Dissenting Traditions: Essays on Bryan D. Palmer, Marxism, and History - Nichols, Shaun S. (Labour / Le Travail, 2022)
The article reviews the book, "Dissenting Traditions: Essays on Bryan D. Palmer, Marxism, and History," edited by Sean Carleton, Ted McCoy, and Julia Smith.

"We Now Must Take Action": Indigenous Women, Activism, and the Aftermath of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women - Nickel, Sarah (Labour / Le Travail, 2022)
Analyzes Indigenous women's activism during the period of the the Royal Commission on the Status of Women as well as the National Action Committee on the Status of Women founded in 1972. Issues of colonialism and the Indian Act are explored.
Keywords: ACTIVISM; CANADA; CANADA. Indian Act; FIRST Nations of Canada; INDIGENOUS women; MOHAWK (North American people); NATIONAL Action Committee on the Status of Women (Organization); ROYAL Commission on the Status of Women in Canada; TWO-Axe Earley, Mary

Editors’ Note / Note de la rédaction - Niergarth, Kirk; Smith, Charles W. (Labour / Le Travail, 2022)
Pays tribute to co-editor Joan Sangster, who retires with the publication of this issue. Comments that the COVID-19 pandemic has not dimmed the journal's quality, and that it remains committed to fostering scholarship, dialogue and debate on injustices and inequities which, if anything, have become more apparent in the present context. Reports the cancelation of a workshop on the carceral state in Canada due to the pandemic, but that the first of the papers that were to be delivered appear in the issue.

The Porter - Officer, Charles; Thorne, R.T. (Randall T.) (CBC, 2022)
In the early 1920s in St. Antoine, Montreal, train porters Junior Massey and Zeke Garret, and their families, colleagues, and community pursue diverging paths to a better life. --Website description. The 8-episode series depicts the history of Black Canadian and African-American men who worked as Pullman porters in the period following World War I, leading to the 1925 creation of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters as the first Black-led labour union. --From Wikipedia article

The Red Thread: The Passaic Textile Strike - Palmer, Bryan D. (Labour / Le Travail, 2022)
The article reviews the book, "The Red Thread: The Passaic Textile Strike," by Jacob A. Zumoff.
Keywords: NONFICTION; RED Thread: The Passaic Textile Strike, The (Book); TEXTILE Workers' Strike, Passaic, N.J., 1926; ZUMOFF, Jacob A.

L’intelligence artificielle et les mondes du travail : perspectives sociojuridiques et enjeux éthiques - Parent-Rocheleau, Xavier (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2022)
The article reviews the book, "L’intelligence artificielle et les mondes du travail : perspectives sociojuridiques et enjeux éthiques," edited by Jean Bernier.

The Royal Commission on the Status of Women and Child Care - Pasolli, Lisa (Labour / Le Travail, 2022)
Examines the 1970 Royal Commission on the Status of Women's proposals on child care, which included tax measures, a child allowance, and establishment of a national daycare program. Provides background and argues that the taxchange introduced by the federal government (which was not what the report had recommended) exacerbated inequality and reinforced the notion that childcare was a private matter.
Keywords: CANADA; CANADA. Income Tax Act; CHILD care; CHILD care services; DIVISION of household labor; EARLY childhood education; ROYAL Commission on the Status of Women in Canada; WOMEN

Une tragédie pour le dialogue social? Comment le numérique a perturbé la dimension théâtrale du dialogue social lors du premier confinement lié à la COVID-19 - Pasquier, Vincent; De Becdelièvre, Pauline (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2022)
Notre article s’intéresse à la manière dont le dialogue social se transforme lorsque les échanges se déroulent en ligne. Jusqu’à très récemment, le dialogue social avait largement résisté aux appels de la numérisation. Cependant, avec la COVID-19, les rencontres en personne ont dû être remplacées par des interactions à distance. En raison de ce changement soudain, notre article propose d’examiner comment les rituels de dialogue social se transforment lorsque les interactions entre les employeurs et les syndicats deviennent virtuelles. Pour mieux cerner cette problématique, nous mobilisons le cadre théorique développé par Goffman (1973) dans lequel le monde social est métaphoriquement comparé à un théâtre. Ainsi, nous proposons d’étudier l’évolution dramaturgique des relations entre les syndicats et les employeurs lorsque la scène et les coulisses du dialogue social se dématérialisent. Pour analyser empiriquement cette question, nous avons réalisé 23 entretiens avec des acteurs impliqués dans le dialogue social en France, dont 13 qui représentent la partie syndicale et 10 qui représentent la partie patronale. Nos résultats mettent en évidence trois mécanismes qui, sur la scène, contribuent à l’étiolement de la dramaturgie du dialogue social : la perte du caractère théâtral des interventions syndicales, l’isolement des représentants des salariés et la désynchronisation de leurs interventions. Notre étude empirique souligne aussi comment, dans les coulisses du dialogue social, le passage au numérique se traduit globalement par un appauvrissement des échanges, à l’exception des relations basées sur des liens forts. Fort de ces constats, notre article contribue à la littérature en postulant que les changements observés concourent à une perte de pouvoir pour la partie syndicale. En outre, derrière une pacification de façade des interactions patronales-syndicales, nous soulignons que la perte du caractère théâtral du dialogue social pourrait éloigner les acteurs d’une dynamique intégrative et les enfermer dans un mode plus distributif. S’appuyant sur les écrits de Goffman, notre article s’intéresse à la manière dont le dialogue social évolue lorsque le théâtre des interactions entre syndicats et employeurs devient numérique, comme ce fut le cas à la suite de la pandémie de COVID-19. Se basant sur 23 entretiens, notre article met en évidence trois effets du numérique sur le jeu scénique des acteurs syndicaux : la perte du caractère théâtral des prises de parole, l’isolement des acteurs et la désynchronisation de leurs interventions. Notre étude conclut également à un appauvrissement global des échanges en coulisse. Cet article contribue à la littérature en montrant comment le mode à distance modifie les relations de pouvoir entre les syndicats et les employeurs ainsi que la nature même de leurs relations.
Keywords: Covid-19; Digital; Goffman; Labor Relations; Numérique; Social Dialog; Union; WFH; dialogue social; distanciel; relations de travail; remote work; syndicat; telework

The Enduring Significance of Black and Multiracial Working-Class History - Pearson, Chad (Labour / Le Travail, 2022)
The article reviews and comments on "Department Stores and the Black Freedom Movement: Workers, Consumers, and Civil Rights from the 1930s to the 1980s," by Traci Parker, "Toward Freedom: The Case Against Race Reductionism," by Touré F. Reed, and "Workers on Arrival: Black Labor in the Making of America," by Joe William Trotter, Jr.

Control and Insecurity in Australian and Canadian Universities during the COVID-19 Pandemic - Peetz, David; O’Brady, Sean; Weststar, Johanna; Coles, Amanda; Baird, Marian; Cooper, Rae; Charlesworth, Sara; Pyman, Amanda; Ressia, Susan; Strachan, Glenda; Troup, Carolyn (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2022)
We studied 14 universities across Canada and Australia to examine how the COVID-19 crisis, mediated through management strategies and conflict over financial control in higher education, influenced workers’ job security and affective outcomes like stress and happiness. The countries differed in their institutional frameworks, their union density, their embeddedness in neoliberalism and their negotiation patterns. Management strategies also differed between universities. Employee outcomes were influenced by differences in union involvement. Labour cost reductions negotiated with unions could improve financial outcomes, but, even in a crisis, management might not be willing to forego absolute control over finance, and it was not the depth of the crisis that shaped management decisions.
Keywords: Analyse comparative; Australia; Australie; COVID-19; Canada; Contrôle; Covid-19; Stratégies de gestion; Syndicat; Travailleurs universitaires; comparative analysis; control; contrôle financier; financial control; management strategies; negotiation pattern; négociation collective; union; university workers

The Autonomy Tussle: AI Technology and Employee Job Crafting Responses - Perez, Fabienne; Conway, Neil; Roques, Olivier (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2022)
In this qualitative study of 27 bank employees, we investigated how learning algorithms affected their working conditions, their autonomy and the meaning of their work. We show that employees responded to the AI-induced changes through job crafting behaviours (Wrzesniewski & Dutton, 2001). Employees reshaped their task and relationship boundaries, and cognitively reframed their jobs, to maintain their autonomy, their desired social relationships and the meaning of their work. By considering the effects of learning algorithms on the employees’ work experience from their perspective, we provide a novel application of job crafting theory. Employees’ concerted response across the three job crafting dimensions underlines the importance of synergy across job crafting dimensions if they are to be successful in altering employees’ experience of work and enhancing the human value of their services.
Keywords: algorithmes; algorithms; artificial intelligence; banking; banque; intelligence artificielle; job crafting; job redesign

Droit du travail et droits du travailleur en Chine : de quelles normes du travail parle-t-on? - Périsse, Muriel (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2022)
L’étude du droit du travail restauré au cours de la transition économique chinoise nous montre que, comme ailleurs à d’autres époques, il accompagne le développement capitaliste et assure la construction du marché du travail. Suivant la tradition institutionnaliste en économie fondée sur le lien étroit économie-droit, nous pouvons mettre à jour les choix faits par l’État concernant les droits à protéger à travers des normes du travail élevées. Ces droits du travailleur s’exerçant dans un pays autoritaire se trouvent soumis avant tout au projet de « société harmonieuse » mené par le Parti communiste chinois. En fin de compte, l’ancrage du droit du travail dans le dispositif de « management social », destiné à assurer le contrôle de l’État sur les travailleurs, se retourne contre eux.
Keywords: China; Chine; Commons; Institutional Economics; Labour Law; Labour market; droit; marché du travail; normes du travail; économie institutionnaliste

Jobs with Inequality: Financialization, Post-Democracy, and Labour Market Deregulation in Canada - Peters, John (University of Toronto Press, 2022)
Income inequality has skyrocketed in Canada over the past decades. The rich have become richer, while the average household income has deteriorated and job quality, plummeted. Common explanations for these trends point to globalization, technology, or other forces largely beyond our control. But as Jobs with Inequality shows, there is nothing inevitable about inequality. Rather, runaway inequality is the result of politics and policies, and what governments have done to aid the rich and boost finance, and what has not done to uphold the interests of workers. Drawing on new tax and income data, John Peters tells the story of how inequality is unfolding in Canada today by examining post-democracy, financialization, and labour market deregulation. Timely and novel, the book explains how and why business and government have rewritten the rules of the economy to the advantage of the few, and considers why progressive efforts to reverse these trends have so regularly run aground. -- Publisher's description
Keywords: Canada; Deregulation; Deregulation Canada; Déréglementation Canada; Financialization; Financialization Canada; Financiarisation Canada; Income distribution; Income distribution Canada; Labor market; Labor market Canada; Labor policy; Labor policy Canada; Marché du travail Canada; Revenu Répartition Canada; Salaires Canada; Travail Politique gouvernementale Canada; Wages; Wages Canada

Canadian Labour Policy and Politics - Peters, John; Wells, Donald M. (UBC Press, 2022)
Low-wage work and precarious employment are among the most urgent issues of our time. Canadian Labour Policy and Politics serves as essential reading for undergraduates who need to understand the politics of inequality in Canada’s labour market. This comprehensive textbook traces the rise of these pressing problems, reveals the resulting inequalities, and outlines the solutions for a sustainable future. Written by leading experts and practitioners, the text demonstrates how and why laws and public policy – intended to protect workers – often leave workers vulnerable with little economic or social security. Based on up-to-date data and international comparisons, chapters provide readers with real-world examples and case studies of how globalization, labour laws, employment standards, COVID-19, and other challenges affect workers on and off the job. Canadian Labour Policy and Politics also engages students in defining a far-reaching policy agenda for developing greater economic equality, political inclusiveness, and a green recovery in the wake of the coronavirus pandemic. Accessible and clearly written, it is a must-read for students as well as researchers, practitioners, activists, and policymakers. Key features include chapter summaries and outlines, suggestions for further reading, and glossaries. Students and scholars of Canadian politics and public policy, labour studies, political economy, and sociology will find this an invaluable addition to their bookshelves. The volume is a core text for second-, third-, and fourth-year level university labour and inequality courses. The fresh and insightful overview of Canada’s labour market and policies will also be essential reading for government policymakers, NGO representatives, union researchers and practitioners, and journalists. --Publisher's description

Flexibilité et transformation des relations d’emploi : une segmentation des pratiques de gestion de la main-d’oeuvre - Peyrin, Aurélie; Signoretto, Camille; Mehaut, Philippe (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2022)
Dans un contexte de transformation du système français de relations d’emploi, à la fois dans son coeur (contrat à durée indéterminée) et dans ses marges (contrats à durée déterminée de plus en plus courts, autoentrepreneuriat, …), cet article cherche à comprendre les diverses stratégies de gestion de la main-d’oeuvre, en particulier celles relatives à la flexibilité des entreprises à l’échelle d’une région française : la Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur. Nous adoptons une approche renouvelée des théories de la segmentation, à la fois diversifiée et dynamique. Au-delà de l’opposition marché interne-marché externe, nous avons d’abord caractérisé les pratiques de segmentation, non seulement selon la nature du contrat de travail, mais également selon la durée du contrat, le niveau de rémunération et le type de temps de travail (complet ou partiel). Nous avons ensuite étudié l’évolution que cette segmentation a connue entre 2006 et 2016 et avons décliné cette segmentation des pratiques selon la taille des établissements. À partir d’une base de données exhaustive sur les emplois et les établissements de la région étudiée, nous avons mis à jour quatre segments caractérisant les relations d’emploi en Provence-Côte d’Azur : le premier, typique du marché primaire, est qualifié de « stabilité de l’emploi » ; le deuxième, au contraire, typique du marché secondaire, est nommé « flexibilité par les contrats courts » ; le troisième est marqué par l’usage de contrats à durée déterminée (CDD) de plus de six mois, d’où la qualification de « flexibilité par les CDD longs » ; le quatrième, plus diversifié, est qualifié de « pratiques mixtes ». L’évolution entre 2006 et 2016 se caractérise ensuite par le renforcement des caractéristiques propres à chaque segment, mais aussi par l’érosion du segment de « stabilité de l’emploi » et la progression du segment de « pratiques mixtes », qui semble illustrer la diffusion de formes d’emplois subventionnés par les pouvoirs publics sur la période 2006-2016. La déclinaison de la typologie des pratiques par taille d’établissement a, elle, permis de confirmer de manière générale la pertinence des 4 segments, même si pour les grands établissements, les segments de « flexibilité par les CDD longs » et de « pratiques mixtes » pourraient former un unique segment.
Keywords: Flexibility; Flexibilité; employment stability; gestion de la main-d’oeuvre; labour relations; management; pratique d’entreprises; relations d’emploi; segmentation

Law for a New Dominion, 1867-1914 - Phillips, Jim; Girard, Philip; Brown, R. Blake (A History of Law in Canada, 2022)
This is the second volume of what will be a three-volume history of law in what is now Canada. The main theme of A History of Law in Canada Volume II is encapsulated in its sub-title: Law for the New Dominion. As a new state on the global stage, Canada tried to use law to weld into one nation several disparate settler colonies established on Indigenous lands. But unity was elusive: Canada had to recognize Quebec civil law and tried to override or replace Indigenous law even as it faced challenges to its own authority, from the Northwest Rebellion to the claims of restive provincial premiers. The volume deals with all aspects of Canadian law and legal institutions, with chapters on the constitution, courts and judges, sources of law (common law, civil law, Indigenous law and statutes), the legal profession, Canadian law and Indigenous peoples (3 chapters), criminal law, law and the economy, labour law, property law, the law affecting women’s status, and civil rights and minorities. --Publisher's description
Keywords: Canada; Droit Canada Histoire; HISTORY; History; Law; Law Canada History; Post-Confederation (1867-)

Routledge International Handbook of Working-Class Studies - Pilon, Dennis (Labour / Le Travail, 2022)
The article reviews the book, "Routledge International Handbook of Working-Class Studies," edited by Michele Fazio et al.
Keywords: FAZIO, Michele; LAUNIUS, Christie; NONFICTION; ROUTLEDGE International Handbook of Working-Class Studies (Book); STRANGLEMAN, Tim; WORKING class

It Should Be Easy to Fix - Robichaud, Bonnie (Between the Lines, 2022)
In 1977, Bonnie Robichaud accepted a job at the Department of Defence military base in North Bay, Ontario. After a string of dead-end jobs, with five young children at home, Robichaud was ecstatic to have found a unionized job with steady pay, benefits, and vacation time. After her supervisor began to sexually harass and intimidate her, her story could have followed the same course as countless women before her: endure, stay silent, and eventually quit. Instead, Robichaud filed a complaint after her probation period was up. When a high-ranking officer said she was the only one who had ever complained, Robichaud said, "Good. Then it should be easy to fix." This timely and revelatory memoir follows her gruelling eleven-year fight for justice, which was won in the Supreme Court of Canada. The unanimous decision set a historic legal precedent that employers are responsible for maintaining a respectful and harassment-free workplace. Robichaud's story is a landmark piece of Canadian labour history--one that is more relevant today than ever. --Publisher's description
Keywords: Autobiographies; Autobiography; Canada; Harcèlement sexuel Droit Canada; Robichaud, Bonnie; Sexual harassment Law and legislation; Sexual harassment Law and legislation Canada; Sexual harassment of women Law and legislation; Sexual harassment of women Law and legislation Canada; autobiographies (literary works)

In the Kingdom of Shoes: Bata Zlĭn, Globalization, 1894–1945 - Russell, Jason (Labour / Le Travail, 2022)
The article reviews the book, "In the Kingdom of Shoes: Bata Zlĭn, Globalization, 1894–1945," by Zachary Austin Doleshal.

Introduction - Sangster, Joan (Labour / Le Travail, 2022)
Introduces and summarizes the five articles presented for the roundtable that was convened on the 50th anniversary of the founding of National Action Committee on the Status of Women. Takes note of the various themes explored, including labour feminism.
Keywords: Canadian feminism and Indigenous women; Comité canadien d'action sur le statut de la femme; Commission royale d'enquête sur la situation de la femme au Canada; NATIONAL Action Committee on the Status of Women (Organization); National Action Committee; ROYAL Commission on the Status of Women in Canada; Royal Commission on the Status of Women; child care; domestic labour; education; féminisme canadien et femmes autochtones; garde d'enfants; pauvreté; poverty; travail domestique; éducation

Public Education, Neoliberalism, and Teachers: New York, Mexico City, Toronto - Santos, Rodrigo M. (Labour / Le Travail, 2022)
The article reviews the book, "Public Education, Neoliberalism, and Teachers: New York, Mexico City, Toronto," by Paul Bocking.
Keywords: BOCKING, Paul; NEOLIBERALISM; NONFICTION; PUBLIC Education, Neoliberalism & Teachers: New York, Mexico City, Toronto (Book); PUBLIC education

Crisis and Opportunity: Faculty Associations and the Challenge of Pandemic Bargaining - Savage, Larry (Workplace: A Journal for Academic Labor, 2022)
This article explores the effects of COVID-19 on collective bargaining in Canadian universities. Specifically, the research considers how the pandemic created both crises and opportunities for faculty associations, primarily through a case study of the Brock University Faculty Association’s 2020 round of bargaining. More broadly, the article examines how COVID-19 has brought into sharper focus debates within faculty associations about the need to transition from a traditional to an organizing model of collective bargaining in order to better defend and advance the interest of academic labour within the neoliberal university.

Strategic Electoral Dilemmas and the Politics of Teachers’ Unions in Ontario - Savage, Larry; Mancini, Chantal (Canadian Political Science Review, 2022)
This article seeks to explain both convergence and divergence in Ontario teacher union electoral strategy. After coalescing around a strategy of anti-Progressive Conservative (PC) strategic voting beginning with the 1999 provincial election, Ontario’s major teachers’ unions developed an electoral alliance with the McGuinty Liberals designed to advance teacher union priorities and mitigate the possibility of a return to power for the PCs. The authors use campaign finance and interview data to demonstrate that this ad hoc partnership was strengthened over the course of several election campaigns before the Liberal government’s decision to legislate restrictions on teacher union collective bargaining rights in 2012 led to unprecedented tension in the union-party partnership. The authors adapt the concept of union-party loyalty dilemmas to explain why individual teachers’ unions responded differently to the Liberal government’s efforts to impose austerity measures in the education sector.
Keywords: Ontario; education; elections; strategic voting; unions

Race to the Bottom? : A Critical Analysis of Canada's Modern Slavery in Supply Chain Legislation - Sicoli, Angelo (Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2022)
This study critically examines the Government of Canada's conceptualization of transnational corporate accountability and exploitative labour in its legislative response to modern slavery in global supply chains. With a primary focus on the government's recently proposed Bill S-216: Modern Slavery Act - which would mandate companies to report on their activities to reduce modern slavery in their supply chains - empirical data is drawn from parliamentary debates about this bill and its earlier iterations as well as a report produced by the House of Commons committee originally charged with studying the issue. Informed by the corporate crime and business management literature as well as a neo-Marxist theoretical lens that employs such concepts as Antonio Gramsci's theory of cultural hegemony and global capitalism, the dominant views taken up in conversations hosted by the Canadian state are captured using critical discourse analysis. Overall, dominant voices accepted into the federal government's approach reinforce neoliberal assumptions of wealth accumulation, profit maximization, and free-market economies, thereby trusting transnational corporations to self-regulate and use their financial capital to curb the conditions that engender exploitative labour. The findings of this interdisciplinary study reveal that the legislative proposal culminating from the policy-making discourse defers to measures that prioritize the social benefits of corporate social responsibility, which ultimately eclipse the need for criminal sanctions against Canadian corporations with operations that employ modern slavery. This research helps to expose the reproduction of corporate impunity as a result of the inability/unwillingness to address the status quo of global capitalism.

Shaping the Futures of Work: Proactive Governance and Millennials - Silva, Vicente (Labour / Le Travail, 2022)
The article reviews the book, "Shaping the Futures of Work: Proactive Governance and Millennials," by Nilanjan Ragunath.

Accounting for Racialized Immigrant Workers: Historiography of the Colour Coded System of Disability Exclusion - Simpson, Yvonne Velma (York University, 2022)
Canada’s quest and historical reliance on an immigrant labour force to sustain the nation’s economic and population growth are well established. This has been the case since the formation of New France, where the conquest of people and acquisition of lands and resources, in part, inspired the recording of the first North American census of 1666. However, record keeping practices that commenced in what is now called Canada were part of a larger scheme of a systematic power over governance structure in settler-colonial administrative edicts that cast the foundational structure for inclusion and exclusion criteria based on a colonial racist ideological model of who should be accounted for in the French settlement. As such, Indigenous People were not counted. Similarly, the records of people of Black African ancestry who were brought to New France through the inter-continental routes as enslaved labourers were obliterated from official administrative records. In this first-of-a-kind historiographical query, primary and secondary records of racialized immigrant workers were examined to determine the extent to which Indigenous and racialized immigrant workers existed in governmental demographic records and other sources over time, inclusive of contributions, incurred injuries, disability and fatalities in labour force participation. A purposeful, cross-regional selection of Canada’s occupational health policy experts was engaged in semi-structured interviews on the question of demographic identity, including the intersectionality dimension of race and immigrant status. Insightful findings on the gaps in evolving race-based data collection in the nation’s contemporary occupational health and safety systems were garnered, revealing significant implications regarding the vestiges of colonial determinism in a perpetual colonial system, which underlies the absence of Indigenous and racialized workers from the nation’s informatics on occupational health and safety. Ultimately, this project implicates an urgency for policy changes, aligned with the nation’s persistent reliance on racialized immigrant workers while relegating them to over-representation in work that is more dangerous and injury prone without visible accountability. Dismantling the current policy framework for health and safety by imposing meaningful strategic intervention measures and data collection on ethno-racial demographic identity in the nation's public reporting systems is the resounding outcome of this project.

Bargaining Sectoral Standards: Towards Canadian Fair Pay Agreement Legislation - Slinn, Sara; Rowlinson, Mark (Osgoode Legal Studies Research Paper no. 4271773, Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice, 2022)
This paper considers the recently introduced New Zealand Fair Pay Agreement (FPA) sectoral bargaining framework and offers a preliminary series of ideas and proposals setting out how an FPA model for bargaining sectoral standards could work in Canada. It is intended as the beginning of a more detailed discussion on the development of an FPA regime culminating in model legislation that could be adapted to different Canadian jurisdictions. Guided by principles of accountability, integration, and inclusivity, this proposal is intended to apply to all workers in an employment relationship – including dependent contractors and gig and platform workers. The proposed system is to be structured as a new, stand-alone statute, drawing upon existing institutions administering collective bargaining legislation, incorporating some familiar collective bargaining concepts: good faith bargaining, dues check-off, and unfair labour practice protection. It is intended to preserve existing collective bargaining arrangements by excluding specified sectors with existing high union density or existing sectoral bargaining. However, it is also intended to offer a new, sectoral bargaining option based on industry or occupation sectors, producing FPA “sector agreements” containing minimum standards applying to all employees and employers in the sector. This proposed framework would operate in parallel and in conjunction with the existing enterprise-level collective bargaining system.

Tacky's Revolt: The Story of an Atlantic Slave War - Sorrell III, Clifton E. (Labour / Le Travail, 2022)
The article reviews the book, "Tacky's Revolt: The Story of an Atlantic Slave War," by Vincent Brown.
Keywords: BROWN, Vincent; NONFICTION; SLAVE insurrections; TACKY'S Revolt: The Story of an Atlantic Slave War (Book)

Code White: Sounding the Alarm on Violence Against Health Care Workers - Storey, Robert (Labour / Le Travail, 2022)
The article reviews the book, "Code White: Sounding the Alarm on Violence Against Health Care Workers," by Margaret M. Keith and James T. Brophy.
Keywords: BROPHY, James T.; CODE White: Sounding the Alarm on Violence Against Health Care Workers (Book); KEITH, Margaret M.; NONFICTION; VIOLENCE against medical personnel

Unraveling the Work–Life Policies Puzzle: How the ‘Ideal Worker’ Norm Shapes Perceptions of Policies Legitimacy and Use - Tanquerel, Sabrina; Santistevan, Diana (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2022)
The development of work–life policies—e.g., employee assistance programs, on-site childcare, flextime, part-time, compressed week, and so on—is increasingly important for a growing number of organizations. Though such programs provide benefits for both employees and employers, usage rates are still low. Scholars have called for research that addresses this phenomenon and more particularly explains the underlying processes of individual decision-making concerning work–life balance, and describe why and how certain social groups differ in their approaches to policy use. Our inductive study –based on 44 individual interviews- aims to address these issues. We found that the policies are used differently depending on the employees’ social group, and that certain salient social identities—such as gender, parenthood and managerial status—shape their use. Such programs are a structural and cultural change for organizations and often present an opportunity for redefining the centrality of work. Indeed the values inherent in them, including resting and taking time for oneself or for one’s family, may conflict with the traditionally masculine values associated with the ‘ideal worker’, intuitively linked to performance and production of positive results. The clash between the two, which permeated the interviews, causes employees to fall back on the social identity or identities they find meaningful. Our findings show three main strategies that individuals use when they feel that their social identity is threatened: (1) engage in workaround activities to avoid using work-life policies; (2) try to compensate for policies use (by engaging in projects outside one’s job or doing overtime work) ; and (3) significantly limit policies use. These results contribute to literature by showing that many managers and men do not feel legitimate to use work-life policies and find workarounds to manage without them, thus perpetuating stereotypical masculine norms. We demonstrate that the identity threat that underlies work-life policies taking may help women in the short term, but also contributes to their discrimination in the long run as well as is detrimental to the work-life balance of men.
Keywords: conciliation vie professionnelle- vie personnelle; gender; genre; identité sociale; policy use; social identity; usage; work-life policies

Great War Profiteering, Patriotism, and the Democratic Revolt in English Canada, 1914 to 1922 - Targa, Ryan (York University, 2022)
In Canadian Great War historiography, the late-war and post-WWI revolt has remained a conspicuous subject for exploring regional and class conflict. This dissertation examines the revolt with a new analytical perspective centred on patriotism and profiteering. The first section of this study constructs a cultural framework called Great War culture. Based on the limitations of the state, it became necessary to militarize socialization so that a major war effort could be undertaken. Through this process, Canada experienced a war-centric cultural shift, whereby social and political belonging became premised on patriotic identity. The term “profiteering” emerged as part of the war-centric lexicon to designate those who were disregarding patriotic sensibilities and selfishly exploiting the war for profit. The second section of this dissertation examines three major interpretations of Great War profiteering between 1914 and 1918: war profiteering, food profiteering, and alien profiteering. It provides an understanding of each controversy through the perspective of federal politicians and state officials; leaders in the labour, farmers’, and veterans’ movements; and ordinary patriots in English Canada. It argues that Borden’s administration failed to curb patriotic outrage and disillusionment, setting the stage for explosive post-war militancy and unrest. The final section examines how workers, farmers, and veterans drew upon the legitimacy of the Great War as a struggle for democracy to challenge the terms of post-war reconstruction. As this section explores, patriots undertook this revolt by using direct action involving violence and industrial militancy. They also used political action to challenge party politics, which some believed to be a root cause of the profiteering evil.

People, Power and Profits: Progressive Capitalism for an Age of Discontent - Thwaites, James (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2022)
This article reviews the book, "People, Power and Profits: Progressive Capitalism for an Age of Discontent," by Joseph Stiglitz.

No Property in Man: Slavery and Antislavery at the Nation's Founding - Towers, Frank (Labour / Le Travail, 2022)
The article reviews the book, "No Property in Man: Slavery and Antislavery at the Nation's Founding," by Sean Wilentz.

Competition and Labour Law in Canada: Demarcating and Patrolling the Boundaries - Tucker, Eric (The Cambridge Handbook of Labor in Competition Law, 2022)
In Canada, as in most advanced capitalist countries, the right of workers to engage in collective action has been partially immunized from competition law, one of the basic norms of capitalist legality. The “zone of toleration”, however, has been contested over time and poses a recurring regulatory dilemma that stems from labour’s commodity status in capitalism. In the capitalist utopia, workers are commodified and atomized, each one competing against all others. But in capitalist reality, such an arrangement produces the tragedy of atomism. In Polanyian terms, labour is a false commodity and treating it as such results socially dysfunctional consequences, producing a counter movement. In Marxist terms, labour is embodied in human beings who resist their commodification and atomization, in part by uniting with other workers and acting collectively to improve their conditions and, perhaps, one day to create a different social order in which labour ceases to be a commodity. Viewed in either light, the zone of legal toleration within competition law is the product of recurring conflicts and struggles whose outcome is shaped and reshaped over time. In Canada, this conflict has been resolved by granting workers a legal immunity from liability under competition law for engaging in approved collective action to improve or defend their terms and conditions of work. However, the zone of toleration is contestable at three margins, explored in this chapter. First, is the margin between those workers who are covered by the exemption and those who are not; second is between the sale of labour power and the sale of the commodities it produces; and the third is between the means that covered workers can lawfully use to make their combinations effective and those that take them out of the zone of toleration. The chapter explores the history of the construction of the zone of toleration and conflicts over its margins.
Keywords: Competition Law; Labour Law; dependent contractor; self-employed; strikes

Industrial Craft in Australia: Oral Histories of Creativity and Survival - Tully, John (Labour / Le Travail, 2022)
The article reviews the book, "Industrial Craft in Australia: Oral Histories of Creativity and Survival," by Jesse Adams Stein.

Smelter Wars: A Rebellious Red Trade Union Fights for Its Life in Wartime Western Canada - Verzuh, Ron (Canadian social history series, 2022)
In 1938, the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) came to organize the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers (Mine Mill) in Trail, British Columbia. Six years later it was recognized as the legal representative of more than 5,000 workers at a smelter owned by the powerful Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada (CM&S). Smelter Wars aims to unfold the historic struggle of the working people who built the city of Trail. The book recounts the various difficulties of the rural community, providing glimpses into the political and social life in the smelter city, as well as the turbulent years marked by economic depression, war, and Cold War intolerance. Ron Verzuh draws upon archival and periodical sources, including the mainstream and labour press, to explore the CIO's complicated legacy in Trail as it battled a wide range of antagonists: a powerful employer (CM&S), a company union, local conservative citizens, and Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) leadership. More than a history of a union, Smelter Wars is a cultural study of a community that has been shaped by decades of corporate welfare. --Publisher's description
Keywords: British Columbia Trail; Fusion (Métallurgie) Colombie-Britannique Trail Histoire; History; Industrial relations; Industrial relations British Columbia Trail History; Iron and steel workers Labor unions; Iron and steel workers Labor unions British Columbia Trail History; Labor unions; Labor unions British Columbia Trail History; Relations industrielles Colombie-Britannique Trail Histoire; Smelting; Smelting British Columbia Trail History; Subsidies; Subsidies British Columbia Trail History; Subventions Colombie-Britannique Trail Histoire; Syndicats Colombie-Britannique Trail Histoire; Trail (B.C.) History; Trail (C.-B.) Histoire; Travailleurs du fer et de l'acier Syndicats Colombie-Britannique Trail Histoire

Temporary Labour Migration by Any Other Name: Differential Inclusion Under Canada’s ‘New' International Mobility Regime - Vosko, Leah F. (Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 2022)
To appease public anxieties and limit exploitation, in recent years Canada has sought to more strictly regulate and reduce temporary migrant work, while expanding opportunities for international mobility. This article explores the division between mobility and migration in this settler colonial context by charting developments in two overarching Canadian immigration program streams dedicated to facilitating international migration for employment on a temporary basis – the Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP) and the International Mobility Program (IMP) – focusing on the latter. Through an analysis of underexplored IMP subprograms directed at ‘national competitiveness,’ it probes the extent to which several fast-growing IMP subprograms entail a departure from temporary migrant work under exploitative conditions. Questioning the validity of the migration/mobility distinction assumed in policy discourse, it argues that far from providing for ideal conditions for ‘mobile’ workers, Inter-Company Transfer, Postgraduation, and Spousal subprograms are characterised by conditions poised to heighten exploitation. Meanwhile, many participants in these subprograms migrate from source countries with a history of subordination through differential inclusion, illustrating how the application of migration control devices is bound-up with residues of formal barriers to entry forged on the basis of nationality and the institutionalised racism that they engendered and threaten to perpetuate.
Keywords: Canada; International Mobility Program (IMP)‌ ‌; Migration; Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP); differential inclusion; immigration policy‌; mobility; racialisation‌; temporary migrant work

Understanding Migrant Farmworkers’ Health and Well-Being during the Global COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada: Toward a Transnational Conceptualization of Employment Strain - Vosko, Leah F.; Basok, Tanya; Spring, Cynthia; Candiz, Guillermo; George, Glynis (International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022)
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Canada imposed certain international travel bans and work-from-home orders, yet migrant farmworkers, declared essential to national food security, were exempt from such measures. In this context, farm worksites proved to be particularly prone to COVID-19 outbreaks. To apprehend this trend, we engaged an expanded and transnational employment strain framework that identified the employment demands and resources understood from a transnational perspective, as well as the immigration, labour, and public health policies and practices contributing to and/or buffering employment demands during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. We applied mixed methods to analyze administrative data, immigration, labour, and public health policy, as well as qualitative interviews with thirty migrant farmworkers employed in Ontario and Quebec. We concluded that the deleterious outcomes of the pandemic for this group were rooted in the deplorable pre-pandemic conditions they endured. Consequently, the band-aid solutions adopted by federal and provincial governments to address these conditions before and during the pandemic were limited in their efficacy because they failed to account for the transnational employment strains among precarious status workers labouring on temporary employer-tied work permits. Such findings underscore the need for transformative policies to better support health equity among migrant farmworkers in Canada.

Labour Rights Index - WageIndicator Foundation (Netherlands); Centre for Labour Research (Pakistan) (2022)
The Labour Rights Index is a comparative tool, an international qualification standard, which allows its users to compare labour legislation around the world. In a way, it helps you navigate the labour markets of 145 countries. The labour market regulation affecting around more than 90% of the 3.5 billion global labour force has been analysed and scored under the Index. The aim is to make all this abstract legal information accessible to workers in order to improve their working lives. Similarly, the work is useful for national and trans-national employers to ensure compliance with local labour legislation. --Website description

The Subjectivities and Politics of Occupational Risk: Mines, Farms and Auto-Factories - Walters, David (Labour / Le Travail, 2022)
The article reviews the book, "The Subjectivities and Politics of Occupational Risk: Mines, Farms and Auto-Factories," by Alan Hall.
Keywords: HALL, Alan; INDUSTRIAL safety; NONFICTION; OCCUPATIONAL hazards; SUBJECTIVITIES & Politics of Occupational Risk: Mines, Farms & Auto-Factories, The (Book)

"If You Want Anything, You Have to Fight for It": Prisoner Strikes at Kingston Penitentiary, 1932–1935 - Willis, Cameron (Labour / Le Travail, 2022)
For four days in October 1932, during the height of the Great Depression, prisoners at Kingston Penitentiary revolted. They took control of their workshops and brought the convict labour regime to a halt, until the guards and militia violently regained control. This revolt was the culmination of more than a year of organizing and collective actions. Prisoners wrote manifestos, participated in work refusals, elected representatives, and developed a sophisticated critique of the conditions of their incarceration and the penitentiary administration. Using a unique collection of archival documents, this article closely examines the complaints, criticisms, fears, hopes, and frustrations of the incarcerated, whose demands and goals are crucial for understanding how and why the prisoner revolt unfolded as it did. I argue that the prisoners at Kingston Penitentiary, by striking and organizing to assert their dignity, democratically organized their lives and ensured a "fair deal" should be considered part of the Depression-era protests of the unemployed, imprisoned, and marginalized.
Keywords: COLLECTIVE action; GREAT Depression, 1929-1939; KINGSTON (Ont.); Kingston Penitentiary; PRISON administration; PRISON riots; PRISONERS; PRISONS; PRISONS & society; Pénitencier de Kingston; grève en prison; penal reform; penal system; prison labour; prison narratives; prison riot; prison strike; récits de prison; réforme pénale; révolte de prisonniers; système pénal; travail en prison

Being Neighbours: Cooperative Work and Rural Culture, 1830-1960 - Wilson, Catharine Anne (McGill-Queen's rural, wildland, and resource studies series, 2022)
Throughout history, farm families have shared work and equipment with their neighbours to complete labour-intensive, time-sensitive, and time-consuming tasks. They benefitted materially and socially from these voluntary, flexible, loosely structured networks of reciprocal assistance, making neighbourliness a vital but overlooked aspect of agricultural change. Being Neighbours takes us into the heart of neighbourhood - the set of people near and surrounding the family - through an examination of work bees in Southern Ontario from 1830 to 1960. The "bee" was a special event where people gathered to work on a neighbour's farm like bees in a hive for a wide variety of purposes, including barn-raising, logging, threshing, quilting, turkey plucking, and apple paring. Drawing on the diaries of over one hundred men and women, Catharine Wilson takes readers into families' daily lives, the intricacies of their labour exchange, their workways, feasts, and hospitality. Through the prism of the bee and a close reading of the diaries, she uncovers the subtle social politics of mutual dependency, the expectations neighbours had of each other, and their ways of managing conflict and crisis. This book adds to the literature on cooperative work that focuses on evaluating its economic efficiency and complicates histories of capitalism that place communal values at odds with market orientation. Beautifully written, engaging, and richly detailed and illustrated, Being Neighbours reveals the visceral textures of rural life. -- Publisher's description
Keywords: Bees (Cooperative gatherings); Bees (Cooperative gatherings) Ontario, Southern History; Communauté Ontario (Sud) Histoire; Community life; Community life Ontario, Southern History; Cooperation; Cooperation Ontario, Southern History; Corvées (Travail en commun) Ontario (Sud) Histoire; Country life; Country life Ontario, Southern History; HISTORY / Canada / General; History; Participation sociale Ontario (Sud) Histoire; Social participation; Social participation Ontario, Southern History; Southern Ontario

A Matter of Moral Justice: Black Women Laundry Workers and the Fight for Justice - Winant, Gabriel (Labour / Le Travail, 2022)
The article reviews the book, "A Matter of Moral Justice: Black Women Laundry Workers and the Fight for Justice," by Jenny Carson.
Keywords: BLACK women; CARSON, Jenny; LAUNDRESSES; MATTER of Moral Justice: Black Women Laundry Workers & the Fight for Justice (Book); NONFICTION

"The Jimmy Hoffa of Canada": Hal Banks and a Comparative Perspective on Union Corruption - Witwer, David (Labour / Le Travail, 2022)
This article compares the union careers of the US Teamsters Union leader James R. Hoffa and the head of the Canadian Seafarers International Union (siu), Hal Banks. It focuses on the charges of union corruption that swirled around both men in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The article uses that comparison to consider the predominant understanding of union corruption in the United States, which posits a kind of American exceptionalism in regard to this issue. The similarities and differences between the cases of Hoffa and Banks provide a new consideration of the history of union corruption in Canada. This comparison also offers a new perspective on the divergence between unionization rates in the United States and Canada since 1964.
Keywords: BANKS, Hal C.; CANADA; CORRUPTION; HOFFA, James R. (James Riddle), b. 1913; Hal Banks; INTERNATIONAL Brotherhood of Teamsters; James Hoffa; LABOR organizing; LABOR union personnel; LABOR unions; SEAFARERS' International Union of North America (Organization); Seafarers; Syndicat international des marins canadiens; Teamsters; approche comparée; comparative; corruption; racket; racketeering

Digitaliser le notariat, entre évolution de l’identité professionnelle et maintien du monopole - Wuidar, Simon; Flandrin, Pierre (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2022)
Le notariat connait depuis les années 2000 un phénomène de modernisation qui se traduit par la digitalisation de nombreuses prestations. Cette contribution vise à montrer comment deux technologies digitales modifient les activités historiques de la profession notariale. L’implémentation de ces technologies cristallise des controverses qui concernent d’une part la légitimité du notariat, et d’autre part l’évolution de l’identité professionnelle du notaire. Cette analyse de la digitalisation de la profession permet d’interroger le repositionnement institutionnel largement animé par la fédération professionnelle, qui vise à doter les notaires d’une place centrale dans l’organigramme juridique belge, en même temps que de rompre avec l’image archaïque de la profession.
Keywords: Activities; Digitalisation; Digitalization; Fédération professionnelle; Notaires; Notaries; Professional identity; identité professionnelle

Closing the Enforcement Gap: Improving Employment Standards Protections for People in Precarious Jobs - Zbyszewska, Ania (Labour / Le Travail, 2022)
The article reviews the book, "Closing the Enforcement Gap: Improving Employment Standards Protections for People in Precarious Jobs," by Leah F. Vosko et al.

Inside Laurentian University’s Demise: The Institution Was Restructured to Align the Curriculum with Market Demands—An Administrative Task, Not an Intellectual One - Srigley, Ron (Canadian Dimension, 2021)
What happened to Laurentian University? How did a publicly funded Ontario university go to the edge of bankruptcy without anyone intervening before the crisis became inescapable? And if it was a crisis, why didn’t the provincial government intervene? What are we to think of a “restructuring” that eliminates the disciplines that define the institution it claims to be saving?

Bill Davis’s Anti-Worker Legacy - Thompson, Mitchell (Canadian Dimension, 2021)
According to many pundits, former Ontario Premier Bill Davis deserves credit for having “ushered in Ontario’s modern era” — one marked by underfunded hospitals, schools in disrepair, and enormous restrictions on the rights of workers to organize. In the end, Davis did what he had to to remain in power and maintain the status quo as best he could. But that status quo always required keeping the working class down.

Time for craft brewery workers to organize - Jenkinson, John (Canadian Dimension, 2021)
It is imperative that the impetus created by the public response to the sharing of allegations of sexual harassment, abuse, and discrimination within the craft brewing industry builds into an enduring movement that extends beyond the current moment. The possibility for a necessary shift away from a toxic workplace culture comes from the increased support and solidarity that a labour organization or union can provide.

The Labor-Progressive Party in Crisis, 1956–1957 - Levine, Karen (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
Documents the upheaval inside the Labor-Progressive Party, Canada's major Communist organization, that erupted at its 6th national convention in April 1957, which resulted in an exodus of members from the party. Originally an undergraduate essay, the author's research is based on interviews conducted in 1976-77 with Labor-Progressive Party members who were at the convention.
Keywords: 1956; 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union; Anti-Semitism; Canadian Communism; Gui Caron; J.B. Salsberg; Joseph Stalin; Labor-Progressive Party; Nikita Khrushchev; Norman Penner; Stanley B. Ryerson; Tim Buck

For the Canadian comedy scene, the lack of institutional support is no laughing matter - Azeez, Musthafa (Globe and Mail, 2021)
Between April, 2019 and March, 2020, the Canada Council for the Arts gave a total of $263-million in grants to 2,138 organizations, 456 groups and 3,258 artists. Stand-up, sketch and improv comedians received none of this funding – unless they were able to qualify under another category. That, the Canadian comedy community points out, is no laughing matter. Canadian comedians argue that the Canada Council does not recognize comedy as an art form. The council, in turn, states that those working in comedy can indeed apply for grants. Turns out both points are true – and that’s where the crux of the issue lies.

1 in 4 Covid-19 Cases Found Through Contact Tracing in Peel Were Those Who Went to Work Sick. Data Reveals How Ontario’s Lack of Paid Sick Legislation Fails Vulnerable Workers - Brar, Amanpreet; Jimenez, Carolina (Toronto Star, 2021)
A crucial step forward is for the Ontario government to urgently recall the legislature and legislate paid sick days by passing Bill 239. Every day longer they wait, racialized and low-income workers are paying the price with their health — and too often with their lives, Dr. Amanpreet Brar and Carolina Jimenez write.

Doug Ford Says Sick-Pay Legislation Isn’t Necessary — But How Many GTA Retailers Provide Paid Sick Days Without It? We Asked. - Mosieh, Omar (Toronto Star, 2021)
Star finds grocery stores and even the Ontario government’s own LCBO do not provide paid sick days to most front-line workers, who tend to work part-time.

Gender, Space, and Precarious Employment in Canada - Ali, Waad K.; Newbold, K. Bruce (Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 2021)
This study aims to examine how gendered precariousness is spatially patterned across Canada's landscape using Statistics Canada's Labour Force Survey. We compare gender differences in distinct precarious forms of employment (PFEs) across a range of geographies, including national, provincial, census metropolitan areas, and urban/rural areas. We find that distinct spatial patterns and degree of gendered precariousness were evident within and across geographic spaces. Logit models further confirmed the robustness of gender differences in PFEs across space, revealing that PFEs were associated with gender, immigration status, age, type of economic family, education, income, and occupation. This study has implications for further understanding the causal factors at play in producing these uneven economic geographies. In terms of policy recommendations, this study calls for greater gender equity in social safety net policies, especially in the wake of the labor market shocks brought by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Keywords: Canada; gender; multiscalar analysis; nonstandard employment; precarious forms of employment; space

Being Precarious: An Autoethnographic Account of One Precarious Faculty Member's Lived Experience Working in Four British Columbia Higher Education Institutions - Allen, Lisa Marie (University of British Columbia, 2021)
Precarious faculty, once used by higher education institutions as auxiliary labour, now dominate post-secondary campuses. With as much as half of post-secondary institutions’ courses now taught by contract academic faculty, post-secondary institutions have systematically come to rely on hiring precarious contract faculty for their respective departmental teaching capacity. As an emerging and significant trend in higher education, this study aims to examine the precarious faculty experience through autoethnographic methods that reflects on my personal experience as a precarious faculty member working at four different higher education institutions in British Columbia from 2016-2018: the Private Online University, City College, the Teaching University, and the Institute. Using Tierney’s (1997) Organizational Culture Theory, coupled with theories of organizational socialization and the role of models and mentorship, I compare my personal experiences of being hired and onboarded at the four different institutions in which I worked as a precarious faculty member. I focus on three themes: the faculty interview process, being evaluated as a precarious faculty member, and resources that I was given (or not). A literature review precedes each personal autoethnographic account; I then proceed to compare and contrast my personal experiences with that of the literature as a way to examine the ways in which my experiences working as a precarious faculty member are consistent with, and divergent from the literature. To conclude, I suggest that there is a lack of standard processes and practices when it comes to hiring precarious faculty. Additionally, I suggest that one’s career stage plays a significant role during hiring. I also suggest that good student evaluations of teaching lead to reappointment for precarious faculty. In terms of performance evaluations, I stress the importance of communication and suggest that precarious faculty are evaluated (sometimes) both formally, and informally. Finally, in terms of resources, I echo the literature that office space is a place of power, and that professional development is a two-way street. I conclude that more personal stories—like mine—are required to better understand what it’s like to be a precarious faculty member in higher education.

The Forgotten Labour of Craft: - Anderson, Benjamin (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
Over the last decade, firms positioning themselves as craft or artisanal have proliferated in the urban environments of the Global North. Selling themselves as community hubs, friendly neighbours, anticorporate crusaders, and environmental stewards, craft industries – craft breweries, artisanal bakeries, heritage clothing manufacturers, and the like – have effectively insulated themselves from critique. Hidden beneath this veneer, however, are the accounts of countless workers detailing experiences of harassment, overwork, low pay, and discrimination. Motivated by the methodological orientation of workers’ inquiry, this article recounts attitudes and experiences offered by craftworkers and craftspeople about their working conditions, motivations, and attempts to organize in craft industries, particularly craft brewing. Worker testimony reveals a profound disconnect between the optimistic industrial mythologies offered up by craft discourse and the rigid hierarchies, unequal division of labour, and toxic cultures many observed in their workplaces. Contrary to the pervasive artisanal allure that motivates many workers to seek out work in craft brewing and similar industries, the research presented here also suggests new levels of working-class consciousness and solidarity emerging in these industries and profiles attempts by craft brewery workers to organize their workplaces and fight to improve conditions.
Keywords: craft; craft beer; craft industrialism; labour process theory; worker organizing; workers’ inquiry

Workplace Restructuring and Institutional Change: GM Oshawa from 1994 to 2019 - Aquanno, Scott M.; Bryant, Toba (Studies in Political Economy / Recherches en économie politique, 2021)
This paper examines the evolution of three key institutional systems—CAW/UNIFOR unions, General Motors Canada, and the Canadian federal State—and their impact on workplace relations in Oshawa over a 25-year period. It places particular focus on union policies and shows that important opportunities for workplace transition were lost as local and national leaders avoided critical economic issues and failed to seriously contend with changing objective conditions.
Keywords: Free trade; General Motors; Oshawa Ontario; restructuring; union

Applaudissements, remerciements, moyens de bien faire leur travail, qu’attendent les agents hospitaliers comme signes de reconnaissance ? - Baret, Christophe; Kornig, Cathel; Recotillet, Isabelle (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
La reconnaissance au travail est un des facteurs essentiels de la qualité de vie au travail. Alors que la littérature a mis en évidence la dégradation des conditions de travail à l’hôpital cet article a pour objectif d’étudier les relations entre les conditions de travail et la perception des pratiques de reconnaissance au travail. Nous adoptons l’approche de la reconnaissance en 4 dimensions (existentielle, de la pratique de travail, de l’investissement au travail et des résultats du travail) définie par Brun et Dugas (2005) pour identifier les dimensions qui sont les plus impactées par la transformation des conditions de travail. Nous avons interrogé en entretiens semi-directifs 16 personnels tirés au sort et 5 experts dans un centre hospitalier universitaire français au cours de l’année 2018. Les résultats montrent que la plupart des catégories de personnel regrettent le manque de moyens matériels et humains mis à disposition par la direction pour réaliser un travail de qualité. Ce manque de moyens est perçu comme un manque de reconnaissance de la qualité du travail de la part de la direction de l’établissement. En raison du manque d’effectif, de nombreux personnels accroissent leur investissement pour malgré tout produire des soins de qualité au patient, ils regrettent alors une non reconnaissance de leur investissement au travail. Seules les catégories de personnel les moins qualifiées expriment des attentes de reconnaissance existentielle.
Keywords: conditions de travail; hospital; hôpital; recognition at work; reconnaissance au travail; working conditions

Histoire du Taxi à Montréal : Des taxis jaunes à UberX - Baril, Émile (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, " Histoire du Taxi à Montréal : Des taxis jaunes à UberX," by Jean-Philippe Warren.

Effectivité d’un accord-cadre international : influence des positionnements, des comportements et des interactions des acteurs - Barreau, Jocelyne; Havard, Christelle; Ngaha Bah, Angélique (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser les facteurs influençant l’effectivité d’un accord-cadre international (ACI). L’effectivité est analysée à l’aune de la mise en conformité des pratiques locales de gestion du travail avec les engagements pris dans l’ACI. Considérant la négociation comme un processus, composé de trois phases (avant-négociation, négociation stricto sensu, après-négociation) et ancré dans un contexte, nous élaborons un modèle d’analyse inspiré des études de processus stratégiques (process studies). Ce modèle met en lumière l’influence des positionnements, des comportements et des interactions des protagonistes de la négociation et de l’application d’un ACI sur son effectivité. Nous détaillons les processus de négociation de quatre ACI, conclus au cours des années 2010, par deux firmes multinationales (FMN) françaises et deux fédérations syndicales internationales (FSI). Ces ACI portent sur des thématiques de gestion du travail (santé et sécurité au travail, égalité femmes-hommes, emploi durable). Cette recherche repose sur une analyse de documents, d’observations et de 38 entretiens, menés auprès de syndicalistes internationaux, européens, nationaux, locaux et de membres des directions générales (DG) de ces FMN. Elle porte une attention particulière à la phase de l’avant-négociation et met en exergue les interactions entre les acteurs managériaux et syndicaux, tout au long du processus de négociation. Nous montrons que le positionnement de la DG de la FMN (« social » ou « managérial ») est un facteur décisif du déroulement de la négociation d’un ACI, de son résultat (accord « substantif ») et de son effectivité. Le positionnement « qualitatif » de la FSI peut être un élément essentiel du déroulement de la négociation (par le choix de la thématique de l’ACI) et de son résultat (dispositions portant sur des sujets sensibles). Enfin, la mobilisation des syndicats locaux, soutenue par la FSI, est essentielle à l’effectivité d’un ACI. Nous révélons des processus d’apprentissage et des particularités des ACI et de la NCI.
Keywords: Accord-cadre international; Effectiveness; Global Union Federation; International Framework Agreement; International collective bargaining; Negotiation process; effectivité; fédération syndicale internationale; négociation collective internationale; processus de négociation

Ageism at Work: Deconstructing Age and Gender in the Discriminating Labour Market - Berger, Ellie D. (Canadian social history series, 2021)
The Canadian population is aging, bringing with it an increasing number of social and economic challenges. With the aging of the workforce, the reconceptualization of older workers and retirement, the increasing share of women in the labour force, the elimination of mandatory retirement, the fluctuating economy, and the changes to the pension system, barriers to employment for older workers, such as ageism, need to be of central concern. Ageism at Work examines the subjective experiences of older workers in Canada and explores how they negotiate ageism and manage their interactions in the employment setting. Further, this book looks at the intersection between age and gender and the pervasiveness of gendered ageism in the labour market. Finally, this book examines employers' attitudes toward older workers quantitatively, while also exploring their firsthand accounts about them through qualitative inquiry. Understanding how ageism plays out in the labour market, how it intersects with sexism, and its consequences on a personal level are critical to moving the discussion on discrimination and human rights forward in Canada. --Publisher's description

Grève des stages, grève des femmes: anthologie d'une lutte féministe pour un salaire étudiant (2016-2019) - Berthiaume, Annabelle; Poirier, Amélie; Simard, Valérie; Tremblay-Fournier, Camille; Simard, Étienne (Les Éditions du Remue-ménage, 2021)
De 2016 à 2019, les comités unitaires sur le travail étudiant (CUTE) ont mené une lutte contre l'exploitation du travail étudiant et pour la rémunération des stages. La mobilisation a touché 60 000 étudiant·e·s et, pour une première fois dans l'histoire du mouvement étudiant québécois, des milliers de stagiaires se sont mis·e·s en grève. Préfacée par George Caffentzis et Silvia Federici, cette anthologie retrace les temps forts d'une lutte étudiante et féministe singulière pour un salaire étudiant. Cet ouvrage s'apparente à une autopsie d'une mobilisation. Celle de la grève des stages lancée au Québec en 2016 et qui aura culminé en 2019 par l'obtention de la création de bourses dans seize programmes liés aux domaines de l'éducation, de la santé et des services sociaux, au sein des écoles de formation professionnelle, des cégeps et des universités. Une victoire sans précédent pour le mouvement étudiant depuis une quarantaine d'années. Or, pour les militantes et les militants qui ont vécu cette lutte de l'intérieur, les revendications dépassaient la simple rémunération des stages. Dans une perspective féministe, on invitait plutôt les grévistes à redéfinir le mouvement étudiant lui-même englué dans des rapports de pouvoir, à reconnaitre les études comme une forme de travail, à décentraliser les mouvements contestataires, à l'éclatement des méthodes du mouvement étudiant traditionnel. C'est que les stages ne se piquettent pas comme des cours. C'est que les stages reproduisent une forme d'aliénation propre au monde salarié, dans des domaines majoritairement constitués de femmes, sauf qu'il s'agit d'un travail gratuit, invisible. À travers les différents chapitres constitués de textes, de tracts et d'affiches qui proviennent des agissantes et agissants des Comités unitaires pour le travail étudiant (CUTE), on replonge dans la toute première grève des stages du Québec. De la fondation des CUTE aux tentatives de ralliement des autres branches de la gauche étudiante, en passant par l'organisation d'une grève qui s'articule de manière régionale et non nationale,--et qui arrive tout de même à faire écho à l'international,--jusqu'à la grève elle-même et tout ce qu'elle implique de sacrifices, de tensions et d'apprentissages. Pour nourrir les mouvements à venir, il était primordial pour les autrices de colliger les expériences et les témoignages de cette grève unique en son genre. -- Publisher's description
Keywords: Comités unitaires sur le travail étudiant; Enseignement Réforme Québec (Province); Enseignement supérieur Réforme Québec (Canada; province); Enseignement supérieur Réforme Québec (Province); Féminisme Québec (Canada; province) 2000-...; Grèves étudiantes Québec (Canada; province) 2000-...; Grèves étudiantes Québec (Province); Jeunes femmes Activité politique Québec (Canada; province) 2000-...; Mouvements étudiants Québec (Canada; province); Mouvements étudiants Québec (Province); Québec; Stages Québec (Province); Stages pédagogiques Québec (Province); Stagiaires (Éducation) Conditions de travail Québec (Province); Stagiaires Conditions sociales Québec (Canada; province) 2000-...; Student movements; Student movements Québec (Province); Étudiantes Activité politique Québec (Province); Étudiants salariés Québec (Province)

L’école québécoise à l’épreuve de la gestion axée sur les résultats : sociologie de la mise en oeuvre d’une politique néolibérale - Binet, Jonathan (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "L’école québécoise à l’épreuve de la gestion axée sur les résultats : sociologie de la mise en oeuvre d’une politique néolibérale," by Christian Maroy.

Community Unionism and Alt-Labour in Canada - Black, Simon (Rethinking the Politics of Labour in Canada, 2021)
Defines community unionism/alt-labour in terms of community organizations that contest and make claims on the state rather than collaborate with neoliberal governments, such as the downloading of social services. Discusses worker centres and labour-community coalitions including the $15 and Fairness campaign in Ontario. Concludes that organized labour should do more to support community unionism. A revised and expanded version of the essay published in the first edition (2012).

Labour and the Waffle: Unions Confront Canadian Left Nationalism in the New Democratic Party - Blocker, David (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Waffle movement in the New Democratic Party (ndp) emerged as a leading proponent of Canadian left economic nationalism. The Waffle, which formed around the “Manifesto for an Independent and Socialist Canada” and challenged the leadership of the ndp from 1969 to 1973, represents a dynamic convergence of many of the social movements that comprised the New Left in Canada. This article examines the evolution of the Waffle’s position on international unionism alongside the reaction of pro-ndp labour leaders to this New Left incursion into the party. NDP-allied labour leaders expressed suspicion and concern for the group’s agenda almost from its inception. The Waffle’s success in appealing to younger and nationalist-minded members of international unions turned suspicion into active opposition. As polarization within the ndp increased, workers’ support for the Waffle within the Canadian labour movement led moderate union leaders to conclude the group must be expunged from the Ontario ndp. Ironically, after the Waffle’s departure from the party the group largely repudiated nationalist breakaways from international unions while, in the ensuing decades, the mainstream labour movement embraced Canadian nationalism.
Keywords: Canadian labour movement; Marxism; New Democratic Party (NDP); New Left; international unions; nationalism; radicalism; sixties

Le dialogue social : un puissant outil régulateur du processus de RSE des entreprises : étude de trois cas en Tunisie - Bouderbala, Amel (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
L’objectif de cette étude qui a eu lieu dans le contexte tunisien est de comprendre le rôle que peuvent jouer le syndicat et le comité d’entreprise dans le processus de responsabilité sociale de l’entreprise (RSE). La position épistémologique adoptée est interprétativiste et la méthodologie est qualitative, moyennant l’étude de trois cas d’entreprises. Pour mener à bien cette recherche compréhensive, trois outils de collecte de données ont été utilisés : les notes d’observation, les entretiens semi-directifs et les rapports de RSE de l’entreprise.
Keywords: CSR types; Comité d’entreprise; Dialogue social; Régulation; Syndicat; Types de RSE; regulation; social dialogue; union; works council

Just the Usual Work: The Social Worlds of Ida Martin, Working-Class Diarist - Boudreau, Michael; Huskins, Bonnie; Martin, Ida (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2021)
Born in 1907, Ida Martin spent most of her life in Saint John, New Brunswick. She married a longshoreman named Allan Robert Martin in 1932 and they had one daughter. In the years that followed, Ida had a busy and varied life, full of work, caring for her family, and living her faith. Through it all, Ida found time to keep a daily diary from 1945 to 1992. Bonnie Huskins is Ida Martin's granddaughter. In Just the Usual Work, she and Michael Boudreau draw on Ida's diaries, family memories, and the history of Atlantic Canada to shed light on the everyday life of a working-class housewife during a period of significant social and political change. They examine Ida's observations about the struggles of making ends meet on a longshoreman's salary, the labour confrontations at the Port of Saint John, the role of automobiles in the family economy, the importance of family, faith, and political engagement, and her experience of widowhood and growing old. Ida Martin's diaries were often read by members of her family to reconstruct and relive their shared histories. By sharing the pages of her diaries with a wider audience, Just the Usual Work keeps Ida's memory alive while continuing her abiding commitment to documenting the past and finding meaning in the rhythms of everyday life. --Publisher's description

Le modèle cybernétique du contrôle de gestion : vers une anthropologie du contrôle de gestion - Bourdages-Sylvain, Marie-Pierre (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Le modèle cybernétique du contrôle de gestion : vers une anthropologie du contrôle de gestion," by Benoit Pigé.

The Global Politics of Poverty in Canada: Development Programs and Democracy, 1964-1979 - Bower, Shannon Stunden (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "The Global Politics of Poverty in Canada: Development Programs and Democracy, 1964-1979," by Will Langford.

Les identités professionnelles des mineurs d’uranium au prisme des transitions industrielles : du régime d’exception au repli identitaire - Breteshé, Sophie; Le Berre, Sylvain (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
Du point de vue théorique, l’article examine le rapport à l’identité professionnelle dans des contextes de mutations de la filière nucléaire, ce qui requiert un regard rétrospectif sur ces transformations. Par ailleurs, il contribue à la connaissance empirique de la filière uranifère qui est restée pendant de longues années un secteur marqué du sceau du secret militaire. Cet article, qui s’appuie sur une enquête auprès de deux générations de mineurs de l’uranium de l’ouest de la France et l’étude d’archives, analyse l’évolution des identités professionnelles des mineurs d’uranium depuis l’après-guerre jusqu’à la fermeture des mines dans les années 1990. En effet, l’histoire des mines d’uranium n’est pas linéaire et la « mise en intrigue » (Ricoeur, 1983) du passé s’est faite tardivement autour des déchets laissés par l’exploitation, mais en omettant le travail à proprement parler de la mine. Depuis les témoignages d’époque qui présentent l’exploration puis l’exploitation sur le mode du développement économique, en passant par la fermeture puis l’oubli des mines, jusqu’à la prise en compte récente des risques inhérents, l’histoire se révèle plurielle et fragmentée (Brunet, 2004). Ce problème de linéarité repose en partie sur les discontinuités induites à la fois par l’oubli et le travail de mémoire partiel, fait très récemment. À partir de la question de la genèse des identités des mineurs, cet article montre, depuis l’exploration en 1945 jusqu’à la fermeture des mines en 1990, l’évolution de trois éléments structurants de l’identité professionnelle : le contexte institutionnel, le rapport au travail et la nature des relations professionnelles. Si le cas de mineurs d’uranium pose avec force la question du maintien d’une identité dans des contextes de transformation de la filière nucléaire, il met en perspective le rôle des contextes institutionnels sur la nature des relations professionnelles.
Keywords: Identités; Mineurs; Nucléaire; Trajectoire; Uranium

History, Memory, and Struggle in Saint-Henri, Montreal - Burrill, Fred (Concordia University, 2021)
The working-class neighbourhood of Saint-Henri in the Southwest of Montreal was long at the heart of capitalist production in Canada. Like other industrial cities across North America, the area experienced a precipitous deindustrialization and decline in the postwar period, a process whose brutality was matched only by that of the subsequent refashioning of the sector into a post-industrial paradise of restaurants and condominiums. Taking as its point of departure the competing historical discourses at play in present-day Saint-Henri – a post-industrial structure of feeling advanced by developers, business owners, and sanitized heritage projects; an oppositional working-class culture rooted in memories of industrial labour and the hard years of unemployment; and a common, structuring framework of settler whiteness – this thesis uses oral history and archival work to excavate the roots of gendered working-class consciousness, settler identity, and local forms of political resistance in a part of the city long seen as a quintessentially Québécois space. Beginning with the 1967 shutdown of Dominion Textile, the thesis examines the changing patterns of capital accumulation that led to factory shutdowns and the brief 1970s overlap within community organizing around productive and reproductive labour issues, a nexus that conditioned local resistance into the 1990s. It then turns to the State and capital’s conscious redevelopment of the neighbourhood in the image of bankers and hedge funds, a process particularly difficult for the women largely responsible for the affective and reproductive labour of collective survival. Gradually, local activism became integrated into the nationalist State apparatus, as deindustrialization fed into gentrification and the “worker's neighbourhood” slowly became re-imagined as a white-coded “quartier populaire.” Finally, the dissertation turns to a more in-depth investigation of the structuring forces of settler colonialism and anti-blackness on working-class lifeways in Saint-Henri, before concluding with some thoughts on active, public history and the role it can play in imagining transformative ways of organizing local resistance. The dissertation is an intervention into deindustrialization studies, inserting perspectives of race and gender into the discussion; gentrification studies, challenging the field to centre working-class experiences of displacement; Quebec and Canadian labour history, contesting dominant national/ist frameworks; and public history.

Let Us Rise: Dialectical Thinking, the Commodification of Labour Power, and the Legacy of the Socialist Party of Canada - Campbell, J. Peter (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
Members of the Socialist Party of Canada (SPC) played a prominent role in the labour revolt of 1919, the One Big Union, and the Winnipeg General Strike. The “failure” of all three has led labour historians to focus on the inability of the party to connect with Canadian workers, an inability fuelled by dogmatism, “impossibilism,” and the exclusion of women and workers of colour. This article turns this approach on its head, pointing out that these events have been unequalled in Canadian history, and seeks to explain why this should be so. It challenges the perception of the party as being wed to evolutionary thinking that caused its members to wait around for the revolution to happen. Instead, it reveals the powerful influence of the dialectical method developed by G. W. F. Hegel; its focus on human action was the philosophical underpinning of the spc’s relentless attack on the wage system and the capitalist system’s commodification of labour power. Far from being “metaphysical” or “otherworldly,” the SPC’s insistence that workers must gain control of the product of their own labour spoke directly to them, including women and workers of colour. In the creation of the One Big Union, in the solidarity of the Winnipeg General Strike, and in the promise of the labour revolt of 1919, we find the legacy of a party committed to workers rising up.
Keywords: Marxism; class; commodification; dialectic; evolution; impossibilism; labour; race; revolution; women

Collective Voice for Non-Unionized Workers - Issue Paper - Canada. Employment and Social Development (Employment and Social Development Canada = Emploi et Développement social Canada, 2021)
Issue: Judicial rulings, continued decline in unionization, new types of work arrangements, employer efforts to boost retention and performance and new approaches to enforcement are shining the spotlight on the ability of workers to join together to express their views and have a say in decisions affecting their working conditions. To what extent are there gaps in opportunities for collective voice for non-unionized workers in the federally regulated private sector (FRPS)? How could they be addressed?

Disrupting Deportability: Transnational Workers Organize - Cardona, Manuel Salamanca (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Disrupting Deportability: Transnational Workers Organize," by Leah Vosko.

Dissenting Traditions: Essays on Bryan D. Palmer, Marxism, and History - Carleton, Sean; McCoy, Ted; Smith, Julia; Finkel, Alvin; Niergarth, Kirk; Kealey, Gregory S.; Rogers, Nicholas; Pearson, Chad; Panitch, Leo; Gindin, Sam; McIlroy, John; Campbell, Alan; et al. (Working Canadians: Books from the CCLH, 2021)
The work of Bryan D. Palmer, one of North America’s leading historians, has influenced the fields of labour history, social history, discourse analysis, communist history, and Canadian history, as well as the theoretical frameworks surrounding them. Palmer’s work reveals a life dedicated to dissent and the difficult task of imagining alternatives by understanding the past in all of its contradictions, victories, and failures. Dissenting Traditions gathers Palmer’s contemporaries, students, and sometimes critics to examine and expand on the topics and themes that have defined Palmer’s career, from labour history to Marxism and communist politics. Paying attention to Palmer’s participation in key debates, contributors demonstrate that class analysis, labour history, building institutions, and engaging the public are vital for social change. In this moment of increasing precarity and growing class inequality, Palmer’s politically engaged scholarship offers a useful roadmap for scholars and activists alike and underlines the importance of working-class history. --Publisher's description

No Nova Scotian Should Have to Work Sick: The Urgent Need for Universal and Permanent Paid Sick Leave Legislation - Casey, Rebecca; Brickner, Rachel K.; Carlson, Jesse; Rudrum, Sarah; Munroe, Jenn (Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, Nova Scotia Office, 2021)
This report...examines the need for paid sick leave in Nova Scotia and what it should look like. Authored by a team of researchers at Acadia University, the report underlines that for paid sick leave to be effective, it must be universal, paid, adequate, permanent, accessible and employer-provided. It recommends that employers be legislated to provide 10 paid days per year to allow workers time to access preventative health services or to recover from common illnesses. Prior to the pandemic, only 46% of Nova Scotia workers had paid sick leave provided by their employers. A total of 69% of workers who earn $25,000 do not have access to paid sick leave. The data also shows that younger workers and those with high school education or less have the least access. Only 28% of those who work in seasonal, term or on-call jobs have access to paid sick leave. This report also reviews temporary sick leave policies from federal, provincial, and territorial jurisdictions in Canada to demonstrate how they must be improved.

Les unions, qu'ossa donne ? - Choquette, Hélène (2021)
À l’époque de l’industrialisation, le monde du travail est d’une grande brutalité. Peu de lois protègent les ouvrier.ère.s. C’est dans ce contexte qu’est fondé en 1921 le tout premier syndicat québécois non associé à un syndicat américain, la Confédération des travailleurs catholiques du Canada (CTCC), maintenant connu sous le nom de Confédération des syndicats nationaux (CSN). À l’occasion du 100e anniversaire de l’organisation, Savoir média revisite cette époque marquante de l’histoire du Québec avec la présentation du documentaire Les unions, qu’ossa donne ?, produit et réalisé par Hélène Choquette, avec la narration de Anne-Marie Cadieux. Au-delà des syndicats, le film met de l’avant les nombreux changements sociaux apportés par ces revendications ouvrières. --Publisher's description

America’s Other Automakers: A History of the Foreign-Owned Automotive Sector in the United States - Clark, Daniel (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "America’s Other Automakers: A History of the Foreign-Owned Automotive Sector in the United States," by Timothy Minchin.

The Class Politics of Law: Essays Inspired by Harry Glasbeek - Coulter, Graham (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "The Class Politics of Law: Essays Inspired by Harry Glasbeek," edited by Eric Tucker and Judy Fudge.

Conférence H.D. Woods : un éclairage par les marges / Conference H.D. Woods: Shedding Light from the Margins - D’Amours, Martine (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)

The Two-Hundred-Million Pound Strike : The 2003 British Airways Walkout - Dabscheck, Braham (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "The Two-Hundred-Million Pound Strike : The 2003 British Airways Walkout," by Ed Blissett.

La résilience du personnel soignant à l’épreuve de la pandémie de COVID-19 : une étude dans un hôpital public en Tunisie - Dahmani, Amira (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
Ce travail cherche à appréhender les déterminants de la résilience du personnel soignant dans le contexte de la crise sanitaire Covid-19. Son but est d’accéder à une compréhension profonde des motifs, des forces et des processus à l’oeuvre dans la dynamique complexe de la résilience.
Keywords: COVID-19 health crisis; Résilience; crise sanitaire Covid-19; healthcare staff; hôpital public; personnel soignant; public hospital; qualitative study; resilience; étude qualitative

Shift Change: Scenes from a Post-Industrial Revolution - Dale, Stephen (Between the Lines, 2021)
Hamilton’s industrial age is over. In the steel capital of Canada, there are no more skies lit red by foundries at sunset, no more traffic jams at shift change. Instead, an urban renaissance is taking shape. But who wins and who loses in the city’s not-too-distant future? Is it possible to lift a downtrodden, post-industrial city out of poverty in a way that benefits people across the social spectrum, not just a wealthy elite? In Shift Change, author Stephen Dale sets up “the Hammer” as a battlefield, a laboratory, a chessboard. As investors cash in on a real estate gold rush and the all-too-familiar wheels of gentrification begin to turn, there’s still a rare opportunity for both old-guard and newcomer Hamiltonians to come together and write a different story--one in which Steeltown becomes an economically diverse and inclusive urban centre for all. What plays out in these pages and at this very moment is a real-time case study that will capture the attention and the imagination of anyone interested in equitable redevelopment, housing activism, and social justice in the North American city. -- Publisher's description
Keywords: Développement durable Ontario Hamilton; Economic history; Hamilton (Ont.) Economic conditions; Hamilton (Ont.) Social conditions; Ontario Hamilton; Social conditions; Sustainable development; Sustainable development Ontario Hamilton; Urbanisation Ontario Hamilton; Urbanization; Urbanization Ontario Hamilton

In the Kingdom of Shoes: Bata, Zlín, Globalization, 1894-1945 - Doleshal, Zachary Austin (University of Toronto Press, 2021)
One of the world’s largest sellers of footwear, the Bata Company of Zlín, Moravia has a remarkable history that touches on crucial aspects of what made the world modern. In the twilight of the Habsburg Empire, the company Americanized its production model while also trying to Americanize its workforce. It promised a technocratic form of governance in the chaos of postwar Czechoslovakia, and during the Roaring Twenties, it became synonymous with rationalization across Europe and thus a flashpoint for a continent-wide debate. While other companies contracted in response to the Great Depression, Bata did the opposite, becoming the first shoe company to unlock the potential of globalization.As Bata expanded worldwide, it became an example of corporate national indifference, where company personnel were trained to be able to slip into and out of national identifications with ease. Such indifference, however, was seriously challenged by the geopolitical crisis of the 1930s, and by the cusp of the Second World War, Bata management had turned nationalist, even fascist.In the Kingdom of Shoes unravels the way the Bata project swept away tradition and enmeshed the lives of thousands of people around the world in the industrial production of shoes. Using a rich array of archival materials from two continents, the book answers how Bata’s rise to the world’s largest producer of shoes challenged the nation-state, democracy, and Americanization. -- Publisher's description

Les pathologies au travail - Dompierre, Johanne (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Les pathologies au travail," by Élisabeth Grebot.

'One Day Stronger': A Public History Theatrical Experiment about Remembered Sudbury Strikes, 1958-2010 - Duthie, Richard (Carleton University, 2021)
This dissertation honours and pays tribute to Sudbury residents and many others for whom labour strikes played a significant role in shaping their lives. Set in the context of a public history theatrical experiment, this study investigates local and community memories pertaining to Sudbury mining strikes in the postwar period from 1958 through to 2010. Archival research and oral history interviews were conducted on major labour strikes in this era and that research was used to script, rehearse, and stage a theatrical play. Interviews with audience members and performers were also conducted at all stages of the process. This process allows the dissertation to consider the perspectives of both performers and audience members, each enacting their roles as producers and consumers of public history. The dissertation also assesses the value of this form of history making, as it relates to the formation of historical consciousness, both then and now, of individuals within the Sudbury community. This study argues that public history as theatre has the potential to provide an effective and affecting means to nurture critical, reflexive historical consciousness both on and off the stage.
Keywords: Academic theses; Canada -- History; Public history; Theater; Thèses et écrits académiques; dissertations

Soldiers for the Wealthy and White - Engler, Yves (Stand on Guard for Whom? A People's History of the Canadian Military, 2021)
Discusses the role of the Canadian militia and army in crushing strikes, protest, and dissent, as well as the privileged class backgrounds of military officers and their connections to elite clubs and institutions.

Struggling to Survive: The New Democratic Party and Labour in the Neoliberal Era - Ernst, Alan; Evans, Bryan (Rethinking the Politics of Labour in Canada, 2021)
Provides a historical assessment of the NDP-labour relationship that became more distanced and defensive in the neoliberal era, especially at the provincial level. Whether there will be a rapprochement in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic remains to be determined. A revised version of the essay published in the first edition (2012).

Rising Up: The Fight for Living Wage Work in Canada - Evans, Bryan; Fanelli, Carlo; McDowell, Tom (UBC Press, 2021)
Canada has one of the highest rates of low-wage work among advanced industrial economies. In a labour market characterized by the ongoing fallout from COVID-19, deepening income inequality, increasingly uncertain job tenure, and steadily diluted union representation, the living wage movement offers a response. Rising Up traces the history and international context of living wage movements across Canada. Contributors to this astute and compassionate collection of essays examine union- and community-based approaches to organizing in marginalized communities, the role of social reproduction, migrant labour, and media (mis)representations, among other key topics. In the 1970s, the balance of political and economic power began to shift in favour of business, as trade unions weakened and governments proved unwilling to check corporate power. By the 2000s, austerity measures had dismantled social services spending, facilitating the growth of precarious, often gendered or racialized low-waged employment. Rapidly increasing wealth and income inequality has followed in the wake of these deteriorating labour market conditions and mounting social disparities.As more and more workers in Canada and elsewhere face permanent low-paid work, Rising Up will stimulate debate about living wages and social inequality, promoting alternatives to a neoliberalized labour market. --Publisher's description

Can Older Workers Be Retrained? Canadian Evidence from Worker-Firm Linked Data - Fang, Tony; Gunderson, Morley; Lee, Byron (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
Our empirical analysis is based on Statistics Canada’s worker-firm matched data set, the 2003 Workplace and Employee Survey (WES). The sample size is substantial: about 4,000 workers over the age of 50 and 12,000 between the ages of 25 and 49. Training was a focus of the survey, which offers a wealth of worker-related and firm-related training variables. We found that the mean probability of receiving training was 9.3 percentage points higher for younger workers than for older ones. Almost half of the gap is explained by older workers having fewer training-associated characteristics (personal, employment, workplace, human resource practices and occupation/industry/region), and slightly more than half by them having a lower propensity to receive training, this being the gap that remained after we controlled for differences in training-associated characteristics. Their lower propensity to receive training likely reflects the higher opportunity cost of lost wages during the time spent in training, possible higher psychological costs and lower expected benefits due to their shorter remaining work-life and lower productivity gains from training, as discussed in the literature. The lower propensity of older workers to receive training tended to prevail across 54 different training measures, with notable exceptions discussed in detail. We found that older workers can be trained, but their training should be redesigned in several ways: by making instruction slower and self-paced; by assigning hands-on practical exercises; by providing modular training components to be taken in stages; by familiarizing the trainees with new equipment; and by minimizing required reading and amount of material covered. The concept of “one-size-fits- all” does not apply to the design and implementation of training programs for older workers.
Keywords: Canada; older workers; training; worker-firm matched data

Profit Sharing and Workplace Productivity Growth in Canada: Does Teamwork Play a Role? - Fang, Tony; Gunderson, Morley; Long†, Richard (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
The purpose of this study is to contribute to knowledge of profit-sharing by utilizing a before-and-after analysis of panel data to assess whether the effects of profit-sharing adoption on productivity growth vary, depending on whether a profit-sharing adopter utilizes work teams or not, while controlling for numerous variables that may affect these results within a carefully constructed sample of Canadian establishments. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the moderating role of teamwork in the relationship between profit-sharing and productivity growth. Besides the implications for profit-sharing, ascertaining whether profit-sharing and work teams are complementary practices would have important implications for understanding how to develop more effective work teams, a topic of ongoing interest. We utilized a longitudinal research design to compare within-firm productivity growth during the three-year and five-year periods subsequent to profit-sharing adoption and within-firm productivity growth during the same periods in firms that had not adopted profit-sharing. Overall, our results suggest that use of team-based production plays an important moderating role in the success of employee profit-sharing—at least in terms of workplace productivity growth. Establishments that had adopted profit-sharing showed a substantial and highly significant increase in workplace productivity over both the three-year and five-year periods subsequent to adoption, but only if they had work teams. These findings are in line with the notion that work teams help to mitigate potential shirking behaviour in profit-sharing firms (Freeman, Kruse and Blasi, 2010) and are also in line with the argument that work teams serve as an effective mechanism to help translate the purported motivational and other benefits of profit-sharing into tangible productivity gains (Heywood and Jirjahn, 2009).
Keywords: Canada; croissance de la productivité; partage des bénéfices; productivity growth; profit-sharing; work teams; équipes de travail

The Socialist Challenge Today - Fast, Travis (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "The Socialist Challenge Today," by Leo Panitch and Sam Gindin.

Grève et paix. Une histoire des lois spéciales au Québec - Finkel, Alvin (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Grève et paix. Une histoire des lois spéciales au Québec," by Martin Petitclerc and Martin Robert.

The Enchantments of Mammon: How Capitalism Became the Religion of Modernity - Finkel, Alvin (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "The Enchantments of Mammon: How Capitalism Became the Religion of Modernity," by Eugene McCarraher.

In the Red Corner: The Marxism of José Carlos Mariátegui - Fontes, Yuri Martins (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "In the Red Corner: The Marxism of José Carlos Mariátegui," by Mike Gonzalez.

Tipping the Balance: Bill 32, The Charter and the Americanization of Alberta’s Labour Relations System - Foster, Jason (University of Alberta, Parkland Institute, 2021)
In the summer of 2020 the Alberta government introduced Bill 32: Restoring Balance in Alberta’s Workplaces Act (2020). This 82-page omnibus bill proposed sweeping changes to a handful of employment-related and labour related legislation. Some of the most significant amendments were to Alberta Labour Relations Code, the law that regulates union-employer relations in the province. Almost a year after its introduction, many aspects of Bill 32 continue to be poorly understood for a number of reasons. This report examines Bill 32 with a focus on its broader implications for the rights of Albertans, the health of democratic debate in the province and potential economic consequences. Specifically, the report makes two arguments. First it argues Bill 32 undermines key charter of Rights and Freedoms protections not just for union members but potentially for a wide range of Albertans. Second, the report argues Bill 32 represents an Americanization of labour relations in the province, with significant negative consequences for inequality, economic growth and democratic participation.

Tracking Precarity: Employment Pathways of Precarious Status Migrant Workers in Canada - Foster, Jason (Canadian Journal of Sociology, 2021)
In recent years the issue of migrant workers with precarious status has increased in importance in Canada, in large part due to economic and policy changes that have led to greater numbers of migrant workers remaining in the country post permit expiry. This study tracks the employment experiences of low-skilled migrant workers who arrived through the Temporary Foreign Worker Program and who remained following their permit expiry. Using a temporal analysis, the study identifies four timepoints that shape the workers’ employment outcomes both pre- and post-expiry. Events at these timepoints create differing employment pathways that, in turn, reveal different aspects of the workers’ precarity.  In addition to pathways, workers’ ability to access informal support networks shape their employment outcomes as workers with precarious status.
Keywords: Canada; informal networks; informal workers; irregular migrant workers; precarious employment

J. B. McLachlan Fills Out a Questionnaire, 1931 - Frank, David (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
Discusses a biographical questionnaire that J.B. McLachlan completed for the Communist International during a visit to the Soviet Union in 1931. In it, the Nova Scotia labour leader briefly responded on his background, education, work and labour activism, political status (including his recruitment to the "Canadian section" of the Communist Party in 1922), and imprisonment in 1923-24. The questionnaire and other related materials came to light as a result of a request made by the author to the Russian State Archives in October 2020.
Keywords: Communist International; Communist Party of Canada; J. B. McLachlan; Nova Scotia coal miners; Trevor Maguire; workers’ autobiographies

The Politics of Migrant Worker Organizing in Canada - Gardner, Karl; Magsumbol, Dani; Tungohan, Ethel (Rethinking the Politics of Labour in Canada, 2021)
Argues that COVID-19 has exposed the flawed premise of the migration system, namely that workers are essential yet disposable. Discusses the exploitative forms of precarious migrant labour and organized efforts to counteract them including a union drive in British Columbia (UFCW Local 1518 versus Sidhu & Sons), social movements like the Migrant Rights Network, and the hybrid approaches of the Montreal Immigrant Workers Centre.

The Pitfalls and Promises of Successfully Organizing Foodora Couriers in Toronto - Gebert, Raoul (A Modern Guide To Labour and the Platform Economy, 2021)
Gig economy workers, particularly those on platforms such as Foodora and UBER, do not have a clear legal status in Canada, and unionization has largely escaped them. One obstacle is that union certification presupposes a stable employment relationship and a relatively fixed workplace. It does not lend itself easily to a decentralized organization of work, let alone one that is merely "facilitated" by a digital platform. Another obstacle is their dual status of being extremely dependent on the platform for everything from payments to scheduling, while being legally considered as "independent contractors." In response, Canadian labour unions have pushed tribunals to adopt a new legal status: that of "dependent contractors." Based on the successful unionization drive among Foodora couriers in Toronto in 2020, our contribution argues that the involved actors resorted to "institutional experimentation" to open traditional frameworks of collective bargaining and labour law to workers of the gig economy.

Excavating Organizational Assumptions about Cultural Change: The Unintended Consequences of Safety Committee Initiatives - Gosen, Dora; Mielly, Michelle (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
This study contributes to the emerging literature on the interplay between safety committees and employee perceptions of organizational safety culture. Creating, managing and maintaining a safety culture in organizations involves significant investment in the establishment of safety committees. The role of such committees in improving safety culture perceptions has remained underexplored in the safety management and organizational literature. This study addresses that gap and focuses on a safety committee within the facilities management operations of a large American academic institution. The objective is to generate understandings of how a committee can influence organizational cultural change and impact employee perceptions of safety. Using Schein’s organizational culture model as a prism, we unpack the employees’ implicit cultural beliefs. Data from over sixty employee interviews revealed that formation of the Safety Committee resulted in unintended consequences in terms of employee perceptions. Employees attributed most safety-related actions to the committee when, in fact, the managers and supervisors had actually carried them out. This overestimation of committee activities and concomitant underestimation of managerial actions by employees was an unintended consequence of establishing a committee. Employees, in fact, collectively attributed all positive changes in the organizational culture to the committee. The committee ultimately influenced the employees’ basic assumptions, such change being, according to Schein, a prerequisite for organizational cultural change. This study, therefore, contributes to the literature by proposing that unintended consequences can operate in three different ways to support organizational change. First, unintended consequences can promote positive outcomes; second, they can reveal a new understanding of committees, which under certain circumstances can act as a proxy for management and encourage positive perceptions of managerial commitment. Lastly, unintended consequences can provide a means to detect and ‘excavate’ hidden, implicit assumptions that drive organizational culture’s deepest layers.
Keywords: Schein’s model; comités; committees; conséquences inattendues; culture de sécurité; culture organisationnelle; facilities management; gestion des installations; modèle de Schein; organizational culture; safety culture; unintended consequences

Mot de l’éditeur : Covid 19 : plus qu’une pandémie, une nouvelle ère = Editor foreword: Covid 19 : not a pandemic but a new era - Gould, Anthony Morven (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
...Ces changements récents entrainent des conséquences assez génériques pour ceux qui pensent et écrivent sur le travail et l’emploi. À travers le monde, les questions urgentes ont toutes une certaine homogénéité. Comment travailler en pratiquant la distanciation sociale ? Comment gérer à distance la main-d’oeuvre ? Qu’advient-il de la productivité si les travailleurs sont dispersés sur des lieux et des horaires différents ? Enfin, dans cette nouvelle réalité, que deviendront la négociation collective et l’asymétrie actuelle entre le capital et le travail ? Voilà autant de questions que nous devons poser et en trouver la réponse. Puis nous devons le faire ensemble, vraiment ensemble, à travers un effort collaboratif mondial. C’est ainsi, je crois, que changera le programme de recherche orthodoxe sur les relations de travail. En tant qu’individus, le défi est d’être en avant de ce qui se passe actuellement et de ne pas s’interroger sur ce qui s’est déjà passé. Voici, donc, ce que la revue entend privilégier : une variété de perspectives sur le plan géographique, une analyse critique, une volonté de tirer des leçons de l’histoire, ainsi qu’une préoccupation constante pour les oubliés et les défavorisés de la nouvelle normalité. Enfin, mon équipe et moi demeureront attachés à une politique de gestion beaucoup plus élargie qui visera l’inclusion et l’adaptation. En gardant ces priorités à l’esprit, je suis fier de présenter les contenus de l’édition 76(3). // These recent lifestyle changes are having somewhat generic consequences for those who think and write about work and employment. The pressing issues throughout the world have a sameness about them. How do jobs get done with social distancing? How are workforces remotely managed? What happens to productivity when workers are geographically dispersed and running on different schedules? Finally, in this new reality, what happens to collective bargaining and the existing capital/labour power asymmetry? We need to ask and answer these questions together—really together—through a collaborative global effort. In this way, I believe, change will come to the orthodox agenda of research on employment relations. As individuals, the challenge is to be ahead of what is happening and not wonder what has happened. Here is what we at the journal are currently emphasizing: geographically diverse perspectives, critical analysis, an emphasis on what history has to teach and an ongoing preoccupation with those who might be left behind and/or disadvantaged by the new normal. Meanwhile, my team and I will continue to be committed to a much broader policy of inclusion and accommodation when it comes to how we manage. It is with these priorities in mind that I am proud to present the content of edition 76(3).

Labour and Politics in Quebec - Graefe, Peter (Rethinking the Politics of Labour in Canada, 2021)
Discusses the distinctive features of labour and politics in Quebec, where the labour movement has had little connection with the NDP. Rather it has worked with the Parti Quebecois and the community sector, as well as participating in provincial roundtables. Since 2000, however, the left in the province has fragmented, as has the PQ's nationalist project, leaving labour in a weakened position. Concludes that the strategic partnerships with the provincial government continue to be of pivotal importance, as is protecting and promoting a strong, autonomous, rights-oriented community sector. A revised version of the essay published in the first edition (2012).

Un regard contemporain sur les relations du travail dans les secteurs public et parapublic Québécois - Grenier, Jean-Noël; Bolduc, François (Collection l'essentiel (Presses de l'Université Laval), 2021)
Depuis une trentaine d’années, les services et les secteurs publics occidentaux sont l’objet de réformes inspirées par la nouvelle gestion publique. L’administration publique québécoise ne fait pas exception. Dans ce contexte, cet ouvrage cherche à saisir l’influence de la nouvelle gestion publique sur le régime de négociation collective propre au secteur public et parapublic québécois. Après une description des principales caractéristiques de ce régime, ainsi que des fondements de la nouvelle gestion publique, l’attention est portée sur la négociation collective dans les secteurs de la fonction publique, de la santé et des services sociaux et de l’éducation. L’analyse permet de réfléchir à l’influence du régime de négociation collective sur la capacité de l’État à imposer ses volontés en matière d’organisation du travail et de modes de gestion, et sur la capacité des organisations syndicales à y faire face. --Résumé de l'éditeur
Keywords: Collective bargaining Government employees; Collective bargaining Government employees Québec (Province); Industrial relations; Industrial relations Québec (Province); Négociations collectives Secteurs public et parapublic Québec (Province); Québec; Québec (Province) Fonctionnaires; Relations industrielles Québec (Province)

Do Unions Still Matter for Redistribution? Evidence from Canada’s Provinces - Haddow, Rodney (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
We examine the relationship between union power and redistribution in Canada’s ten provinces between 1986 and 2014. Subnational jurisdictions are thus the focus of research questions that have previously been addressed at the international level. Multilevel models with time-series cross-sectional data are used to estimate the long-term association between union density and redistribution through provincial transfer payments and income taxes. We found that higher union density correlates with considerably more redistribution over the long term but not over the short term. This finding is confirmed by three distinct measures of inequality and poverty reduction, an indication that it is quite robust. The association is significant for the entire study period and for its second half. This finding is consistent with power resource theory in its original form, but not with more recent work in that area or with comparative political economy scholarship, which generally now neglects or downplays the impact of organized labour on social and economic policy outcomes. Our findings suggest a need to re-assess the diminished interest of recent researchers in the political influence of organized labour. It will also interest scholars in other countries where tax and transfer systems are decentralized, and where the impact of organized labour on such measures has been understudied at the subnational level. Additionally, we show that unionized voters in Canada are more favourably disposed than their non-unionized counterparts toward redistribution and toward pro-redistribution political parties. Unions may consequently affect redistribution in part by socializing their members to favour it. This possibility is advanced with preliminary data in this paper. We argue that further scholarly attention is both required and deserved on this subject in Canada and elsewhere.
Keywords: Inequality and poverty reduction; Organized labour and social equity; Power resource theory; Subnational jurisdictions; Time-series cross-sectional analysis; analyse transversale de séries chronologiques; inégalité et réduction de la pauvreté; juridictions infranationales; syndicalisme et équité sociale; théorie des ressources de pouvoir

Ordinary Saints: Women, Work, and Faith in Newfoundland - Hallett, Vicki S. (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Ordinary Saints: Women, Work, and Faith in Newfoundland," by Bonnie Morgan.

Class Action: How Ontario’s Elementary Teachers Became a Political Force. - Hanson, Andy (Between the Lines, 2021)
In this inspiring history of a union, labour historian Andy Hanson delves deep into the Elementary Teachers’ Federation of Ontario (ETFO) and how it evolved from two deeply divided unions to one of the province’s most united and powerful voices for educators. Today’s teacher is under constant pressure to raise students’ test scores, while the rise of neoliberalism in Canada has systematically stripped our education system of funding and support. But educators have been fighting back with decades of fierce labour action, from a landmark province-wide strike in the 1970s, to record-breaking front-line organizing against the Harris government and the Common Sense Revolution, to present-day picket lines and bargaining tables. Hanson follows the making of elementary teachers in Ontario as a distinct class of white-collar, public-sector workers who awoke in the last quarter of the twentieth century to the power of their collective strength. --Publisher's description

Understanding Union Commitment Among Young Workers: A Cross-Theoretical Perspective - Hennebert, Marc-Antonin; Fortin-Bergeron, Chloe; Doucet, Olivier (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
This study aims to shed light on the main determinants of and barriers to union commitment among young workers and, more generally, the relationship young workers have with union life. So far, the relationship between young workers and unionism has been examined mainly in terms of the challenges of access to unionization that confront young workers, a group generally underrepresented in union membership. The more specific issue of union commitment among young workers, once they become unionized, has remained largely underexplored in the literature. Using quantitative and qualitative data from an empirical survey of young unionized workers in the Quebec public service, our study identifies and compares the main factors that explain union commitment among young unionized workers and the theoretical underpinnings. It also seeks to shed light on the barriers to this commitment and identifies the organizational measures that could facilitate union commitment among young workers, based on the perceptions expressed by young union members. Our findings indicate that unions should adopt multidimensional organizational measures to foster union commitment among young workers, with a first step being to increase personalized contact between local union representatives and young members. Such investments at the local level are critical, as shown by our quantitative and qualitative findings. Thus, any reform or measure aimed at encouraging union involvement of young workers should not be limited merely to structural aspects but should also take into account the attitudinal and relational underpinnings of young workers’ commitment to their union. By shifting the focus from youth unionization to young members’ involvement in union bodies, our study will contribute to debate about union representation and the generational renewal of the labour movement’s activist base.
Keywords: Young workers; cross-theoretical perspective; generational renewal; mixed methods; union commitment

Canada’s Other Red Scare: Indigenous Protest and Colonial Encounters During the Global Sixties - Hewitt, Steve (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Canada’s Other Red Scare: Indigenous Protest and Colonial Encounters During the Global Sixties," by Scott Rutherford.

The Violence of Work: New Essays in Canadian and US Labour History - High, Steven C. (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "The Violence of Work: New Essays in Canadian and US Labour History," edited by Jeremy Milloy and Joan Sangster.

The Contested Academy: African Canadian Women’s Experiences as Tenured, Tenure Stream and Non-tenured Faculty - Hylton, Treisha Hanna-Kay (University of Toronto, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, 2021)
This thesis explores the experiences of Black women who are in tenured, tenure-stream, and non-tenured faculty positions and presents how Black women negotiate their intersectional identities in the academy. The study documents their self-identifications and struggles with the academy in terms of power relations in their respective universities, including racial and sexual discrimination. In addition, the study explores the career paths of Black women faculty from contract faculty to full professor. Methodologically, the study uses Black Feminist theorizing along with autoethnography in order to explore the nature of the experiences of Black Canadian women faculty within the academy. I interviewed 13 self-identified Black women across Canadian universities, including myself as the fourteenth key informant. This study reveals a complex and rich text of how Black women see themselves in the university, their experiences with multiple and overlapping oppressions and how this affects their careers, and finally, their contributions to the academy and their visions of success.

Nothing Succeeds Like Failure: The Sad History of American Business Schools - Jeffrey, Muldoon (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Nothing Succeeds Like Failure: The Sad History of American Business Schools," by Steven Conn.

Dust versus Dust: Aluminum Therapy and Silicosis in the Canadian and Global Mining Industries - Jorgenson, Mica; Sandlos, John (Canadian Historical Review, 2021)
By the 1930s, silicosis – a debilitating lung disease caused by the inhalation of silica dust – had reached epidemic proportions among miners in the gold-producing Porcupine region of northern Ontario. In response, industrial doctors at the McIntyre Mine began to test aluminum powder as a possible prophylactic against the effects of silica dust. In 1944, the newly created McIntyre Research Foundation began distributing aluminum powder throughout Canada and exported this new therapy to mines across the globe. The practice continued until the 1980s despite a failure to replicate preventative effects of silicosis and emerging evidence of adverse neurological impacts among long-time recipients of aluminum therapy. Situated at the intersection of labour, health, science, and environmental histories, this article argues that aluminum therapy represents an extreme and important example where industry and health researchers collaborated on quick-fix “miracle cures” rather than the systemic (and more expensive) changes to the underground environment necessary to reduce the risk of silicosis.

Code White: Sounding the Alarm on Violence Against Healthcare Workers - Keith, Margaret M.; Brophy, James T. (Between the Lines, 2021)
When health care workers call a Code White, its an emergency response for a violent incident: a call for help. But its one that goes unanswered in hospitals, clinics, and long-term care homes across the country. Code White exposes a shocking epidemic of violence thats hidden in plain sight, one in which workers are bruised, battered, assaulted, and demeaned, but carry on in silence, with little recourse or support. Researchers Margaret M. Keith and James T. Brophy lay bare the stories of over one hundred nurses and personal support workers, aides and porters, clerical workers and cleaners. The nightmarish experiences they relate are not one-off incidents, but symptoms of deep systemic flaws that have transformed health care into one of the most dangerous occupational sectors in Canada. The same questions echo in the wake of each and every brutal encounter: Is violence and trauma really just 'part of the job'? Why is this going underreported and unchecked? What needs to be done, and how? --Publisher's description. Contents: Foreword / Michael Hurley -- Preface . Part 1: Exposing a Hidden Epidemic. 1. Drawing Back the Curtain -- 2. Under the Scope -- 3. Finding an Abnormality. Part 2: A Forensic Examination. 4. Birth and Decline of the Health Care System -- 5. Birth and Decline of the Long-Term Care System. Part 3: Prescription for Healing. 6. Treatment Strategies -- 7. Rocky Road to Recovery -- 8. Collective Quest for the Cure. Afterword: Health Care Workers during COVID-19 -- Notes.

Do Androids Dream of Electric Cars? Public Transit in the Age of Google, Uber, and Elon Musk - Laforest, Joël (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Do Androids Dream of Electric Cars? Public Transit in the Age of Google, Uber, and Elon Musk," by James Wilt.

Formes de solidarité et de mobilisation et modes d’organisation de trois grèves au Québec pour le salaire minimum à 15 $ l’heure - Lafrance, Xavier (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
Trois grèves qui avaient pour objectif l’obtention du salaire minimum à 15 $ l’heure ont été menées par des syndicats québécois en 2016. Ces grèves se sont inscrites dans des campagnes politiques qui avaient le même objectif. Cet article propose une étude comparée de ces grèves dans le but d’analyser dans quelle mesure les formes de solidarité et les modes d’organisation déployés offrent des pistes de revitalisation qui permettraient au mouvement syndical québécois de relever les défis stratégiques contemporains auxquels fait face le mouvement syndical québécois. L’analyse de ces trois grèves, en s’appuyant sur une typologie des divers syndicalismes et activismes syndicaux, permet d’approfondir les formes de solidarité déployées par les syndicats ainsi que les formes de mobilisation originales qui, toutefois, n’ont pas mené à un progrès substantiel du contrôle démocratique exercé par les membres sur leur mouvement.
Keywords: Alliance de la fonction publique du Canada; Confédération des syndicats nationaux; Fédération des travailleurs et travailleuses du Québec; Modèles de syndicalisme; Service Employees International Union; démocratie syndicale; grève; luttes syndicales; renouveau syndical; salaire minimum

Le régime des décrets de convention collective au Québec. Quel avenir ? - Le Grand Amba Mballa, Albert (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Le régime des décrets de convention collective au Québec. Quel avenir ?," by Jean Bernier.

Les intervenants sociaux à l’aune de la nouvelle gestion publique : difficultés émotionnelles, relations professionnelles sous tension et collectifs de travail fragilisés - le Pain, Isabelle; Kirouac, Laurie; Larose-Hébert, Katharine; Namian, Dahlia (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
L’article présente les résultats d’une étude qualitative menée auprès de 31 intervenants et intervenantes qui travaillent en protection de l’enfance au Québec. Elle porte sur les conséquences des difficultés émotionnelles des intervenants sur leurs relations avec les gestionnaires et les collègues de travail, dans le contexte de la réforme du réseau de la santé et des services sociaux (projet de loi 10). Les résultats montrent qu’une large majorité d’intervenants et intervenantes rapportent une ou plusieurs conséquences délétères dans les relations avec les gestionnaires (colère et frustration, méfiance à l’égard d’une possible instrumentalisation des difficultés émotionnelles, évitement et perte de confiance). Également, une proportion très significative d’entre eux font état de conséquences à l’échelle des relations avec les collègues de travail (isolement et retrait, effet boule de neige sur les collègues et l’équipe de travail et diminution de la collaboration et de l’entraide). L’analyse montre que l’intensification du travail et la dégradation des conditions de pratique des intervenantes et intervenants sociaux, qui ont résulté de la dernière réforme (projet de loi 10) instituée par le ministre Barrette (2013), ont significativement contribué à fragiliser les collectifs de travail. Ce faisant, les possibilités d’entraide et de coopération, pourtant nécessaires à la réalisation de leur mandat professionnel, ont tendance à s’effacer au profit d’une activité professionnelle pratiquée par des travailleuses et travailleurs isolés et en souffrance.
Keywords: Child protection; Collectif de travail; Difficultés émotionnelles; Emotional difficulties; Protection de l’enfance; Reform of healthcare and social services (Bill 10); Relations professionnelles; Réforme de la santé et des services sociaux (projet de loi 10); Work group; Work relationships

The Southern Key: Class, Race and Radicalism in the 1930s and 1940s - Leah, Tony (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "The Southern Key: Class, Race and Radicalism in the 1930s and 1940s," by Michael Goldfield.

Working-Class Heroes: A History of Struggle in Song - Leier, Mark (James Mark) (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book and CD, "Working-Class Heroes: A History of Struggle in Song," edited by Mat Callahan and Yvonne Moore.

Collective Bargaining in Canada in the Age of Precarious Employment - Lewchuk, Wayne (Labour and Industry, 2021)
The decline in the prevalence of the Standard Employment Relationship in Canada has created challenges for Canadian unions. This article reviews the available estimates of the prevalence of precarious employment and gig work in Canada. Using data from the Poverty and Employment Precarity in Southern Ontario (PEPSO) research group it evaluates both the success of unions in organising workers in precarious employment and bargaining for them. The last section reviews recent union strategies to organise workers in precarious employment with a focus on the subset of precarious employment referred to as gig work. Organising gig workers presents unique challenges for unions as many are deemed by their employers as independent contractors and as a result not covered by existing Canadian labour legislation and hence not eligible for union membership. The paper concludes by arguing that organising precarious workers is a work in progress, whose ultimate outcome remains uncertain.
Keywords: Canada; Precarious employment; gig work; unions

Fellow Travellers: Communist Trade Unionism and Industrial Relations on the French Railways, 1914-1939 - Lewis, Robert W. (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Fellow Travellers: Communist Trade Unionism and Industrial Relations on the French Railways, 1914-1939," by Thomas Beaumont.

“especially in this free Country:” Webs of Empire, Slavery and the Fur Trade - Lindsay, [Margaret] Anne (University of Manitoba, 2021)
Predicated on a narrative of mutuality and cooperation, what has come to be known as the Canadian fur trade has long been positioned as exceptional in its relationships between colonizers and Indigenous peoples. In this framing the fur trade in what would become Canada is represented as having experienced little of the colonial violence that manifested in other colonial encounters and has been constructed as devoid of the unfreedom of chattel slavery. In fact, this characterization is untrue. Located within the French and British empires, the Canadian fur trade reflected the violences of its empires. From the seventeenth, and well into the nineteenth centuries chattel slavery existed in the fur trade as it did in the empires of which it was a part. Here, as elsewhere, complex webs of family/business relationships carried the violence of empire to and between its colonies. The creation and maintenance of these webs offered spaces where women as well as men could participate in the success of their family/businesses, but also in the transmission of colonial violence. One example of this is the Wedderburn Colvile family, their involvement in both West Indian plantation slavery and in the Hudson’s Bay Company, and in the interventions of one of its members, Jean Wedderburn Douglas, Lady Selkirk in what has become known as the fur trade wars. A closer look at the Wedderburn Colvile family and their interests in the Northern North American fur trade offers insights into how colonial violence and changes in the laws relating to chattel slavery impacted the fur trade, as the effects of these changes traveled along family/business webs of networks of relationship. This research draws on primary sources gleaned from archives and libraries in Scotland, England, the West Indies, the United States and Canada. It brings together a wide range of secondary literature to argue that, just as in other parts of empire, colonial violence, including chattel slavery, connected through webs of family/business relationships, existed in the Canadian fur trade. At the same time, this project argues, the erasure of that story is something we are only now beginning to address.

Spin Doctors: How Media and Politicians Misdiagnosed the COVID-19 Pandemic - Loreto, Nora (Fernwood Publishing, 2021)
As Canada was in the grips of the worst pandemic in a century, Canadian media struggled to tell the story. Newsrooms, already run on threadbare budgets, struggled to make broader connections that could allow their audience to better understand what was really happening, and why. Politicians and public health officials were mostly given the benefit of the doubt that what they said was true and that they acted in good faith. This book documents each month of the first year of the pandemic and examines the issues that emerged, from racialized workers to residential care to policing. It demonstrates how politicians and uncritical media shaped the popular understanding of these issues and helped to justify the maintenance of a status quo that created the worst ravages of the crisis. Spin Doctors argues alternative ways in which Canadians should understand the big themes of the crisis and create the necessary knowledge to demand large-scale change. -- Publisher's description
Keywords: COVID-19; COVID-19 (Disease); COVID-19 (Disease) Canada; COVID-19 (Disease) Government policy; COVID-19 (Disease) Government policy Canada; COVID-19 (Disease) Political aspects; COVID-19 (Disease) Political aspects Canada; COVID-19 (Disease) Press coverage Canada; COVID-19 Aspect politique Canada; COVID-19 Canada; COVID-19 Couverture de presse Canada; COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020-2023 Canada; COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020-2023 Government policy Canada; COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020-2023 Political aspects Canada; COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020-2023 Press coverage Canada; COVID-19 Politique gouvernementale Canada; Canada; Government policy; Health Communication methods; Information Theory; Information theory; Pandemics; Pandémie de COVID-19, 2020-2023 Aspect politique Canada; Pandémie de COVID-19, 2020-2023 Canada; Pandémie de COVID-19, 2020-2023 Couverture de presse Canada; Pandémie de COVID-19, 2020-2023 Politique gouvernementale Canada; Pandémies; Press coverage; Since 2020; Théorie de l'information; pandemics

Making Ukrainian Canadians: Identity, Politics, and Power in Cold War Canada - Luciuk, Kassandra Larysa (University of Toronto, 2021)
This dissertation examines the process by which a singular Ukrainian Canadian identity was constructed and entrenched throughout the twentieth century. It details how one of Canada’s largest and best organized diasporic communities, utilizing changing notions of cultural pluralism and the politics of the Cold War, crafted an increasingly nationalist, anti-communist version of identity that eradicated previously popular articulations of what it meant to be a Ukrainian in Canada. The traditional historiography posits that the community defined itself on its own terms, relying on individualized acts of agency and migrant resilience to entrench a version of Ukrainian-ness that was a democratic, bottom-up reflection of the collective. This project offers an alternative perspective by focusing on the battle over community narratives between communists, represented by the Ukrainian Labour Farmer Temple Association (ULFTA) and then the Association of United Ukrainian Canadians (AUUC), and the nationalists, organized under the umbrella of the Ukrainian Canadian Committee (UCC). I show how, with the help of state officials, the nationalists overpowered their ideological enemies on the left, concreting their identity as hegemonic. Through this process of coherence, they further bound specific aspects of their own ideology, perceived as innocuous, apolitical, and simply common sense, into mainstream political consciousness. Beyond a simple community study, this dissertation is also a case study about the building of anti-communist hegemony in Canada. Chapter One examines the role of state surveillance and political policing to show how state officials collaborated with the UCC to weaken the domestic left. Chapter Two analyzes the rise and fall of a government bureaucracy that acculturated the nationalists so as to embed them in Canada’s structures of power and bolster their anti-communism. Chapter Three looks more closely at acts of anti-communist violence, which seriously deterred participation in the AUUC. The state’s refusal to condemn the violence also telegraphed its preferences and helped define Canada’s social, political, and judicial boundaries. Chapter Four focuses on the nationalists’ appropriation of cultural pluralism to further entrench their version of Ukrainian identity. Lastly, Chapter Five explores commemoration, where competing visions for certain cultural figures were articulated and, eventually, nationalist narratives were set.
Keywords: Canadian history; Communism; Ethnicity; History; Migration; Nationalism; Politics; Ukrainian Canadian

An Experimental Organization of Precarious Professionals: - MacDonald, Ian; Kolhatkar, Manek (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
This article discusses the sector-wide organization of contractual archaeologists in Québec, beginning with the formation of a workers’ committee and leading subsequently to union accreditation. We theorize the difficulty of organizing these “precarious professionals” and suggest that self-organization outside of an industrial relations framework may be required to overcome barriers to their unionization. Deliberation, norm setting, and informal parlays with employers lead to clarifying class distinctions that professional identification often occludes, while self-organization increases worker confidence in collective action.
Keywords: contractual archaeology; mobilization theory; precarious employment; professional workers; union organizing

Teachers’ Organizations and Educational Reform: Resistance and Beyond - Maharaj, Sachin; Bascia, Nina (Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy / Revue canadienne en administration et politique de l’éducation, 2021)
This paper presents case studies of teacher union-government relationships in three Canadian provinces – British Columbia, Ontario, and Alberta – where teacher organizations have undertaken divergent strategic positions relative to educational reform. It identifies critical factors that may lead teacher unions to challenge government reforms, how and when a teacher organization might instead accommodate governmental reform, and under what circumstances union renewal drives an organization to establish reform strategies of its own. The paper demonstrates the results of these varied strategies and suggests that teacher unions’ stances, including when they are resistant, are rational and, arguably, necessary.
Keywords: educational change; educational reform; politics of education; teacher unions

Able to Lead: Disablement, Radicalism, and the Political Life of E.T. Kingsley - Malhotra, Ravi; Isitt, Benjamin (UBC Press, 2021)
Eugene T. Kingsley led an extraordinary life. Born in mid-nineteenth-century New York, by 1890 he was a railway brakeman in Montana. An accident left him a double amputee and politically radicalized, and his socialist activism that followed took him north of the border where he eventually was considered by the government to be "one of the most dangerous men in Canada." Able to Lead traces Kingsley's political journey from soapbox speaker in San Francisco to prominence in the Socialist Party of Canada. Ravi Malhotra and Benjamin Isitt illuminate a figure who shaped a generation of Canadian leftists during a time when it was uncommon for disabled people to lead. They examine Kingsley's endeavours for justice against the Northern Pacific Railway, and how Kingsley's life intersected with immigration law and free speech rights. Able to Lead brings a turbulent period in North American history to life, highlighting Kingsley's profound legacy for the twenty-first-century political left. --Publisher's description. Contents: Kingsley in Context: Labour History, Legal History, and Critical Disability Theory -- Incident at Spring Gulch: Disablement, Litigation, and the Birth of a Revolutionary -- California Radical: Fighting for Free Speech and Running for Congress in the Socialist Labor Party -- Crossing the Line: Kingsley Arrives in British Columbia -- No Compromise: Kingsley and the Socialist Party of Canada -- Kingsley and the State: Clashes with Authority in Early-Twentieth-Century Canada -- The Twilight Years: Kingsley and the 1920s Canadian Left.

«L'heure des pétitions est passée, il faut des actes» : les sans-travail et la protestation au Québec durant l'entre-deux-guerres (1919-1939) - Marsan, Benoit (Université du Québec à Montréal, 2021)
« L’heure des pétitions est passée, il faut des actes » présente une histoire vue d’en bas des sans-travail québécois au cours de l’entre-deux-guerres (1919-1939). L’objectif de cette thèse est de démontrer la contribution de l’action collective des sans-emploi à la politisation du problème du chômage au Québec durant les années 1920 et 1930. Cette période est un événement matrice pour l’histoire du chômage au Québec et au Canada. Le chômage, qui est déjà un phénomène important au cours du processus d’industrialisation au XIXe siècle, atteint au cours de la Grande Dépression des proportions jusqu’alors inégalées. Ce problème, qui jusqu’à la Première Guerre mondiale est encore largement considéré comme relevant d’une éthique du travail déficiente, de l’imprévoyance des individus, ou encore la conséquence des cycles saisonniers de l’économie, se présente de plus en plus comme un phénomène politique et systémique remettant en cause l’organisation de la société québécoise et canadienne. Dans ce changement de paradigme, l’action collective des sans-travail joue un rôle déterminant. Grâce à celle-ci, le chômage prend la forme d’un problème à la fois collectif, social et politique, qui ultimement remet en question la relation entre la démocratie et le capitalisme. L’étude du répertoire d’action collective des sans-travail québécois permet de mieux comprendre leur rôle dans l’histoire du chômage. Leurs protestations prennent racine dans une économie morale qui annonce une redéfinition de la citoyenneté fondée sur la formulation de nouvelles attentes envers l’État. Considérant que le chômage est indépendant de leur volonté, les sans-emploi estiment alors avoir le droit à une assistance contre le chômage. Bien que les manifestations de sans-travail ne soient pas un phénomène nouveau dans l’histoire québécoise, au cours des années 1920 et 1930, celles-ci apparaissent de moins en moins marginales. Prenant racine à Montréal dans le contexte de la Révolte ouvrière, elles s’étendent à plusieurs autres villes de la province au cours de la Grande Dépression. Perçus comme une menace à la paix sociale, dans un moment fortement marqué par l’anticommunisme, ces mouvements forcent les pouvoirs publics à intervenir. Encore peu étudiées à ce jour, ces manifestations, jumelées à celles qui se déroulent ailleurs au Canada, expliquent pourquoi le chômage devient, pour la première fois, un problème politique d’importance et débattu au sein de la sphère publique.

The University and Social Justice: Struggles Across the Globe - McCartney, Dale M. (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "The University and Social Justice: Struggles Across the Globe," edited by Aziz Choudry and Salim Vally.

Bent out of Shape: Shame, Solidarity, and Women's Bodies at Work - Messing, Karen (Between the Lines, 2021)
Award-winning ergonomist Karen Messing is talking with women—women who wire circuit boards, sew clothes, clean toilets, drive forklifts, care for children, serve food, run labs. What she finds is a workforce in harm’s way, choked into silence, whose physical and mental health invariably comes in second place: underestimated, underrepresented, understudied, underpaid. Should workplaces treat all bodies the same? With confidence, empathy, and humour, Messing navigates the minefield that is naming sex and biology on the job, refusing to play into stereotypes or play down the lived experiences of women. Her findings leap beyond thermostat settings and adjustable chairs and into candid, deeply reported storytelling that follows in the muckraking tradition of social critic Barbara Ehrenreich. Messing’s questions are vexing and her demands are bold: we need to dare to direct attention to women’s bodies, champion solidarity, stamp out shame, and transform the workplace—a task that turns out to be as scientific as it is political. --Publisher's description. Contents: Part 1: Shame and the Workplace. The third hour -- Shame and silence in health care -- A feminist intervention that hurt women? Part 2: Segregated Bodies. Jobs and bodies -- Same, different, or understudied? Part 3.Changing the Workplace: Re-engineering women's work -- Looking the dragon in the face -- Feminist ergonomic intervention with a feminist employer -- Solidarity. Part 4: Changing Occupational Health Science. Science and the second body -- Understanding women's pain -- The technical is political -- Going forward together. Index.

Which Side are You On? Indigenous Peoples and Canada's Labour Movement - Mills, Suzanne E.; McCreary, Tyler (Rethinking the Politics of Labour in Canada, 2021)
Discusses the shifting relationship between Indigneous peoples and the labour movement, where historically there has been deep tension. Concludes that labour organizing should engage with and learn from the frameworks of Indigenous communities as they struggle to develop in the context of the capitalist system and their changing relationship with the state. A revised version of the essay published in the 2012 edition.

Les relations industrielles en questions - Mohamed, Yasmine (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Les relations industrielles en questions," edited by Patrice Jalette.

“The Severity of This Service…” Canadien Inland Mariners in the Early Post-Conquest Era, 1760 to 1817 - More, John David (Queen's University, 2021)
Beginning just a long decade after New France became part of the British Empire in 1763, a half-century of major crises engulfed British North America; the American Revolutionary War (1775-83), the postwar forced migration and resettlement of thousands of destitute and hungry British-American Loyalist refugees (1784-86), and the War of 1812 (1812-1814). In order to surmount, indeed, just to survive these crises, the British colonial regime in Quebec found it necessary to seek and retain the services of thousands of skilled, native-born, French-Canadian (Canadien) inland mariners in the newly acquired colony. For more than half a century, the Canadiens were needed to fulfill a variety of essential roles. Small boat (batteau) crews hauled virtually all the necessary supplies, including food, to sustain war and resettlement efforts west of Montreal for British soldiers and sailors, Loyalist settlers, militiamen, Indigenous allies and refugees. Canadien mariners also constructed, commanded, and crewed British warships on the Great Lakes. Some men were disabled in combat or became prisoners-of-war. Others died in shipwrecks or drowned on the river. The mariners left few personal records, but their actions were critically important for the successful defense and retention in the British Empire of the colonies that would eventually form central Canada. The contributions of Canadien inland mariners deserve serious consideration when examining the relationships between the people of the former New France and their new British rulers during the challenging, early transitional years of the British colonial regime.

Mot de l’éditeur : le travail et l’emploi à l’ère de la Covid-19 = Work and Employment in the Era of COVID - Morven Gould, Anthony (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
/Toute personne qui observe le monde du travail et de l’emploi comprendra que ce volume est mis sous presse à un moment d’incertitude et d’anxiété. En 2020, nous sommes entrés dans une longue période de confinement et d’isolement, la COVID-19 ayant généré plusieurs crises. Comme c’est le cas pour les véritables catastrophes, cette ère de malaise a eu un point de départ bien défini (début de mars 2020), mais elle est maintenant entrée dans une phase qui, malgré le déploiement actuel des vaccins, semble être présente pour une durée indéterminée....//This edition goes to press at a time of uncertainty and anxiety for the majority of those who have a stake in the world of work and employment. In 2020, people on all populated continents entered a protracted period of lockdown and isolation in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. As is characteristic of genuine catastrophes, this era of malaise had a defined commencement point (early March 2020) but has now entered a phase where, despite the current roll-out of vaccines, looks like being present for an indeterminate long-haul....

Perceptions de justice et santé au travail: l'organisation à l'épreuve - Moulin, Stéphane (Inégalité et justice sociale, 2021)
Qu’est-ce qu’une organisation juste? Quelles sont les injustices perçues par les travailleurs et les travailleuses? Quelles en sont les répercussions sur leur santé? Dans quelle mesure la COVID-19 a-t-elle exacerbé ces perceptions d’injustices?Cet ouvrage réunit des auteurs qui discutent des apports et des limites des études de justice organisationnelle pour comprendre les liens entre les perceptions d’injustice et la santé en milieu de travail. Ouvrage collectif de synthèse, ce livre innove en contribuant à une ouverture disciplinaire et méthodologique du champ de la justice organisationnelle et en examinant les conséquences de la COVID-19.Alors que les études de justice organisationnelle tendent à psychologiser le mal-être au travail, les auteurs invitent ici à des approches plus contextuelles et compréhensives. L’injustice ressentie par les travailleurs apparait ainsi principalement liée à des modes de gestion et d’évaluation autoritaires. Si les normes professionnelles partagées semblent contribuer à minimiser certaines souffrances vécues, la crise de la Covid-19 a accru les perceptions d’injustice et fragilisé la santé psychologique des travailleurs. --Publisher's description
Keywords: COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020-; Hygiène industrielle; Industrial hygiene; Justice organisationnelle; Occupational Health; Organizational justice; Pandémie de COVID-19, 2020-; Since 2020; Travailleurs Attitudes; Travailleurs Santé mentale; Working class Attitudes

Evil Geniuses: The Unmaking of America: A Recent History - Muldoon, Jeffrey (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Evil Geniuses: The Unmaking of America: A Recent History," by Kurt Andersen.

How Innovation Works: And Why It Flourishes in Freedom - Muldoon, Jeffrey (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "How Innovation Works: And Why It Flourishes in Freedom," by Matt Ridley.

Management Studies in Crisis: Fraud, Deception and Meaningless Research - Muldoon, Jeffrey (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Management Studies in Crisis: Fraud, Deception and Meaningless Research," by Dennis Tourish.

Discrimination in the Workplace in Canada: An Intersectional Approach - Nangia, Parveen; Arora, Twinkle (Canadian Journal of Sociology, 2021)
This study examines discrimination in the workplace in Canada and explores the intersection of marginalized groups. It uses data from the General Social Survey 2016, which collected information from 19,609 non-institutionalized individuals. Results show that 17 percent of the job applicants and 9 percent of the workers felt discriminated against in the workplace during the 12 months before the survey. Data analysis indicates that a person’s identification with two marginalized groups increases the chances of discrimination and augments it further with three marginalized identities. However, the incremental effect of four or more marginalized groups is difficult to examine with this dataset due to the depleting sample size with the inclusion of every new group. Results from the logistic regression illustrate that the intersection of two, three, or four selected disadvantaged groups increases workplace discrimination significantly, thus supporting the theory of intersectionality. However, this perspective does not work for some combinations of marginalized groups.
Keywords: Canada; Designated groups; Discrimination; Intersectional discrimination; Job application; Marginal groups; Workplace

Punishing Poverty: How Bail and Pretrial Detention Fuel Inequalities in the Criminal Justice System - Newport, Melanie D. (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Punishing Poverty: How Bail and Pretrial Detention Fuel Inequalities in the Criminal Justice System," by Christine Scott-Hayward and Henry F. Fradella.

Personnels navigants : un collectif de travail à l’épreuve du changement - Nogues, Sarah; Tremblay, Diane-Gabrielle; Mansour, Sari (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
Notre article porte sur les intensités et la fragilisation des collectifs de travail et offre une synthèse de la littérature concernant le travail et ses intensités, en particulier dans le milieu aérien. Prenant le cas du personnel navigant commercial (PNC) dans le milieu aérien, nous nous appuyons sur la théorie des demandes-ressources du travail et de l’organisation capacitante pour analyser les perceptions de ces travailleurs concernant les demandes physiques, psychosociales et organisationnelles du travail, ainsi que les ressources de même type, notamment à la suite de l’autorisation d’une réduction d’effectif par le ministère des Transports sur bon nombre de porteurs canadiens en juillet 2015. Nous portons une attention particulière aux demandes du travail constituant une contrainte, ce qui est rarement pris en compte dans les études sur l’intensification du travail. À l’aide du construit de caravanes de ressources et d’organisation capacitante, nous nous demandons si les collectifs de travail PNC sont en mesure d’accomplir leur mission collective de maintien de la sécurité et de service auprès du public. Nous avons pour cela mené 41 entrevues semi-dirigées auprès d’agents de bord et de directeurs de vol volontaires provenant de deux compagnies aériennes canadiennes. Nous avons procédé à une analyse de contenu qualitative faisant émerger les thèmes principaux de manière inductive et analysant les demandes et les ressources physiques, psychosociales et organisationnelles du travail. Nos résultats documentent de façon originale comment une augmentation notable des intensités contraignantes du travail perturbe les collectifs de travail, en particulier le rôle pivot du directeur de vol, contribuant à la recherche émergente au sujet de la fragilisation des processus de travail. De nombreux aspects demeurent à améliorer pour qualifier les compagnies aériennes étudiées d’organisations capacitantes.
Keywords: airline safety; cabin crew; capacitating organization; demandes-ressources du travail; demands-resources; fragilisation; fragilization; gestion des ressources humaines; human resource management; intensification du travail; intensification of work; organisation capacitante; personnel navigant; sécurité aérienne; work

Beyond the Railway Narrative: Exclusion and Agency in Chinese Canadian History Before 1947 - Oliver, Diane Christine (Saint Mary's University, 2021)
This thesis examines the role of Chinese in Canadian history by looking beyond the popular railway narrative that reinforces a stereotype of docile cheap labour and a reductive lens of racism. The research will look at what brought Chinese sojourners to Canada and the economic and legislation restraints and discriminatory labour practices by the government and employers. It will look at how Chinese people began to resist the prohibitive social, economic, and political policies through protests, Chinese unions, and collaborative efforts of Chinese and white Canadians. The railway narrative rendered Chinese women invisible within Canadian history as it focuses on the racial discrimination of Chinese men. The research will show Chinese women were impacted economically and socially by their lack of visibility within society due to gender and cultural discrimination by both white and Chinese communities. Finally, without acknowledgement and education the perpetuation of racial stereotypes will continue.

Precarious Employment in Canada - Ornstein, Michael (Canadian Journal of Sociology, 2021)
Detailed analysis of Statistics Canada Labour Force Survey shows the complex relationship between the different types of non-standard employment, including non-permanent jobs, self-employment, part-time work and low pay. Term and contract work has increased substantially since 1997, but there is no corresponding decrease in permanent jobs or increase in part-time or low wage jobs. The different forms of non-standard employment are concentrated in specific population groups, including women in part-time and low wage jobs, university graduates and younger workers in term and contract jobs, and older workers in self-employment. But precarious employment is much more strongly related to occupation and industry than to workers’ characteristics. There are some provincial differences, while firm and establishment size and unionization have small effects on non-standard employment. These findings cast doubt on the dominant narrative of precarious employment.
Keywords: Canada; industry; occupation; part-time work; precarious employment

Paycheques & Paper Promises: Coast Salish and Mi’kmaw Work And Family Life under Canadian Settler Colonialism - Osmond, Colin Murray (University of Saskatchewan, 2021)
Using Community-Engaged research and an intersectional approach, this dissertation examines and interprets the ways two different Indigenous communities – The Tla’amin of British Columbia and the Mi’kmaq of Pictou, Nova Scotia –responded to the challenges and opportunities associated with settler colonialism, the creation of Indian Reserves, and the establishment of a capitalist wage labour economy in Indigenous territories. It primarily situates this discussion within the context of colonial efforts to geographically anchor Indigenous families in specific places while they struggled to retain meaningful connections with their broader territories. This dissertation provides critical analysis of the utility of using ‘settler colonialism’ as a catch-all to explain the various types of colonialism that impacted Indigenous people in Canada. Various types of colonialism contributed to a process where Atlantic Mi’kmaw and Pacific Coast Salish people with complex understandings of their territories and resources based on seasonal procurement and kinship systems, became geographically anchored on reserves as part of Indian Bands in the late nineteenth century. Within this confusing and often contradictory colonial world, the Tla’amin and the Mi’kmaq built adaptive and flexible economies that emphasized multiple occupations and relied on labour inputs from women and men to function. I argue that these new markets for Indigenous labour and commodities played an as of yet underappreciated role in the historical understanding of Indigenous motivations for securing specific reserve lands during the colonial survey of Indigenous lands in Canada. This dissertation adds to a growing body of literature that celebrates and historicizes Indigenous contributions to the labour history of Canada, and does so in ways that express how Indigenous people developed dynamic and responsive economies within emerging settler colonial economies in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Canadian Communism at the Crossroads, 1956–1957: An Introduction - Palmer, Bryan D. (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
Analyzes the crisis in Canadian Communism triggered by international developments including Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev's denunciation of the crimes of the Stalin era made in a "secret speech" in February 1956, and the Soviet Union's intervention later in the year to crush the revolt in Hungary. Calls attention to Karen Levine's article, "The Labor-Progressive Party in Crisis, 1956-1957, " published in the same issue, that was originally written as an undergraduate essay at the University of Toronto in the late 1970s.
Keywords: 1956; 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union; Anti-Semitism; Canadian Communism; Gui Caron; J.B. Salsberg; Joseph Stalin; Labor-Progressive Party; Nikita Khrushchev; Norman Penner; Stanley B. Ryerson; Tim Buck

Institutional Experimentation, Directed Devolution and the Search for Policy Innovation - Peetz, David (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
One response to the employer’s search for “flexibility” (most evident in the “platform economy”) may be “institutional experimentation,” i.e., changes to institutions and how they relate to organizations and labour standards. Our question: “What form of institutional arrangement can best enable the lessons of policy experimentation to be learned and disseminated?” Under directed devolution, as proposed here, legal entitlements or obligations would be set at a higher level (say, a national jurisdiction). A lower level (“subsidiary bodies”) would be required to work out detailed implementation of those standards, with a view to protecting the affected workers’ interests. The subsidiary bodies might cover specific industries or groups of industries. They may need to be quite innovative. Results would be evaluated and ideas generated. By emphasizing flexibility and learning, directed devolution enables actors to learn from the experiments of other actors. One such example is the regulation of New York’s road passenger transport industry in 2019, a highly innovative attempt to convert a high-level time-based minimum standard into a practical, local solution. Directed devolution is a form of multi-level policy-making, with some similarities to the concept of subsidiarity, but more tightly integrated. Other relevant but distinct forms of multi-level bargaining include the ILO Conventions, the Bangladesh Accord and several forms of regulation adopted in Australia. Actors and policy-makers should have long-term strategies, be careful in their processes of selecting institutional members, and be prepared to deal with powerful opposition. Directed devolution can be useful wherever establishing enforceable general principles is important and can make a real difference, but there are complications with implementation if circumstances vary considerably among organizations or industries. Devolution can be achieved without losing enforceability, and this can be done without shifting power away from those with less power. Directed devolution is a complement to, not a substitute for, specific regulatory interventions.
Keywords: directed devolution; disruption; décentralisation dirigée; expérimentation institutionnelle; flexibility; flexibilité; institutional experimentation; perturbation; platform economy; regulation; réglementation; économie de plate-forme

Strategies Used by Middle Managers to Support Employees Carrying Out Emotionally Demanding Work: Which Strategies and Why Those Ones? - Pelletier-Bosshard, Emma; Freeman, Andrew; Jauvin, Nathalie; Côté, Nancy (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
Many areas of practice in health and social services are emotionally demanding. This type of work can be associated with psychological health problems and middle managers play a key role in reducing such risks for their staff. Although the importance of providing this support is recognized, attaining such an objective is not necessarily straightforward because of the multiple demands that managers must juggle. Using an ergonomic perspective, this qualitative research study, which was conducted in a regional child protection service in Quebec (Canada), aimed to identify the strategies used by middle managers to support staff whose work is considered emotionally demanding. The results reveal that managers use a range of support strategies, which fall into seven categories. Although the strategies are distributed along two axes, proximity (direct, indirect) and time (short-term, long-term), they tend to be more direct and short-term (e.g., provide emotional support). The choice of strategies is influenced by various facilitating or constraining organizational, interpersonal and individual factors. A strong influence appears to be time availability. This study provides a detailed picture of the strategies used by middle man-agers and the complexity with which these individuals are confronted in providing their staff with support. Further research is required, for example, to better understand the impact of certain factors on the choice of support strategies and to evaluate the impact of support strategies from a staff perspective.
Keywords: contexte de pratique des services sociaux et de santé; health and social service practice context; organizational strategies; stratégies de soutien; stratégies organisationnelles; support strategies

Automation and the Future of Work - Penner, Mack (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Automation and the Future of Work," by Aaron Benanav.

Les conditions de performativité du discours autour de la création de valeur partagée - Persais, Eric (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
Le concept de création de valeur partagée (Creating Shared Value, CSV) proposé par Porter et Kramer ne fait pas l’unanimité au sein de la communauté scientifique. Pourtant, il bénéficie d’une certaine popularité chez les chefs d’entreprises qui voient dans ce concept le moyen de répondre efficacement aux enjeux du développement durable et indirectement de réconcilier économie, social et écologie. Si l’utilisation de la CSV dans les déclarations du dirigeant permet de rassurer l’ensemble des parties prenantes sur l’objectif poursuivi par l’entreprise, celle-ci ne trouve pas obligatoirement des effets dans les pratiques organisationnelles. Basant sa recherche sur une étude de cas unique inscrite dans une perspective longitudinale, l’auteur s’intéresse ici au passage du discours aux actes. Il s’interroge sur le caractère performatif de la CSV et met en évidence des conditions de performativité spécifiques au discours sur la création de valeur partagée. Au terme de cette recherche, trois facteurs ont pu être mis en évidence comme des éléments facilitateurs : l’absence de théorie concurrente, la mise en oeuvre d’un processus d’acceptation sociale, l’inscription de la CSV dans une perspective plus globale touchant à la raison d’être de l’entreprise. Les résultats ainsi obtenus, qui devront cependant être confirmés par une étude à plus grande échelle, complètent les travaux précédents sur les conditions de performativité du discours stratégique en l’adaptant au concept de CSV aujourd’hui largement utilisé dans les milieux d’affaires.
Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR); Creating Shared Value (CSV); création de valeur partagée; performativity; performativité; responsabilité sociétale de l’entreprise (RSE); sustainable development

Un encadrement de proximité en recomposition : Les « managers de rayon » dans la grande distribution - Racine, Florent (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
Cet article porte sur les salariés des grandes surfaces alimentaires en France. Si la littérature existante sur le secteur porte essentiellement sur les caissières et utilise la monographie, notre approche s’intéresse aux managers de rayon. Porter le regard sur les managers de rayon, premier niveau d’encadrement en magasin, permet de mieux comprendre les logiques qui traversent le secteur. Mais contrairement à l’approche habituelle qui utilise la monographie, notre approche combine les échelles d’analyse (micro, méso et macro) afin d’ancrer les observations du terrain au sein de l’histoire sectorielle et de la conjoncture. Cela nous conduits à associer la sociologie du travail et de l’emploi avec la sociologie des groupes professionnels pour montrer que les managers travaillent au sein de deux principaux segments professionnels : les rayons alimentaires, d’une part, et les rayons non alimentaires, d’autre part. Sur chaque segment, les conditions de travail ne sont pas tout à fait les mêmes : la situation économique des groupes intégrés étant préoccupante, ces derniers ont procédé à une réorganisation des rayons. Par conséquent, les conditions d’emploi sont également différentes. En effet, si le processus de centralisation-décentralisation des tâches et la sélection d’un nouveau profil de managers sont bien mis en oeuvre de façon homogène dans les rayons alimentaires, deux rayons non alimentaires conservent leur particularité. Au rayon parapharmacie tout d’abord, le titre de docteur constitue une barrière à l’entrée dans ce marché du travail fermé. Parallèlement, les récentes réorganisations permettent à ce dernier de s’emparer des rayons des collègues, faisant de ce manager le grand gagnant des mutations actuelles. Aux rayons brun-blanc-gris ensuite, les managers sont dans une situation plus difficile : plus que partout ailleurs, ces rayons qui perdent de l’argent ont été réorganisés ou supprimés, annonçant la « mort » progressive de ce groupe.
Keywords: department managers; emploi; employment; labour; managers de rayon; organisation du travail; professional segments; segments professionnels; travail; work organization

Towards a Critical History of The Writers' Union of Canada, 1972-1992 - Ramlo, Erin (McMaster University, 2021)
The Writers’ Union of Canada was founded in November of 1973 “to unite Canadian writers for the advancement of their common interests.” Drawing on extensive archival collections – from both the Writers’ Union and its member authors – this dissertation offers the first critical history of the organization and its work, from pre-founding to the early 1990s, arguing that the Writers’ Union has fundamentally influenced Canadian literature, as an industry, as a community, and as a field of study. I begin by tracing the contextual history of the organization’s founding, interrogating how union organizing, celebrity, and friendship underpin the organization’s work. Chapter One discusses the Writers’ Union’s programs, reforms, and interventions aimed at ‘fostering’ writing in Canada as I argue that the Union was instrumental in building a fiscal-cultural futurity for CanLit. In Chapter Two, I consider the role that women played in this important work, as I highlight the labour of female Union members and the all-female administrative staff, who maintained and supported the organization’s work through its first twenty years. In Chapter Three I draw attention to the stories of, perspectives of, and experiences of BIPOC authors in relation to the Writers’ Union. While the Writers’ Union’s involvement in race relations is often positioned as having ‘begun’ with the Writing Thru Race conference in 1994, this chapter uses the archives to reveal a much longer trajectory of racialized conflict within and around the organization, providing important context for the very controversial and public battles about appropriation and race that would explode in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Throughout this work, I look to see how institutional narratives are deployed and upheld, and to what ends; how successful advocacy work is often effaced and forgotten; how institutional structures function; and how their boundaries and intentions are challenged and developed over time.

Pour elles toutes : femmes contre la prison - Rech, Nathalie (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Pour elles toutes : femmes contre la prison," by Gwenola Ricordeau.

Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 - Reilly, J. Nolan; Skikavich, Julia; Baker, Nathan (The Canadian Encyclopedia (TCE), 2021)
The Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 was the largest strike in Canadian history. Between 15 May and 25 June 1919, more than 30,000 workers left their jobs. Factories, shops, transit and city services shut down. The strike resulted in arrests, injuries and the deaths of two protestors. It did not immediately succeed in empowering workers and improving job conditions. But the strike did help unite the working class in Canada. Some of its participants helped establish what is now the New Democratic Party....

The Provincial Workmen’s Association of Nova Scotia, 1879-1898 - Reilly, Sharon M. (Dalhousie University, 2021)
This thesis examines the history of the Provincial Workmen's Association of Nova Scotia, from iits formation in 1879, until the resignation of the union's first Grand Secretary in 1898. The study begins with a description of the economic background of the province's coal trade during the 19th century. The end of the "golden age" of wood, wind and sail, and the region's attempts to industrialize in response to the National Policy are discussed in relation to the coal industry. The difficulties experienced by tlthe miners as a result of these changing economic conditions are considered in the second chapter, and the formation of the P.W.A. is described. The early organizational activitities, constitution, ritual and structure of the society are also detailed. The following chapter investigates the three tactics employed by the P.W.A. to protect the rights and improve the condition of the Nova Scotia miners. The utility and ideological underpinnings of each method - strikes, governmennt lobbying and electoral politics - is considered in order to clarify the degree of success achieved by the union in its stated goals. Chapter Four focuses more directly on the idtdeology of the P.W.A. "Loyalist" and "rebel" attitudes toward the coal masters, the increasing alientation of the mine1ers from their work resulting from the development of industrial capitalism, and the growth of trade union consciousness and working class awareness are described. The influence of Robert Drummond on the Nova Scotia miners is also discussed. The fifth and final chapter describes the rank and file disconterent with leadership that emerged in the late 1880s and culminated with the company store dispute in 1896. The "invasion of thee Knights of Labor" and the resignation of Robert Drummond are examined. Final conclusions are then presented, followed by an epilogue, which describes briefly the path taken by the P.W.A. from 1898 until the dissolution of the union in 1917.

The Responsible Professor: EAPs and the Neoliberal University - Reuter, Shelley Zipora (Canadian Journal of Sociology, 2021)
Universities commonly engage Employee Assistance Programs to help workers with their problems. In this institutional case study of neoliberalism in action, I analyze the EAP newsletters from one Canadian institution I call “Corporate U” for their impact on full-time tenured and tenure-track faculty. I show how their messaging counterproductively amplifies pressures in today’s university to be resilient and perform and be accountable. I take the EAP to be an agent of the university, and as such, their newsletters demonstrate the rise of neoliberal managerialism in academic life. Of particular concern is their individualising tendency to construct “the responsible professor” as an ideal to which all academic workers must now aspire.
Keywords: performance

Trade Union Decline and Renewal: A Case Study of Precariousness, Labour Standards, and Union Responses in Ontario's Unionized Supermarket Sector - Rogers, Sarah (York University, 2021)
There is now a vast scholarship that explores union decline and renewal in various economic sectors and workplaces. To date, however, there is little understanding of how union decline has impacted unionized retail environments in Canada. Using a feminist political economy framework, this dissertation explores dynamics of union decline and renewal through a case study of labour standards in Ontarios unionized supermarket sector. Drawing on qualitative interviews with 28 union representatives and an analysis of collective agreements, this study examines the decline and trajectory of labour standards in unionized supermarkets, explores the unions perspectives and responses to changing standards, assesses how changing labour standards reflects the problem of union decline, and assesses how the case of Ontarios unionized supermarkets informs union renewal research and strategy. Findings suggest that the decline and trajectory of labour standards in Ontarios unionized supermarkets reflects a shift towards increasing precariousness in this sector. While there have been some wins for supermarket workers, unions have been largely unable to secure substantial improvements through collective bargaining. The precariousness associated with supermarket work is both contractually negotiated, as evidenced by provisions in collective agreements that ensure low wages and minimal and infrequent wage increases, demanding availability requirements, and limitations to the number of hours of work, as well as experiential, as indicated in workplace dynamics such as competition between workers, high turnover, and reduced health and safety measures. During the period under study, several factors have contributed to the increase in precariousness in this sector. While unions have implemented a variety of strategies in an effort to mitigate precariousness in unionized supermarkets, the persistence of deeply ingrained business union cultures and practices make improving labour standards through collective bargaining difficult. Continued precariousness in unionized supermarkets and the persistence of business unionism point to the need for an interrogation of the cultures and practices within unions that may contribute to the ongoing precariousness in unionized supermarkets and the challenges facing unions in this sector. The complex nature of union decline in this sector also suggests that multiple forms of union action are required to improve labour standards in unionized supermarkets and the strength of unions more broadly.

Business Unionism and Social Unionism in Theory and Practice - Ross, Stephanie (Rethinking the Politics of Labour in Canada, 2021)
Defines business and social unionism. Argues that the distinction between the two is not air tight, rather they intermingle. However, social unionism is essential for global solidarity. A revised version of the essay published in the first edition (2012).

Canadian Labour and COVID-19 - Ross, Stephanie; Savage, Larry (Rethinking the Politics of Labour in Canada, 2021)
[The authors] explore the state of labour politics in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. On the one hand, they argue the pandemic created an unprecedented opening for organization labour to build broader forms of solidarity around class-wide demands for the expansion of universal social protections like paid sick days, universal public child care, basic income and pharmacare, and to integrate gender and racial justice into these demands in new and important ways. On the other hand, they make the case that the differential impact of of the pandemic on various sections of the working class saw some unions eschew more universal strategies in favour of a more politically expedient defensive unionism aimed at protecting a narrow community of interest from the negative effects of the pandemic. --From editor's introduction.

Rethinking the Politics of Labour in Canada - Ross, Stephanie; Savage, Larry; Ernst, Alan; Evans, Bryan; Graefe, Peter; Ng, Winnie Wun Wun; Wall, Carol; Mills, Suzanne E.; McCreary, Tyler; Gardner, Karl; Magsumbol, Dani; Tungohan, Ethel; et al. (Labour in Canada (Halifax, N.S.), 2021)
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the need to re-establish the labour movement’s political capacity to exert collective power in ways that foster greater opportunity and equality for working-class people has taken on a greater sense of urgency. Understanding the strategic political possibilities and challenges facing the Canadian labour movement at this important moment in history is the central concern of this second edition of Rethinking the Politics of Labour in Canada. With new and revised essays by established and emerging scholars from a wide range of disciplines, this edited collection assesses the past, present and uncertain future of Canadian labour politics in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Bringing together the traditional electoral-based aspects of labour politics with analyses of newer and rediscovered forms of working-class organization and social movement-influenced strategies, which have become increasingly important in the Canadian labour movement, this book seeks to take stock of these new forms of labour politics, understand their emergence and assess their potential impact on the future of labour in Canada. --Publisher's description

Sessional Contract Faculty, Unionization, and Academic Freedom - Ross, Stephanie; Savage, Larry; Watson, James (Canadian Journal of Higher Education / Revue canadienne d'enseignement supérieur, 2021)
This article explores the relationship between unionization and academic freedom protections for sessional faculty in Ontario universities. Specifically, we compare university policies and contract provisions with a view to determining whether unionized sessionals hired on a per-course basis have stronger academic freedom protections than their non-union counterparts. We then explore whether particular kinds of bargaining unit structures are more conducive to achieving stronger academic freedom provisions. Finally, we consider whether academic freedom can be exercised effectively by sessionals, whether unionized or not. We conclude that unionization does help to produce stronger academic freedom protections for sessional faculty and that faculty association bargaining unit structures are most likely to help deliver this outcome. We further conclude that academic freedom is difficult to exercise for sessional faculty, regardless of union status, but that unionization offers greater protections for sessionals facing repercussions as a result of asserting their academic freedom.
Keywords: academic freedom; associations de professeurs d’université; bargaining unit structures; chargés de cours; contract faculty; enseignants contractuels; faculty associations; liberté académique; sessional instructors; structures d’unités de négociation; syndicats; unions

The Shock Doctrine Comes to Canada: Laurentian University’s Insolvency Claim and the Neoliberal Tide - Roth, Reuben (Critical Sociology, 2021)
During the depths of COVID-19, Laurentian University, a small Canadian postsecondary institution located in the mid-sized city of Sudbury Canada, declared that it was insolvent and was legally allowed to terminate one-third of its faculty and cut almost one-half of its academic programmes. This historically unprecedented attack on a Canadian public institution utilized a Federal corporate court process, the Companies’ Creditors Arrangement Act (CCAA), a piece of legislation akin to the US Chapter 11 process. The result of the still-ongoing process saw the university Administration and Board of Governors working against the interests of the community, targeting the arts, Indigenous, Francophone and working-class communities. This article poses the question ‘to whom do universities belong, and at what point does a publicly funded university stop being a collective “social good” – responsible to the society that spawned it – and start being a stand-alone organization that serves private interests?’
Keywords: Companies’ Creditors Arrangement Act; academic labour; austerity; neoliberalism; privatization

Upon the Altar of Work: Child Labor and the Rise of a New American Sectionalism - Rouleau, Brian (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Upon the Altar of Work: Child Labor and the Rise of a New American Sectionalism," by Betsy Wood.

Canada, a Working History - Russell, Jason (Dundurn, 2021)
A deep exploration of the experience of work in Canada, Canada, A Working History describes the ways in which work has been performed in Canada from the pre-Colonial period to the present day. Since the time of European colonization, the need to obtain and ensure a steady supply of workers to drive Canada's economic growth has been a key objective for policy makers. This book argues that there are key themes found in the history of work in Canada that persist to the present day. Work is shaped by a wide array of influences including gender, race, ethnicity, geography, economics, and politics. It in turn shapes us when we perform it. Work can be paid or unpaid, meaningful or alienating, and always essential. The work experience led people to form unions, aspire to management roles, pursue education, form professional associations, and seek self-employment. It has been the subject of much theoretical research and academic inquiry. Work is often in our cultural consciousness while being pondered in song, lamented in literature, celebrated in film, and preserved for posterity in other forms of art. It has been driven by technological change, governed by laws, been the cause of disputes, and the means by which people earn a living in Canada's capitalist economy. Engaging in work is common in all modern societies, and that there are distinct aspects to the history of work in Canada that will continue into the country's future. Ennobling, rewarding, exhausting, and sometimes frustrating, work has helped define who Canadians are as people. --Publisher's description.

Mining Country: A History of Canada's Mines and Miners - Sandlos, John; Keeling, Arn (Lorimer, 2021)
Mining has a significant presence in every part of Canada - from east to west coasts to the far north. This book tells the stories of the people and companies who pushed mining into new territories, created new towns and generated jobs by the thousands. It highlights the experiences of those who lived and worked in mining settlements across the country, as well as the rise of major mining companies and the emergence of Toronto and Vancouver as centres of global mining finance. It also addresses the effects these developments have had on Indigenous communities and the environmental changes and challenges that have accompanied mining at every step. Mining Country is richly illustrated with more than 150 photos drawn from the well-recorded history up to the present. The story begins with the development of copper mining and trading networks among pre-contact Indigenous groups in Canada. Industrial scale mining of iron and coal emerged in Quebec and Nova Scotia in the eighteenth century. The book describes the growth of mining towns in northern Ontario, Quebec and western Canada in the nineteenth century, and the famous Cariboo and Klondike Gold Rushes. Demand for strategic minerals and metals during the Second World War and the Cold War pushed development into remote northern regions. The most recent period embraces the North West Territories diamond rush and controversial expansion into Ontario's "Ring of Fire" region. Much has been written about the history of individual mining towns, mine unions and mining companies. This book offers a readable account of the full scope of this key industry's story, in words and a collection of carefully researched and selected visuals. --Publiher's description
Keywords: Canada; History; Mineral industries; Mineral industries Canada History; Miners; Miners Canada History; Mines Canada Histoire; Mines Industrie Canada Histoire; Mines and mineral resources; Mines and mineral resources Canada History; Mineurs Canada Histoire; Mining corporations; Mining corporations Canada History; Sociétés minières Canada Histoire

Demanding Equality: One Hundred Years of Canadian Feminism - Sangster, Joan (UBC Press, 2021)
For one hundred years women fashioned different dreams of equality, autonomy, and dignity; yet what is Canadian feminism? In Demanding Equality, Joan Sangster explores feminist thought and organizing from mid-nineteenth-century, Enlightenment-inspired writing to the multi-issue movement of the 1980s.She broadens our definition of feminism, and – recognizing that its political, cultural, and social dimensions are entangled – builds a picture of a heterogeneous movement often characterized by fierce internal debates. This comprehensive rear-view look at feminism in all its political guises encourages a wider public conversation about what Canadian feminism has been, is, and should be. --Publisher's description. Contents: Spreading the word of women's emancipation -- The origins of socialist and labour feminism -- Women, democracy, and suffrage -- Reform feminism and women's right to work -- Agrarian, labour, and socialist feminism after the Frist World War -- Feminism and the party question -- Feminism, war, and peace -- Feminism in a Cold War climate -- Liberating feminism -- Feminist organizing in the 1970s and 1980s -- Afterword: Feminist challenges of the 1990s and beyond.

Editors’ Note / Note de la rédaction - Sangster, Joan; Smith, Charles W. (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
Considers the human and financial cost of the 1918-19 flu pandemic versus the Covid-19 pandemic. Pays tribute to the late Leo Panitch, to whom the volume is dedicated. Comments on articles in the issue and notes that they emphasize the importance of all forms of work and organization. Deplores the rise of market-driven universities and the cuts at Laurentian University. Welcomes Kirk Niergarth as co-editor, which helps pave the way for Joan Sangster's retirement as co-editor.

The Legacy of Leo Panitch - Sangster, Joan; Smith, Charles W.; Warskett, Rosemary; Blanc, Eric; Konings, Martijn; Maher, Stephen; Ross, Stephanie (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
Introduced by editors Sangster and Smith, this roundtable offers papers by former students of Panitch on his multifaceted legacy. Themes include Panitch as organic intellectual (Warskett), the fall and future of social democracy (Blanc), money and the critique of capitalism between political sociology and political economy (Konings), Panitch and the practice of socialist mentorship (Maher), and Panitch as a transformative teacher (Ross).
Keywords: Leo Panitch; activist; class struggle; global scholar; labour; legacy; scholar; social democracy; socialism

Anybody But Conservative: Canadian Unions and Strategic Voting - Savage, Larry (Rethinking the Politics of Labour in Canada, 2021)
Discusses union-backed strategic voting (most often, endorsement of Liberal rather than NDP candidates) to defeat the Conservatives. Concludes that such campaigns have been divisive and do not advance the labour movement. A revised and expanded version of the essay published in the first edition (2012).

Organized Labour and the NDP: Looking Back on Sixty Years of Party-Union Relations - Savage, Larry (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
This article begins with a broad overview of the scholarly literature on labour politics in Canada before focusing more specifically on the relationship between organized labour and the NDP. The article is organized thematically, focusing on three key features of the party-union relationship: (1) institutional ties between labour and the NDP; (2) the ideological impact of labour on the politics of the NDP: and (3) labour's (in)ability to deliver votes to the party. Each dimension of the party-union relationship reveals factors that contributed to a loosening of ties over time and sets the stage for a final concluding section exploring the implications of a weakened NDP-union link for the future of labour and working-class politics in Canada. --From author's introduction
Keywords: New Democratic Party; labour politics; party-union relations; social democracy; unions

Workload, workplace violence and harassment, and well-being of personal support workers in home and community care - Sayin, Firat; Denton, Margaret; Brookman, Catherine; Davies, Sharon; Zeytinoglu, Isik (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
Demand for home and community care services has continuously increased in Canada and elsewhere in the last few decades due to aging of the population and healthcare policy changes shaped by budgetary limitations. As a result, home and community care organizations are having trouble hiring adequate numbers of healthcare workers to meet the escalating demand, the result being increased workload on these workers. Another stream of literature has shown that care recipients and their family members, frustrated with the limited ability of healthcare workers to provide adequate care because of increased workload, might resort to violence and harassment. Bringing these two streams of literature together, we examined the relationships among three variables : workload ; workplace violence and harassment ; and well-being of personal support workers (PSWs). Using structural equation modeling, we analyzed a 2015 Ontario-wide survey of 1,347 PSWs employed in the home and community care sector. The results indicate that workload is negatively associated with extrinsic and intrinsic job satisfaction, and this relationship is mediated by violence and harassment and by stress. Specifically, workload is positively associated with violence and harassment at work, which in turn is positively associated with stress, which in turn is negatively associated with extrinsic and intrinsic job satisfaction. Our study contributes to the literature by examining the impact of a work environment factor, workload, on the well-being of PSWs. This approach makes it possible to expand the current literature’s focus on psychological processes at the individual level to a more contextual approach. Furthermore, the results have important implications for home and community care organizations as well as for the healthcare sector in general. The well-being of PSWs is critical to retaining them and to ensuring the quality of care they provide their clients. Thus, their workload should be lowered to a more manageable level to help minimize the violence and harassment they experience.
Keywords: Canada; extrinsic job satisfaction; healthcare workers; intrinsic job satisfaction; personnel de santé; satisfaction extrinsèque au travail; satisfaction intrinsèque au travail; stress

Women, Work and COVID-19 - Scott, Katherine (Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 2021)
This report looks at the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economic security of women in Canada and the current efforts to respond to urgent economic need in the short- to medium-term, as well as demands for fundamental systemic change moving forward. ...The study focuses on three areas: it examines the impact of COVID-19 on women’s participation in the labour market since the pandemic struck in spring of 2020; it assesses the impact of federal and provincial government programs and income supports through a gendered and intersectional lens; and it examines gaps in the system and proposes measures to help women get through the COVID crisis and ensure their speedy return to the labour market once the worst of the crisis is over.

To Bite the Hands That Feed: Control and Competition in Temporary Foreign Worker Programs Amidst a Pandemic - Sevilla Valenzuela, Victor (University of British Columbia, 2021)
Canada’s continuous reliance on temporary foreign workers to address its labour shortage and maintain its competitive advantage has resulted in a seasonal transnational workforce characterized by its precarious living and working conditions, cumulative legal disenfranchisement based on the lack of permanent status, and vulnerability to the ongoing pandemic. Despite the common portrayal of the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP) as a ‘model for migration management’ by governments and growers, a large body of academic publications has studied their precarious conditions in an attempt to explain the seeming contradiction between a highly-exploited workforce and the steady growth of willing participants. This project examines the exploitative practices embedded in the cycles of transmigration through a series of individual interviews with SAWP participants, scholars, and government officials. The central argument is that the differential treatment of migrant and citizen workers lies at the heart of the former’s precarity. It stems from the paradoxical promotion of human rights at the macro-level, while relying on an exploited workforce at the micro-level. The program creates mechanisms that keep workers in a state of continuous marginalization despite decades of participation in the program. The legal, subtle, and overt mechanisms that maintain workers in a continuous state of control and competition are among the key findings of this project. This project challenges the idealization of the SAWP by analyzing the main beneficiaries, its shortcomings, and its projected future. It presents a unique opportunity to reimagine temporary foreign worker programs and methodological nationalism in a globalized context.

Balayons les abus : expérience d’organisation syndicale dans le nettoyage - Simonet, Maud (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Balayons les abus : expérience d’organisation syndicale dans le nettoyage," by Marielle Benchehboune.

Change and Continuity: Canadian Political Economy in the New Millennium - Smith, Charles W. (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Change and Continuity: Canadian Political Economy in the New Millennium," edited by Mark P. Thomas, Leah F. Vosko, Carlo Fanelli, and Olena Lyubchenko.

Class Struggle Goes to Court: Workers' Rights and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms - Smith, Charles W.; Braley-Rattai, Alison (Rethinking the Politics of Labour in Canada, 2021)
Examines the shifting currents of court decisions on labour rights in the Charter era. Concludes that labour's resort to the courts is primarily defensive and that victories, when they occur, are limited.

Remembering Wayne Roberts, 1944–2021 - Sobel, David (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
Obituary for Wayne Roberts (1944-2021), a Labour/Le Travail contributor who wrote on labour, food policy, the environment, and urban issues.

Une histoire politique du tiers-monde - Sondarjee, Maïka (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Une histoire politique du tiers-monde," by Vijay Prashad.

Canadian Labour and the Environment: Addressing the Value-Action Gap - Soron, Dennis (Rethinking the Politics of Labour in Canada, 2021)
Defines the value-action gap (i.e., the disjuncture between word and deed) and explores the labour movement's mixed response to the environmental challenge in terms of this model. The conclusion urges labour to help foster a broad-based movment that would integrate environmental sustainability with economic equality and social justice. It also cautions against the embrace of green capitalism. A revised version of the essay in the first edition (2012).

Solidarity: Canada's Unknown Revolution of 1983 - Spaner, David (Ronsdale Press, 2021)
The year 1983 began like any other year in Canada's West Coast province. Then "Bill's bills" unleashed four months of public unrest. The newly elected Social Credit government announced an avalanche of far-right legislation that shocked the country. By dropping viciously anti-union legislation that slashed protection for hard-won human rights, Premier Bill Bennett attacked nearly everyone in his contingency. A resistance movement called Solidarity sprung up across the province. Massive street protests, occupations and plans for an all-out general strike had all eyes on B.C. Like other uprisings - from France in 1968 to the anti-racism protests of 2020 - Solidarity arrived unexpectedly and rocked social foundations. Revolution, in one province? Filled with revealing interviews and lively, insightful prose, David Spaner's Solidarity goes behind the scenes of one of the greatest social uprisings in North American history. Spaner delves into the Solidarity months of 1983 through his own experience and that of the activists, both iconic and unsung, that organized B.C.'s masses. Solidarity's intimate storytelling mixes popular culture and rebel politics, finding political answers in the personal lives of those touched by the movement. In recreating this one singularly dramatic event, Spaner's Solidarity becomes the ongoing history of 20th century B.C. - exploring its great divides and unions, cultures and subcultures, and conflicts that continue into the 21st century. -- Publisher's description
Keywords: 1900-1999; British Columbia; British Columbia Politics and government 1975-1991; Colombie-Britannique Politique et gouvernement 1975-1991; History; Labor movement; Labor movement British Columbia History 20th century; Mouvement ouvrier Colombie-Britannique Histoire 20e siècle; Travailleurs Activité politique Colombie-Britannique Histoire 20e siècle; Working class Political activity; Working class Political activity British Columbia History 20th century

Speaking Up, Being Heard, Making Change: The Theory and Practice of Worker Voice in Canada Today - Stanford, Jim; Poon, Daniel (PowerShare, 2021)
There is abundant evidence that when workers can provide input, express opinions, and influence change in their work places. Providing workers with regular, safe channels of “voice” at work increases their personal motivation and job satisfaction. It benefits their employer, too, through reduced turnover, enhanced productivity, and better information flows. And it contributes to improved economic and social outcomes—everything from stronger productivity growth, to less inequality, to improved health.... From summary and main findings

Which Side Are You On? Between Yellow Vests and Migrant Rights in the New Saskatchewan - Stevens, Andrew (Divided: Populism, Polarization & Power in the New Saskatchewan, 2021)
Examines the legislative record of the governing conservative Saskatchewan Party on protecting the rights of migrants and immigrants in the context of business and labour market demands. Concludes that the province's legal regime stands well in comparison to other jurisdictions, although the government has at times also catered to anti-immigration populism, such as the Yellow Vest Canada movement.

The Erosion of Workers' Rights in Saskatchewan: The Saskatchewan Party, Labour Law Reform and Organized Labour, 2007-2020 - Stevens, Andrew; Smith, Charles (Divided: Populism, Polarization & Power in the New Saskatchewan, 2021)
Examines the anti-union legislative record of the Saskatchewan Party that saw one of its core bills - prohibiting the right to strike in a broad range of public sector services - struck down by the Supreme Court. The court did, however, uphold a companion bill that undermined workers' ability to organize. Provides background on provincial labour regimes since the landmark Trade Union Act of 1944 that was passed by the CCF government of Tommy Douglas. Concludes that the Saskatchewan Party has done more than any previous conservative government to curtail the right of workers to organize and take job action.

A Liberal-Labour Lady: The Times and Life of Mary Ellen Spear Smith - Strong-Boag, Veronica (UBC Press, 2021)
A Liberal-Labour Lady restores British Columbia's first female MLA and the British Empire and Commonwealth's first female cabinet minister to history. An imperial settler, liberal-labour activist, and mainstream suffragist, Mary Ellen Smith demanded a fair deal for "deserving" British women and men in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Born in England in 1863, the daughter and wife of miners, she emigrated to Nanaimo, BC, in 1892. As she became a well-known suffragist and her husband Ralph won provincial and federal elections, the power couple strove to shift Liberal parties leftward to benefit women and workers, while still embracing global assumptions of British racial superiority and bourgeois feminism's privileging of white women. His 1917 death launched Mary Ellen as a candidate in a tumultuous 1918 Vancouver by-election. In the BC legislature until 1928, Smith campaigned for better wages, mothers' and old age pensions, and greater justice, even as she endorsed anti-Asian, settler, and pro-eugenic policies. Her death in 1933 ended an experiment in extending democracy that was both brave and deeply flawed. A Liberal-Labour Lady sheds light on a Canadian suffragist undeservedly neglected by scholars and forgotten by posterity. It also illuminates a half a century of political history, first-wave feminism, immigration, and labour history set in a broad context of shifting ideas, ideologies, and strategies. Although simultaneously intrepid and flawed, Mary Ellen Smith is revealed to be a key figure in early Canada's compromised struggle for greater justice, who helped set the contours of a modern Canada. -- Publisher's description
Keywords: Biographies; Biography; British Columbia; Cabinet officers; Cabinet officers British Columbia Biography; Canada; Femmes ministres Colombie-Britannique Biographies; Femmes parlementaires Colombie-Britannique Biographies; Legislators; Legislators British Columbia Biography; Ministres Colombie-Britannique Biographies; Parlementaires Colombie-Britannique Biographies; Spear Smith, Mary Ellen, 1863-1933; Suffragettes Canada Biographies; Suffragists; Suffragists Canada Biography; Women cabinet officers; Women cabinet officers British Columbia Biography; Women legislators; Women legislators British Columbia Biography

The Death Penalty and Sex Murder in Canadian History - Swainger, Jonathan (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "The Death Penalty and Sex Murder in Canadian History," by Carolyn Strange.

Technological Strikebreaking: A Case Study of Quebec’s Anti-Scab Legislation - Talarico, Andrea (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
The right to strike has been constitutionally protected in Canada since 2015. In other jurisdictions where the right to strike is explicitly recognized in the constitution, protection against strikebreaking is recognized as part of that right. Only two Canadian provinces restrict the use of replacement workers during a strike or a lockout. Quebec’s Labour Code has provisions that prohibit the use of replacement workers at the employer’s establishment. Quebec arbitrators, courts, and boards have interpreted this ill-defined concept as a strictly physical location of production, while ignoring technological advances that make remote work possible. This paper examines how the restrictive interpretation of establishment allows a form of strikebreaking that the Spanish Constitutional Court has described as “technological strikebreaking” (esquirolaje technologico), while also allowing the use of technology already at the employer’s disposal to circumvent restrictions on replacement workers even when such technology is not routinely used. The impact of technology on strikebreaking is examined through two case studies: the successive lockouts at the Journal de Québec and the Journal de Montréal. In both cases, external contributors provided the newspapers with content electronically, thus allowing uninterrupted publication. Using Katz, Kochan and Colvil’s three-tier model of collective bargaining, this paper looks at how technological strikebreaking disrupts not only the balance of bargaining power but also bargaining strategy, and how, in the case of the Journal de Montréal, it led to devastating bargaining outcomes. Though the lockouts led to a call for legislative reform in 2011, legislative change is not necessary to align existing provisions with the goal of shortening labour disputes.
Keywords: lockout; replacement workers; right to strike; technological strikebreaking

Should I Stay or Should I Go Home? Newcomer Employment Experiences in Mid-Sized Canadian Cities - Thomas, Jasmine (Canadian Journal of Sociology, 2021)
Despite changes to Canadian immigration policy to address declining labour market outcomes, many highly educated immigrants still face challenges when searching for career-related employment. Semi-structured interviews with 38 newcomer professionals in Edmonton, Alberta and Winnipeg, Manitoba illustrate significant obstacles including a lack of credential recognition, racial discrimination and a requirement for Canadian experience. Drawing from intersectional feminism and critical race theory, this study assesses the perspectives of newcomers during their employment search and explores the common desire for return-migration. Findings illustrate how the pre-arrival expectations of immigrants are incongruent with the realities of persistent labour market barriers. Newcomers consider if they should stay in Canada due to the lack of meaningful economic opportunities.
Keywords: critical race theory; intersectionality; labour market integration; labour market segmentation; transnational feminism

Cabin Crew Conflict: The British Airways Dispute, 2009–11 - Tiemeyer, Phil (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Cabin Crew Conflict: The British Airways Dispute, 2009–11," by Phil Taylor and Sian Moore.

Corvée Labour and the Habitant “Spirit of Mutiny” in New France, 1688–1731 - Tomczak, Richard H. (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article examines the evolution of Canadian corvée labour in the late 17th- and early 18th-century French Empire. In New France, tenants, referred to as habitants, rented land from seigneurs in exchange for several taxes. The labour tax, or corvée, required habitants to work on their seigneur’s estate for one to two days a year. Additionally, habitants were responsible for providing corvée for building any public infrastructure that the community required. From the Nine Years’ War (starting in 1688) to the construction of the Chemin du Roy (1732), colonial officials experimented with mass corvée labour mobilization in Canada. A number of factors allowed habitants to challenge authority when they felt the colonial élite had violated their right to subsistence. When drafted annually into forced labour for the construction of Québec and Montréal’s fortifications, groups of habitants refused to show up for work, called upon their superiors to protect them from service, or collectively discussed mutiny if conditions did not improve. During the first three decades of the 18th century, corvée was a negotiated process, with habitants constantly putting forth their own definitions of acceptable labour mobilization.
Keywords: New France; Québec; corvée; habitants; labour history; mutiny; protest; seigneurial system

Promenade sur Marx. Du côté des héroïnes - Toupin, Louise (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "Promenade sur Marx. Du côté des héroïnes," by Valérie Lefebvre-Faucher.

New Geographies of Racism: Urbanization, the Biopolitical, and Racial Capitalism - Tretter, Eliot (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews and comments on the books, "Indigenous in the City: Contemporary Identities and Cultural Innovation," edited by Evelyn Peters and Chris Anderson, "Displacing Blackness: Planning, Power, and Race in Twentieth-Century Halifax," by Ted Rutland, "Stolen City: Racial Capitalism and the Making of Winnipeg," by Owen Toews, and "Dead Labor: Toward a Political Economy of Premature Death," by James Tyner.

Farewell, Ed Finn: An Early Labour/Le Travail Board Member Who Used Critical Thought and Journalistic Skill to Expose Wrongdoing - Verzuh, Ron (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
Obituary for Ed Finn (1926-2000), journalist, editor, trade unionist, and first leader of the Newfoundland and Labrador NDP.

Jobs, Homes, and the Right to Exist: Neighbourhood Activism in Deindustrializing Toronto and Montreal, 1963-1989 - Vickers, Simon Thomas (University of Toronto, 2021)
This dissertation explores the points of tension between dominant histories of neighbourhood activism in Toronto and Montreal between 1963-1989 and the lived experiences of locally embedded activists who organized for access to safe jobs, homes, and the right to exist in their neighbourhoods. It demonstrates how material conditions, determined by the overlapping processes of deindustrialization, post-industrial development, and the movement of capital from Montreal to Toronto, shaped how neighbourhood activists organized, who they organized with, what they organized for, and how they recorded what they were doing. Dominant narratives of neighbourhood activism during this period over-emphasize the perspectives white, middle-class, and cis-gendered male activists who benefitted from the world the sixties made. Their upward mobility, made possible through the expansion of public spending and their involvement in gentrification, gave them the time and resources to document what they were doing, elevating their perspectives in the historical record. At the same time, embedded poor and working-class, racialized, disabled, and trans activists who continued to experience the ongoing structural violence of the capitalist city also continued to collectively resist that violence. Unfortunately, their ongoing precarity denied them of the resources necessary to produce historical records to the same degree as their upwardly mobile contemporaries. By historicizing how uneven material conditions shaped what activists were doing and how they recorded what they were doing, this thesis demonstrates how power shaped the production of neighbourhood activism history. It also presents opportunities to contest this power in the historical record.

Equal Rights for Migrant Care Workers: The Case for Immigration Policy Transformation - Wadehra, Rishika (Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 2021)
Since the mid-1950s, the Canadian government has increasingly relied on precarious and/or temporary migrant workers to meet a growing demand for care work. Restrictive immigration policies and programs that promise a pathway to permanent residency but place limitations on workers’ rights and freedoms have led to the creation of a highly vulnerable workforce that is subject to working in low-wage and undervalued sectors with few protections. This report argues that, in addition to immediate reforms to current caregiver pilot programs to help protect vulnerable migrant care workers, Canada should work toward granting permanent resident status to all migrants upon arrival. Granting migrants permanent resident status and equal access to available supports and services is key to ensuring basic human rights for all. The report ends with recommendations to achieve this goal.

Interrogating the Union Politics of Equity, Inclusion and Diversity - Wall, Carol; Ng, Winnie Wun Wun (Rethinking the Politics of Labour in Canada, 2021)
Questions the commitment of organized labour to equity, inclusion and diversity, which in practice has been treated as a side show to the bread-and-butter issues. Argues that organized labour must make major internal structural changes to confront the problems of EDI that exist both internally and externally.

Internet Platform Employment in China: Legal Challenges and Implications for Gig Workers through the Lens of Court Decisions - Wang, Tianyu; Cooke, Fang (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2021)
Research Objective and Questions: We aimed to examine court rulings on disputes between network platforms and labour providers in order to understand the nature of the employment relations and the broader consequences for society as a whole. We addressed two questions: What is the attitude and role of the courts in resolving disputes between Internet network platforms and labour providers in China within a civil law system? What are the prospects that legal innovations will improve protection for platform labour providers who fall outside the scope of labour law, in order to counter the unregulated expansion of digital capitalism at the expense of the under-/unprotected? Methodology: We primarily used secondary data, namely 102 publicly available Court decisions from 2014 to 2019. The case decision reports were downloaded from the Supreme People’s Court “Network of Court Decision Papers.” Results: Disputes occurred mainly in cities that have the most developed platforms and an independent worker model of employment. They mainly involved network platforms that provide such services as driving, food delivery and courier services. All of the disputes involved road accidents, and over half occurred in Beijing and Shanghai—two leading cities in China that have dense populations. Dispute cases rose sharply, peaked in 2017, started to drop in 2018 and fell even more in 2019. The disputes seem to have educated people on both sides, with the result that more precautions are being taken. Contributions: Our study makes three contributions. First, we identified three types of platform employment in China, the motives of the platforms in their choice of labour utilization and the legal implications in terms of labour and third-party protection. Second, we examined the attitude and role of the courts in judging disputes between network platforms and labour providers within legal constraints. Third, we propose that socialization of contract service should be central to platform employment.
Keywords: China; court decisions; gig economy; legal challenges; platform employment; subordination theory

The Chronology of Revolution: Communism, Culture, and Civil Society in Twentieth-Century Britain - Weesjes, Elke (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "The Chronology of Revolution: Communism, Culture, and Civil Society in Twentieth-Century Britain," by Ben Harker.

In Memoriam: Leo Panitch, 1945–2020 - Whitaker, Reginald (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
Pays homage to Panitch's life and work as an activist, academic, and writer. Discusses Panitch's origins in Winnipeg's left-wing Jewish community, his tutelage as a graduate student under Ralph Miliband in England, and his wide-ranging engagement as a Marxist political scientist. The author also reflects on his near half-century friendship with Panitch that began in London, England, in 1972.

Sewing in Arviat: Inuit Women’s Work Through Stories and Parkas - Williamson, Christina (Carleton University, 2021)
Sewing has long been a core part of Inuit women's land-based labour in Arviat, Nunavut. The objects that Inuit women produce by sewing, such as parkas, embody their responses to and perspectives of colonialism and the entrenchment of the capitalist economy in their communities. This dissertation takes an interdisciplinary approach using archival records and photographs, museums objects, interviews with seamstresses and experiential learning. In this project, gendered work is inherently connected to gendered knowledge. The amauti, a women's parka with a pouch to carry small children is useful for understanding both work and knowledge because it is a tool for women's work, while also serving as a conceptual lens through which to discuss Inuit women's knowledge transmission. I use methodologies developed in material culture studies to carefully develop three case studies to trace Inuit women's labour through three sewing mediums. The first case study uses caribou skin parka designs to examine women's responses to shifting patterns of subsistence and contact with First Nations and Qallunaat. This chapter argues that changes in caribou skin parka designs embody Inuit women's work as they render changes in their designs to respond to changes in their worlds, thereby enabling the continued work of all family members. Ann Meekitijuk Hanson's concept of Inuktization underpins the next two chapters. One examines the use of trade commodity beads, to centre the decisions of Inuit seamstresses as they undertake the physical and intellectual labour that resulted in beadwork that reflects Inuit aesthetics and worldviews. In the final case study, I argue that the shift to fabric parka sewing in the twentieth century demonstrates that sewing remains a significant part of women's work in the mixed economy of Arviat. Inuit women Inuktized fabric into something that suited their needs despite the deprivations caused by colonial policies. The findings of this project foreground Inuit women's work in historical records by centring the sewn objects that women make; they use their knowledge and skills to create a distinctly Inuit modernity.

The Long Deep Grudge: A Story of Big Capital, Radical Labor, and Class War in the American Heartland - Wood, Gregory (Labour / Le Travail, 2021)
The article reviews the book, "The Long Deep Grudge: A Story of Big Capital, Radical Labor, and Class War in the American Heartland," by Toni Gilpin.