abstracts of papers from no. 86, Fall 2020.

Trajectories of Union Renewal: - Stevens, Andrew (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
Western Canada’s oil-exporting economies have come to rely on migrant labour as a cornerstone of economic development. A global division of labour intersecting with the constellation of Canada’s migrant worker programs has shaped the contemporary political-economic character of many Canadian provinces, including Saskatchewan. These programs have worked to construct bifurcated labour markets for growing low-wage industries that exist alongside high-wage resource-sector employment. Although a majority of these migrant workers end up employed in non-unionized workplaces, foreign workers who secure occupations in health care, construction, warehousing, and manufacturing are often represented by a union. The study explores union attitudes and union-member engagement among migrant labour through the lens of union revitalization, in an attempt to confront claims that migrant workers are without an affinity to organized labour and avoid participating in union business and the collective-bargaining process.

Digitalized Drones in the Steel Industry: The Social Shaping of Technology - Stroud, Dean; Timperley, Victoria; Weinel, Martin (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
New digital technologies are often framed as an inevitable and determining force that presents the risk of technological unemployment and the end of work (Lloyd and Payne, 2019). In manufacturing specifically, digitalization is referred to as Industry 4.0, a term that emerged in Germany as a central economic and industrial policy and has taken on a wider resonance across Europe (Pfeiffer, 2017). In this article, we explore the workplace implications of a specific Industry 4.0 innovation. We examine the insertion of drone technology—as a timely and topical example of industrial digital technological innovation—in the steel industry. The article brings to debates on the digital workplace a discussion of the relationship between the material forces of production and the social relations within which they are embedded (Edwards and Ramirez, 2016). Drawing on interview data from two European industrial sites, we suggest that the increasing use of drones is likely to be complicated by a number of social, economic and legal factors, the effects of which are, at best, extremely difficult to predict. Introduced for their potential as labour-saving devices, drones seemingly offer a safer and more efficient way of checking for defects in remote or inaccessible areas. However, whilst employers might imagine that digital technologies, like drones, might substitute, replace, or intensify labour, the workplace realities described by our interviewees make insertion highly contingent. We highlight several such contingencies, with examples of the ways that the steelworkers’ interests differ from those of their employers, to discuss how the insertion of digital technologies will ultimately be shaped by the power, interests, values and visions prevailing in the workplace, as well as in the wider polity and public culture.
Keywords: digitalization; drones; industrial relations; industrie 4.0; industry 4.0; innovation technologique; numérique; relations industrielles; technological innovation

In the Name of Liberty: The Argument for Universal Unionization - Talarico, Andrea (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
The article reviews the book, " In the Name of Liberty: The Argument for Universal Unionization," by Mark R. Reiff.

Remembering 1919: The Winnipeg General Strike - Thiessen, Janis Lee (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
Despite an abundance of research on the Winnipeg Genral Strike of 1919, how the strike has been remembered and commemorated by subsequent generations of Winnipeggers has been understudied. Though many archived oral histories of those involved in the strike exist, the intergenerational memory of the strike has been largely unaddressed. In anticipaton of the strike's centennial, I conducted oral history interviews with six descedants of those involved in the 1919 strike, to learn how stories of the strike have been passed down in their families and how those stories shaped the interviewees' own understandings of labour and social justice. These interviews, though limited in number, attest to the importance of memory (both individual and collective) in oral history and, subsequently, in labour history.

Blue Solidarity: Police Unions, Race and Authoritarian Populism in North America - Thomas, Mark P; Tufts, Steven (Work, Employment and Society, 2020)
With a focus on police unions in the United States and Canada, this article argues that the construction of ‘blue solidarity’, including through recent Blue Lives Matter campaigns, serves to repress racial justice movements that challenge police authority, acts as a counter to broader working class resistance to austerity and contributes to rising right-wing populism. Specifically, the article develops a case study analysis of Blue Lives Matter campaigns in North America to argue that police unions construct forms of ‘blue solidarity’ that produce divisions with other labour and social movements and contribute to a privileged status of their own members vis-a-vis the working class more generally. As part of this process, police unions support tactics that reproduce racialised ‘othering’ and that stigmatise and discriminate against racialised workers and communities. The article concludes by arguing that organised labour should maintain a critical distance from police unions.
Keywords: Blue Lives Matter; institutionalised racism; police unions; right-wing populism

Flexibility for Who? Working Time, the Ontario Employment Standards Act and the Experiences of Workers in Low-Wage and Precarious Jobs: De la flexibilité pour qui? Loi sur les normes du travail de l’Ontario et temps de travail : expérience de travailleurs à bas salaire et occupant des emplois précaires - Thomas, Mark; Condratto, Shelley; Landry, Danielle; Steedman, Mercedes (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
In Ontario, hours of work and overtime standards are regulated by the Employment Standards Act (ESA). This legislation covers most employers and employees in the province. As part of an ESA reforms process designed to promote workplace flexibility and enhance competitiveness, the Ontario ESA (2000) allowed for the extension of weekly maximum hours from 48 to 60, and the calculation of overtime pay entitlements to be based on an averaging of hours of work over up to a four-week period. Situated in the context of shifts towards greater working time flexibility, this paper examines the dynamics of working time regulation in the Ontario ESA, with a specific focus on the regulation of excess and overtime hours. The paper considers these processes in relation to general trends towards forms of labour market regulation that support employer-oriented flexibility and that download the regulation of employment standards to privatized negotiations between individual employees and their employers, tendencies present in the ESA that were sustained through further reforms introduced in 2018 and 2019. The paper draws its analysis from interviews with both workers in precarious jobs and Employment Standards Officers from the Ontario Ministry of Labour (MOL), as well as administrative data from the MOL and archival records. In the general context of the rise of precarious employment, the paper argues that ESA hours of work and overtime provisions premised upon creating working time flexibility enhance employer control over time, exacerbate time pressures and uncertainty experienced by workers in precarious jobs, and thereby intensify conditions of precariousness. The article situates the working time provisions of Ontario’s ESA in the context of an ongoing fragmentation of the regulation of working time as legislated standards are eroded in ways that make workers in precarious jobs more vulnerable to employer exploitation.
Keywords: Ontario; employment standards; normes minimales de travail; precarious work; temps de travail; travail précaire; working time

More Sugar, Less Salt: - Thompson, David (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
A champion of impoverished women, children, immigrants, and the unemployed, Edith Hancox’s chosen family were capital’s dispossessed. Rosemary Hennessy’s material feminist theory of affect-culture and Antonio Gramsci’s articulation of the impassioned organic intellectual offer a conceptual framework for the emotive role Hancox played in nurturing and sustaining working-class resistance in the aftermath of the Winnipeg General Strike. A partial biography is gleaned from contemporary newspaper reports, Hancox’s journalism, government records, family correspondence, and other archival sources. What emerges is a glimpse into the actions, thoughts, and lived experiences of a profoundly significant, yet neglected, socialist feminist. An illegitimate birth, servitude, marriage, motherhood, immigration, and a critical engagement with organized religion formed the basis of Hancox’s radical leadership during the Winnipeg revolt. As secretary of the first national unemployment association in Canada, Hancox mobilized thousands of the nation’s workless and presented a devastating gender, race, and class critique of liberal capitalism. Through her writing and activism, she also challenged the most important leftist organizations of her era – the Labor Church, the Women’s Labor League, the One Big Union, and the Communist Party of Canada – to build a more expansive and inclusive revolutionary movement.

Adjunct Underclass: How America’s Colleges Betrayed Their Faculty, Their Students, and Their Mission - Tough, David (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Adjunct Underclass: How America’s Colleges Betrayed Their Faculty, Their Students, and Their Mission," by Herb Childress.

Freedom to Strike? What Freedom to Strike? Back-to-Work Legislation and the Freedom to Strike in Historical and Legal Perspective - Tucker, Eric (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
Analyzes the historical and legal framework of restrictive labour laws that constrain the right to strike. Argues that, although the Supreme Court of Canada upheld the constitutional freedom to strike in 2015, the impact of the SCC ruling should be assessed within this broader context.

Newcomers as Potential Drivers of Union Revitalization: Survey Evidence from Belgium - Vandaele, Kurt (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
Most people tend to join mainstream trade unions for instrumental motives and not so much for ideological reasons. This instrumentalism, together with the passivity of most union members, endangers members’ union loyalty and their willingness to act collectively. One possible way to de-emphasize the traditional model of service-oriented unionism and strengthen union commitment is to involve members in small union tasks. By partially assigning day-to-day union work to lay members, it is believed that over-stretched union representatives will be able to assign more time to implementing union policies of strategic importance. The article examines to what extent new union members are willing to voluntarily engage in union tasks inspired by organizing unionism. To test this empirically, an e-survey was conducted among first-time members of a Belgian union. Predominantly young, the respondents had been members of the union for maximum of seven years. Belgium is an interesting case for exploring how member-union ties can be boosted, as it is a quintessential example of a country with a high union density characterized by instrumental and passive membership. Following the deletion of cases with missing data, 518 observations are available for analysis. The dependent variable measures the organizing-oriented activism intent based on union tasks reflecting one-on-one organizing tactics for reaching out to potential members. A critical mass of 41.3% new members is (greatly) interested in at least one task. The regression results show that two variables derived from the planned behaviour theory significantly influence organizing-based union tasks: the pro-union context and behavioural self-control, with the latter in particular a very strong antecedent. Apart from the finding that a larger membership base is interested in performing organizing-oriented tasks, the results also, support a developmental view on union activism, i.e. a step-by-step approach to stimulating union activism via introducing various levels of union participation.
Keywords: jeunes travailleurs; membres; organizing; participation; renewal; renouveau organisationnel; syndicat; trade union; union membership; union participation; young worker

Moved by the State: Forced Relocation and Making a Good Life in Post War Canada - Walls, Martha (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Moved by the State: Forced Relocation and Making a Good Life in Post War Canada," by Tina Loo.

An International History of Coalminers’ Actions to Voice Resistance to the Appropriation of their Safety and Health, 1870-1925 - Walters, David; Quinlan, Michael (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2020)
This paper seeks to explore the history of miners’ struggles to represent their interests in health and safety in coalmines in a range of countries in the period between 1870 and 1925. It has two objectives, the first objective being to examine these struggles both in terms of what determined them and how effective they were. The second objective is to assess the significance of these struggles for current understandings of representative participation in Occupational Health and Safety (OHS). Starting with late 19th century Australia, the research method involved search, retrieval and analysis of historical sources including newspaper accounts, recorded testimony to Commissions of Inquiry into mining incidents and disasters, records of the debates of the legislature on relevant regulatory reforms and records of trade union meetings, as well as the accounts of contemporary observers and published analysis. Extending its inquiry to other countries, including the United Kingdom, Canada, France and Belgium, the methods used for these countries were less focused on newspaper accounts and more reliant on the analysis of published historical records of national and international trade union congresses, and those of the legislatures of these countries, as well as theses and accounts in the research literature. In combination, these sources corroborate one another and provide rich qualitative data, the analysis of which has achieved both research objectives. As well as filling an important gap in the literature on the development of worker involvement in OHS, this paper shows that coalminers’ struggles and strategies for workers to have a say in their health and safety, and the contexts that shaped them are both instructive and important in understanding current experiences.
Keywords: coalmining; health and safety; histoire; history; mine de charbon; mineur; minor; représentation des travailleurs; santé et sécurité; worker representation

Imperial Standard: Imperial Oil, Exxon, and the Canadian Oil Industry from 1880 - Wereley, Ian (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "Imperial Standard: Imperial Oil, Exxon, and the Canadian Oil Industry from 1880," by Graham D. Taylor.

A Fistful of Shells: West Africa from the Rise of the Slave Trade to the Age of Revolution - Zachernuk, Philip S. (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
The article reviews the book, "A Fistful of Shells: West Africa from the Rise of the Slave Trade to the Age of Revolution," by Toby Green.

The Left in the United States and the Decline of the Socialist Party of America, 1934–1935 - Zumoff, Jacob A. (Labour / Le Travail, 2020)
In the early years of the Great Depression, the American Socialist Party (sp) attracted left-wing youth and intellectuals at the same time that it faced the challenges of distinguishing itself from the Democratic Party of Franklin D. Roosevelt. By 1936, as its right-wing historic leadership (the “Old Guard”) left the sp and many of the more left-wing members of the sp had decamped, the party dwindled to a shell of its former strength. This article examines the internal struggles within the sp between the Old Guard and the left-wing “Militant” groupings and analyzes how the groups to the left of the sp reacted, particularly the pro-Moscow Communist Party and the supporters of Trotsky and Bukharin who were organized into two smaller groups, the Communist Party (Opposition) and Workers Party.

Divided Province: Ontario Politics in the Age of Neoliberalism - Toye, Brent (Labour / Le Travail, 2019)
The article reviews the book, "Divided Province: Ontario Politics in the Age of Neoliberalism," edited by Greg Albo and Bryan Evans.

“They Didn’t Even Realize Canada Was a Different Country”: Canadian Left Nationalism at the 1971 Vancouver Indochinese Women's Conference - Klein, Candice (Labour / Le Travail, 2019)
From 1 to 6 April 1971, over 600 women gathered to attend the Vancouver Indochinese Women’s Conference (viwc), an international women’s antiwar conference organized by women’s liberationists in Vancouver. The conference was intended to bring women together under the banner of an international sisterhood, but this desired goal did not happen. Instead, tensions between American and Canadian women divided conference organizers and attendees, culminating in verbal and physical conflict. The viwc is useful for examining how Canadian women experienced interactions with American feminists and radical activists in attendance at the conference. Several women viewed the actions of American delegates as imperialistic. The experiences of conference organizers and attendees show how the viwc represents a moment in women’s liberation where the limits to international feminism were particularly visible.

Filming Peterloo in the Age of Brexit - Rogers, Nicholas (Labour / Le Travail, 2019)
The article reviews the film, "Peterloo," directed by Mike Leigh.

Lynn Jones African-Canadian and Diaspora Heritage Collection - McCallum, Todd (Labour / Le Travail, 2019)
In April 2017, more than 100 people gathered at the Halifax North Memorial Library for the official launch of the Lynn Jones African-Canadian and Diaspora Heritage Collection, housed at Saint Mary's University. ...This is a personal archive whose creation was an intentional act. At the tender age of eight, Lynn Jones began cutting out articles from the Truro newspaper, preserving stories pertaining to Black life in Nova Scotia and around the world. One of ten children, Lynn kept busy documenting the many activities of generations of the Jones family, from those who fought with the Black Battalion in World War I to those active today. Along the way, she added numerous documents – many of them not found elsewhere – and correspondence related to organizations such as the Black Working Group and the Public Service Alliance of Canada (psac) and individuals like Kwame Ture (Stokely Carmichael). The result is eighteen boxes, with talk of more to come. While the collection stretches from the 1960s to the 2010s, the bulk of material pertains to the 1980s and 1990s. -- Introduction

(Re)Conceptualising Unfree Labour: Local Labour Control Regimes and Constraints on Workers’ Freedoms - Fudge, Judy (Global Labour Journal, 2019)
Disputes over the meaning of human trafficking, forced labour and modern slavery have both provoked and coincided with a reinvigorated debate in academic and policy literatures about how to conceptualise unfree labour. This article traces the contours of the debate over free and unfree labour, identifying its key stakes as the debate has developed and paying particular attention to recent interventions. It begins by identifying a problem common to both canonical liberal and Marxian approaches to the free/unfree labour distinction, which is to fetishise the labour market. It then discusses the consensus that is emerging across disciplines and in leading international organisations that labour unfreedom in contemporary capitalism is best conceptualised as a continuum rather than a binary, highlighting recent disciplinary-specific contributions. It argues that the metaphor of a continuum of labour unfreedom obscures more than it illuminates. Drawing upon the growing body of literature that advocates a multifaceted approach to labour unfreedom, this article argues that a robust concept of local labour control regime does a much better job of capturing the complex mix of consent and coercion involved in extracting value from labour power than the idea of a continuum of labour unfreedom.

Direct Action and the Strike - Graphic History Collective (Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 2019)
This May, Canada marks the 100th anniversary of the Winnipeg General Strike, when tens of thousands of people walked off their jobs in sympathy and solidarity with building and metal trades workers whose employers were refusing to bargain for fair wages and working conditions.Though the strike failed in its immediate goals, the example it set reverberated across the country and the world, inspiring political upheaval at all levels in Canada, and ultimately transforming the balance of power between workers and the bosses for many generations. In this issue of the Monitor we consider the value of direct action and solidarity strikes in a new era of retrenching labour rights, out-of-control inequality and conservative backlash. “Workers can make great gains by withdrawing their labour power. But they also risk a lot,” writes the Graphic History Collective in their introduction to our special feature on the strike. “The stakes in class struggle are high.” True. But so are the costs of not acting. Today, as it was 100 years ago, we must continually fight for fair pay and good jobs for everyone—or be prepared to live in a world where neither exists for anyone. --Introduction. Contents: Direct Action Gets the Goods! A printable timeline of Canadian strikes from the Graphic History Collective -- 1919: Causes and Consequences: Paul Moist recounts the organizing that went into the strike and its legacy -- 100 years on.Women, rights and work—from 1919 to the #MeToo movement: Molly McCracken interviews Julie Guard on labour's need to organize more female workers  -- The year labour makes history: Learning from failures like the Winnipeg General Strike and Kirkland Lake organization drive can strengthen the movement for true worker democracy, writes Jon Weier -- Work Life: Canada's "yellow vest" movement needs more gilets jaunes, writes Lynne Fernandez in her latest column -- Frontlines of the class: We all win when teachers strike. But, as Erika Shaker argues, parents, children and communities need to see themselves in the struggle -- Striking for survival: The right to strike in Canada is under attack and back-to-work legislation now commonplace Bruno Dobrusin calls on workers to embrace the mass walkout, both legal and illegal, as a tool for social change -- Lessons in South Korean protest culture: President Moon is backsliding on important labour reforms, but workers continue to resist in innovative ways, writes Zaee Desphande.

The Toronto Airport Workers’ Council: Renewing Workplace Organizing and Socialist Labor Education - House, Jordan; Gray, Paul Christopher (Labor Studies Journal, 2019)
Among the 40,000 workers in Canada’s largest workplace, Lester B. Pearson International Airport in Toronto, a small but significant group of worker-organizers has created the Toronto Airport Workers’ Council (TAWC), a nonunion organization open to all Pearson workers. In this paper, we discuss the capitalist context of Canadian labor relations and the neoliberal restructuring that has attacked working conditions and workers’ solidarity across the airline industry. Then, after examining the insufficient responses by the twelve Pearson unions, we explain how workers formed the TAWC, whose participatory structures, direct action strategy, and broader class focus have achieved considerable successes, despite tensions with union leaders wary of potential “dual unionism.” We also discuss how the TAWC provides a space for socialist-led workplace organizing training and political education by the Toronto Labour Committee. Finally, we explore the possible roles of this council model in labor movement renewal and labor education in socialist movement renewal.
Keywords: Canada; labor education; neoliberalism; socialism; workers’ councils; workplace organizing

Abstracts / Résumés [v. 84, Fall 2019] (Labour / Le Travail, 2019)

Conception et mise en oeuvre d’une grille d’analyse des pratiques de maintien en emploi des séniors. Une comparaison France-Québec - Abouaissa, Siham; Baret, Christophe; D'Amours, Martine (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2019)
Prenant conscience des effets délétères des stratégies traditionnelles de mise à l’écart des travailleurs âgés, les pouvoirs publics promeuvent aujourd’hui leur maintien en emploi. Afin de comprendre comment et dans quelles conditions cet objectif politique se traduit ou non en pratiques concrètes dans les milieux de travail, l’article propose une grille d’analyse, inspirée de l’analyse sociétale, permettant de comprendre les attitudes des entreprises et des travailleurs vis-à-vis le maintien en emploi des séniors. L’article met ensuite cette grille à l’épreuve en étudiant les pratiques de deux entreprises de commerce de détail, l’une en France et l’autre au Québec, autour de quatre espaces d’interprétation : institutionnel, du dialogue social, marchand et organisationnel.
Keywords: France; Francia; Quebec; Québec; analyse sociétale; análisis societal; comercio minorista; commerce de détail; empleo; emploi; employment; retail trade; seniors; societal analysis; séniors; trabajadores de edad avanzada

Private Government: How Employers Rule our Lives and Why We Don’t Talk about It - Adams, Roy (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2019)
The article reviews the book, "Private Government: How Employers Rule our Lives and Why We Don’t Talk about It," by Elizabeth Anderson.

La négociation collective en contexte de flexibilisation de l’emploi dans deux usines au Québec - Adanhounme, Armel; Lévesque, Christian (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2019)
Des travaux récents en analyse institutionnelle ont souligné le rôle charnière des acteurs dans le changement institutionnel, notamment le pouvoir de l’acteur syndical à renouveler les institutions du travail. Ces recherches ont fait ressortir les trois aspects suivants : 1-l’agentivité, en réponse à la question de lareprésentation des syndiqués, notamment la construction d’une identité des travailleurs au-delà du milieu de travail; 2- la formation d’une large coalition au-delà des acteurs tripartites des relations de travail; et, enfin, 3-l’élargissement des répertoires d’action au-delà des frontières des entreprises et des contextes nationaux. Toutefois, contrairement à cette perspective sur l’agentivité qui dépendait autrefois des mécanismes de la démocratie industrielle, cet article montre que des contraintes structurelles peuvent restreindre, voire empêcher, la capacité stratégique des acteurs locaux à renouveler la règle en cet ère néolibéral de mondialisation de l’économie. À partir de deux études de cas menées dans deux usines de première transformation au Québec —l’une appartenant à une entreprise multinationalecanadienne, l’autre étant américaine —, cet article analyse comment les acteurs locaux, dans un contexte néolibéral de changement institutionnel, négocient la flexibilisation de l’emploi et la sécurité des travailleurs. Les résultats des négociations entreprises par les acteurs locaux, dans un cas, une négociation menée « le dos au mur », et, dans l’autre, « le fusil sur la tempe », montrent que l’issue du processus est tributaire de facteurs externes hors de la portée des acteurs locaux. L’agentivité a buté contre les impératifs économiques du marché, les politiques étatiques de dérégulation de l’emploi et l’intransigeance des maisons-mères concernant l’avantage compétitif des filiales. Dans l’usine américaine, ils ont déplacé l’ancienne règle des accords collectifs pour y substituer une nouvelle entente davantage axée sur les exigences du marché libéral. Dans l’usine canadienne, ils ont stratifié les accords collectifs, ajoutant une nouvelle entente (de facture inférieure à l’ancienne) basée sur le statut d’emploi et qui oppose les permanents aux contractuels. Dans les deux cas, des conditions structurelles ont limité la marge de manoeuvre desacteurs locaux, avec des conséquences néfastes sur les travailleurs périphériques de l’entreprise flexible.
Keywords: Quebec; Québec; agency; agentividad; agentivité (agency); collective bargaining; flexibilidad; flexibility; flexibilité; instituciones; institution; negociación colectiva; négociation collective; sindicatos; syndicat; union

Power, Politics, and Principles: Mackenzie King and Labour, 1935–1948 - Aivalis, Christo (Labour / Le Travail, 2019)
The article reviews the book, "Power, Politics, and Principle: Mackenzie King and Labour, 1935–1948," by Taylor Hollander.

Refining Creative Labour: Precarity and Autonomy in Cultural and Craft Industries - Anderson, Benjamin (Labour / Le Travail, 2019)
The article reviews the books, "Craft and the Creative Economy ," by Susan Luckman, and "The Creativity Hoax: Precarious Work in the Gig Economy," by George Morgan and Pariece Nelligan.

Toujours dans les limbes historiographiques : le cinquantenaire de Mai 68 au travers de quatre livres - Bargain-Villéger, Alban (Labour / Le Travail, 2019)
The article reviews the books, "Filles de Mai. 68 mon Mai à moi : mémoires de femmes," edited by Monique Bauer, "Le scandale de Strasbourg mis à nu par ses célibataires, même ," by André Bertrand and André Schneider, "Le Mai 68 des Caraïbes," by Romain Cruse, and "The Long '68 : Radical Protest and its Enemies," by Richard Vinen.

A Comparison of Contemporary Human Resource Management and Employment Relations Practices of Japanese and US Multinational Corporation Subsidiaries: Evidence from Four Countries - Bartram, Timothy; Adam, Duncan; Edwards, Tony; Jalette, Patrice; Burgess, John; Stanton, Pauline (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2019)
This paper compares Japanese and US multinational corporations (MNCs) on their deployment of human resource management (HRM) and employment relations (ER) practices within four countries. Debate about convergence is used to reconcile findings. The context is the shift from the dominance of the Japanese economy in the 1980s and early 1990s towards the renewed dominance of the US economy in more recent decades. We draw on data from representative, parallel surveys of MNCs operating in Canada, the UK, Spain and Australia to test a set of hypotheses examining similarities and differences between subsidiaries of Japanese and US MNCs in relation to management control across borders, remuneration, representation and worker involvement. The findings demonstrate that, despite the pressures of globalization, and the partial movement away from traditional Japanese management practices in Japan, there are clear country of origin effects for Japanese and American MNCs. Results indicate that Japanese and US MNCs behave differently in terms of the control that they exercise, with Japanese firms exhibiting a greater tendency to use personal forms of control in their foreign subsidiaries and a lower tendency to use procedural forms of control. In terms of HRM practices, Japanese MNCs are distinctive in relation to pay systems. For example, they are less likely than their US counterparts to use performance-related pay and, more likely, to adopt non-union representative structures in subsidiaries. In line with Kaufman (2016), we argue that the study’s findings provide evidence for the ‘converging divergence phenomenon’ in that both Japanese and US MNCs are adopting the most universal aspects of each other’s management practices and integrating them into their own unique systems of management in response to global market forces. We discuss the theoretical implications for the convergence and divergence of HRM and ER systems, and the development of such systems in Japanese and US MNC subsidiaries.
Keywords: Corporaciones multinacionales; Estados Unidos; Japan; Japon; Japón; US; comparative employment relations; gestion des ressources humaines (GRH); gestión de recursos humanos; human resource management; multinational corporations; multinationales; relaciones laborales comparadas; relations de travail comparées; États-Unis

Quand la perception des employeurs à l’égard des personnes immigrantes influence leurs pratiques de gestion de la diversité - Beaudry, Catherine; Gagnon, Mélanie; Deschênes, Andrée-Anne (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2019)
Au Québec comme ailleurs dans le monde, certains groupes demeurent sous-représentés en emploi. Les personnes immigrantes récentes (PIR) font partie de ces groupes qui voient leur participation au marché du travail entravée par différentes barrières, alors qu’ils présentent un taux de chômage nettement plus élevé que les natifs. Cet article s’intéresse au lien entre les perceptions des employeurs à l’égard des PIR et les pratiques de gestion de la diversité contribuant à leur rétention. La démarche méthodologique s’appuie sur un devis exploratoire mixte, alors que 2 376 employeurs ont répondu à un questionnaire et que 87 ont participé à des groupes de discussion. Ces employeurs sont représentés par de propriétaires d’entreprise, des dirigeants, des gestionnaires, des directeurs ou des professionnels en gestion des ressources humaines de divers secteurs d’activité et d’entreprises de taille variée. Les résultats indiquent d’abord un relation positive significative entre les expériences d’embauches des PIR et les perceptions que les employeurs entretiennent à leur égard (r = 0,532, p < 0,01). En groupes de discussion, les participants évoquent l’évolution des perceptions selon la nature de l’expérience d’embauche, positive ou négative. Les résultats témoignent également de relations positives et significatives entre les perceptions et les pratiques de rétention, présentant des coefficients de corrélations de l’ordre de 0,185 à 0,390 (p < 0,01). La phase qualitative permet de constater que lorsque les employeurs perçoivent que les PIR concourent à la performance organisationnelle, ils sont davantage enclins à mettre en place des mesures de gestion de la diversité. Les bénéfices escomptés par les employeurs au regard de l’embauche des PIR modulent leur volonté à mettre en oeuvre diverses mesures de rétention. La gestion réactive de la diversité est alors constatée, quoique certains employeurs procèdent à une réflexion s’orientant vers la proactivité.
Keywords: diversity management; employer perceptions; gestion de la diversité; gestión de la diversidad; organizational employee retention; percepciones de los empleadores; perceptions des employeurs; personas inmigrantes recientes; personnes immigrantes récentes; recent immigrants; retención organizacional; rétention organisationnelle

Travail collectif pluridisciplinaire dans la prévention des risques professionnels complexes : ressources et contraintes du contexte au Québec et en France - Bellemare, Marie; Caroly, Sandrine; Prud’homme, Daniel (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2019)
Dans le cadre d’une étude menée au sein de services de santé au travail au Québec et en France, nous nous intéressons aux conditions favorables aux pratiques de travail collectif pluridisciplinaire (TCP). Face à des problèmes de santé complexes, tels que les troubles musculosquelettiques (TMS) ou les troubles de santé psychologique (TPS), des professionnels de différents métiers sont amenés à collaborer, notamment pour mener des actions de prévention primaire ayant pour cible les conditions de réalisation du travail. Le contexte dans lequel oeuvrent, d’une part, les équipes de santé au travail (ESAT) au Québec et, d’autre part, les services de santé au travail interentreprises (SSTi) en France diffèrent en raison de leur histoire, leurs cadres juridique et institutionnel, leurs missions et dispositifs.
Keywords: France; Francia; Quebec; Québec; intervención; intervention; medicina del trabajo; musculoskeletal disorders; médecine du travail; occupational health; prevención; salud ocupacional; santé au travail; trastornos musculo-esqueléticos; troubles musculosquelettiques

Les artisans de la lumière. Histoire de la Fraternité interprovinciale des ouvriers en électricité - Bilodeau, Pier-Luc (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2019)
The article reviews the book, "Les artisans de la lumière. Histoire de la Fraternité interprovinciale des ouvriers en électricité," by Monique Audet.

Assessing Temporary Foreign Worker Programs Through the Prism of Canada’s Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program: Can They Be Reformed or Should They Be Eliminated? - Binford, Arthur Leigh (Dialectical Anthropology, 2019)
This article assesses Temporary Foreign Worker Programs (TFWPs) through the prism of Canada’s Seasonal Agriculture Worker Program (SAWP), often represented as a model because of the many rights granted workers and the multiple forms of protection put in place to protect those rights. A careful study of the extant anthropological and sociological literatures, including the author’s work, reveal the immense power that growers wield over temporary foreign workers from Mexico and various English-speaking Caribbean nations. Two consequences of this power have been rises in productivity and the expansion of the SAWP, to the point that it dominates key sectors of Canadian agriculture. Workers are either prevented from joining unions or punished, via blacklisting in some cases, for forming local bargaining units. The author suggests that all such programs be dismantled. At the least, the question of the future of TFWPs merits open and frank discussion.
Keywords: Agriculture; Anthropology of Work; Canada; Canadian Politics; Guest workers; Neoliberalism; Social Work Policy; Social Work and Migration; Sociology of Work; Subsistence Agriculture; Temporary Foreign Worker Programs; Unions

The Forgotten Work of Cultural Workers - Bischoping, Katherine; King, Adam D. K. (Labour / Le Travail, 2019)
This paper is based on work history interviews with a group of nine Toronto theatre workers covering a three-year period. During the interviews, participants did not spontaneously mention 13.1 per cent of their jobs in the creative cultural sector. Because forgotten work fails to register in surveys attempting to assess cultural workers’ contributions to the economy or to ameliorate their precarious conditions, it is important to explore why and how such work could go unreported. We locate the forgetting of cultural work in relation to the complexity and stresses of cultural workers’ schedules and to a discourse that opposes a devotion to art to the pursuit of money. Further, we explore how the participants’ particular tendency to forget their shortest-term jobs is informed by another discourse that prioritizes the building of a goals-based, coherent résumé. Last, we suggest that their surprising propensity to also forget their longest-term jobs can be understood in reference to the “piecework” model of cultural work and to a lack of socially supported remembering strategies. Based on these findings, we recommend improvements to the design of surveys on cultural workers’ work history.

Sept ans de vie professionnelle des jeunes : entre opportunités et contraintes - Bourdon, Sylvain (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2019)
The article reviews the book, "Sept ans de vie professionnelle des jeunes : entre opportunités et contraintes," edited by Arnaud Dupray and Emmanuel Quenson.

The Settler Order Framework: Rethinking Canadian Working-Class History - Burrill, Fred (Labour / Le Travail, 2019)
Canadian labour and working-class history has, to a great extent, been bedevilled in its attempts to understand national trends by the cleavages of gender, region, industry, race, language, and culture. This article argues that one possible way out of this impasse lies in foregrounding the particular relationship between colonial exploitation and class exploitation in our settler colonial economy, both in terms of class formation and in the ongoing project of social reproduction. The adoption of a "settler order framework" seeks to build on important recent works attempting to understand Indigenous peoples' participation in the ranks of those who toil, struggle, and dream of freedom from capitalism, by integrating the fundamental reality of settler workers' ongoing theft of Indigenous land and resources into the story of the Canadian working class.

Settler Colonialism and Labour Studies in Canada: A Preliminary Exploration - Camfield, David (Labour / Le Travail, 2019)
The 21st century has seen growing attention to settler colonialism among academic researchers in Canada and internationally. In the Canadian context, interest has been fuelled above all by an ongoing resurgence of Indigenous activism and intellectual work, of which the most visible expression to most non-Indigenous people was the Idle No More movement of 2012–13. To date, however, little attention has been paid to settler colonialism within labour studies, broadly understood. As a modest contribution to remedying this deficiency, this article argues for the importance of understanding Canada as a settler-colonial society, proposes a conceptualization of settler colonialism from the perspective of a historical materialism reconstructed through engagement with Indigenous anticolonial thought, and offers some preliminary reflections on integrating analysis of settler colonialism into historical and contemporary research on labour.

Les discriminations au travail - Champagne, Lysandre (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2019)
The article reviews the book, "Les discriminations au travail," by Stéphane Carcillo et Marie-Anne Valfort.

Ballad: To Vote “Yes” Always for the Winnipeg General Strike! - Clarke, George Elliott (Labour / Le Travail, 2019)
Two-part poem in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919: 1) Prologue; or An introduction to (bourgeois) political economy; 2) Winnipeg: The strike, May-June 1919.

Au coeur des cabinets d’audit et de conseil. De la distinction à la soumission - Coblence, Emmanuel; Deschaintre, Stéphane (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2019)
The article reviews the book, "Au coeur des cabinets d’audit et de conseil. De la distinction à la soumission," by Sébastien Stenger.

“Slavery hasn’t ended, it has just become modernized”: Border Imperialism and the Lived Realities of Migrant Farmworkers in British Columbia, Canada - Cohen, Amy (ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 2019)
Border imperialism is a powerful framework for understanding the ways that colonial states manage borders in order to restrict movement of migrants and secure neoliberal economic interests. The present commentary, based on research carried out in British Columbia, Canada, utilizes ethnographic data to highlight the impacts of border imperialism on the everyday lives of temporary migrant farmworkers. First, I discuss how Mexican and Caribbean migrants’ lives are impacted by displacement from farms in their ‘home’ countries. Next, I provide an overview of Canada’s Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program and argue that it (along with other circular migration schemes) is a powerful weapon of border imperialism designed to construct migrant precarity and uphold deeply-held notions of “Canadianness.” Finally, I discuss the racialization and criminalization of migrant farm workers and present workers’ testimonials to demonstrate how these processes result in migrants’ exclusion from the nation-state and local communities. Ultimately, I argue that scholars and activists struggling for migrant justice must center the demands of workers in their activism.
Keywords: British Columbia (Canada); Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP); border imperialism; criminalization; migrant labour; racial segregation

Accès à la justice des travailleurs de plateformes numériques : Réponses contrastées des tribunaux canadiens et américains - Coiquaud, Urwana; Martin, Isabelle (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2019)
L’arrivée des plateformes numériques dans le paysage du travail canadien s’accompagne d’un recours croissant aux conventions imposant l’arbitrage (ou clauses compromissoires) comme mode de résolution des conflits. Les travailleurs de plateformes souhaitant faire reconnaître leur statut de salarié au sens des lois sur les normes d’emploi doivent donc s’adresser à un forum privé, parfois situé à l’extérieur du Canada. C’est dans ce contexte que l’invalidation d’une telle clause dans l’affaire Heller v Uber Technologies Inc par la Cour d’appel d’Ontario prend toute son importance. La Cour suprême ayant accepté d’entendre l’appel, empruntera-t-elle la voie du droit américain et permettra-t-elle que ces clauses fassent obstacle aux recours collectifs revendiquant la reconnaissance du statut de salarié ? Notre étude des jugements tant ontariens qu’américains sur la validité des clauses compromissoires liant Uber à ses chauffeurs révèle, à cet égard, le caractère déterminant de l’approche choisie par les tribunaux.
Keywords: Ontario; United States; access to justice; accès à la justice; arbitrage ou clause compromissoire; arbitration clause; dispute resolution mechanism; mode de résolution des conflits; plateformes numériques; status of platform workers; statut des travailleurs; États-Unis

Handbook on In-Work Poverty - Cooke, Gordon (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2019)
The article reviews the book, "Handbook on In-Work Poverty," edited by Henning Lohmann and Ive Marx.

La charge de travail perçue des cadres : d’une typologie à une compréhension systémique - Coron, Clotilde (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2019)
La charge de travail des cadres est un phénomène bien documenté : la littérature sur le sujet souligne, entre autres, l’intensification du travail des cadres, ainsi que les effets des réorganisations sur cette intensification. Une étude de cas dans une administration ayant vécu une réorganisation, confrontée à la menace de l’ouverture à la concurrence et caractérisée par un modèle corporatiste, illustre ces points, tout en les accompagnant d’un constat qui incite à approfondir l’analyse. En effet, une première analyse quantitative descriptive révèle que la charge de travail, et surtout le travail « inintéressant », vont croissant quand on s’élève dans la hiérarchie, phénomène qui peut sembler à prime abord étonnant. Une enquête approfondie, qui combine approches quantitative et qualitative, et qui s’inscrit dans le cadre théorique de l’analyse systémique des organisations, permet alors de montrer en quoi la charge de travail est le fruit de facteurs variés. Ceux-ci peuvent être liés à l’ouverture à la concurrence, à la mise en place d’un système de reddition de compte contraignant, mais également à des stratégies mises en place par les différents acteurs afin de gérer leur travail en fonction des ressources à leur disposition et de leur position dans le système. Une typologie nous a conduite à identifier quatre groupes de cadres caractérisés par des perceptions et des stratégies homogènes relatives à la charge de travail. L’analyse systémique permet, ensuite, de comprendre ces stratégies à l’aune du système de l’établissement. Finalement, cette enquête souligne la structuration systémique de la charge de travail des cadres, tout comme l’intérêt d’une méthodologie mixte pour l’appréhender.
Keywords: analyse systémique des organisations; análisis sistemático de organizaciones; cadres; carga de trabajo; charge de travail; manager; metodología mixta; mixed methodology; méthode quantitative; méthodologie mixte; métodos cuantitativos; quantitative method; strategic analysis of organizations; tipología; typologie; typology; workload

West Ham and the River Lea: A Social and Environmental History of London's Industrialized Marshland, 1839-1914 - Cruikshank, Ken (Labour/Le Travail, 2019)
The article reviews by the book, "West Ham and the River Lea: A Social and Environmental History of London's Industrialized Marshland, 1839-1914," by Jim Clifford.
Keywords: 20th century; Books; Business And Economics--Labor And Industrial Relations; Election results; European history; Floods; Geographic information systems; Historians; History--History of North And South America; Industrial development; Industry; Local elections; Municipal government; Politics; Rivers; Union leadership