From Advice to “Secret Mandates”: The Evolution of Government Intervention in Public-Sector Bargaining in Alberta, Canada - Foster, Jason; Barnetson, Bob; Cake, Susan (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2024)
Governments in Canada are increasingly using multiple tools to advance their political agenda at the expense of free collective bargaining in the public sector. Legislative intervention has long been a strategy to curtail bargaining rights (Evans et al., 2023). Recently, governments have turned to non-legislative means to influence bargaining outcomes. This article is about the use of a coordination office, a decidedly non-legislative tactic, and how, over two rounds of negotiations, it transformed public-sector bargaining in Alberta. Bargaining has been further transformed by enactment of a legal requirement to keep the government’s mandates secret, the outcome being increased frustration among union representatives and potential damage to long-term relationships. Together, these measures have provided the government with a powerful means of influence, which, if successful, could spread to other jurisdictions.
Keywords: government intervention; permanent exceptionalism; public-sector collective bargaining

Hommage à Raymond Léger, 1955–2023 - Frank, David (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
Tribute to the life and work of the union activist and social historian, Raymond Léger, who was also a member of Labour/Le Travail's editorial board.

The Things of Life: Materiality in Late Soviet Russia - Fraser, Erica L. (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
The article reviews the book, "The Things of Life: Materiality in Late Soviet Russia," by Alexey Golubev.

Le rôle du job-crafting dans la transition professionnelle vers une nouvelle identité religieuse : accompagner la réconciliation identitaire ? - Gaillard, Hugo (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2024)
L’expression de l’identité religieuse au travail a longtemps été une thématique négligée, malgré un regain d’intérêt croissant. Cette recherche répond à l’appel d’une vision plus dynamique de l’objet pour comprendre comment les personnes concilient religiosité et professionnalité dans des contextes plus ou moins contraignants. Nous étudions le cas de travailleurs qui se convertissent à une nouvelle religion au cours de leur carrière. À travers une méthodologie qualitative et longitudinale, nous suivons 22 personnes converties à l’islam travaillant dans des entreprises françaises, à travers trois entretiens sur un an (66 entretiens). Les résultats montrent l’existence de plusieurs formes de job-crafting identitaire, qui conduisent à quatre grandes stratégies de réconciliation entre identité religieuse et identité professionnelle. La recherche établit un lien original entre les transitions identitaires, sur l’identité religieuse et sur le job-crafting.
Keywords: Identity transition; Transition identitaire; identity-based job crafting; identité professionnelle; identité religieuse; job crafting; job crafting identitaire; longitudinal qualitative study; professional identity; religious identity; étude qualitative longitudinale

La violence ouvrière au tribunal – Étude des injonctions contre les piquets de grève au Québec (2002–2023) - Gallié, Martin (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
Based on an analysis of judgments on the motion for issuance of an injunction order against strike pickets rendered by the Quebec Superior Court between 2002 and 2023, this article shows that it has been extremely rare for judges to note serious acts of violence, such as beatings, injuries and dangerous acts of vandalism. On the other hand, a threatening look, the appearance or risk of any nuisance can always be qualified by the Court as intimidation, a threat, violence, a wrongful act, irreparable harm, and can justify limiting the right to picket in its simplest form of expression. We then defend the hypothesis that these orders granted in an almost mechanical manner are totally disproportionate, that they sanction workers in an indiscriminate and preventive manner, to the point of undermining the very essence of the right to picket, and this, in violation of the rights to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly of workers recognized by the Supreme Court.
Keywords: Québec labour movement; freedom of demonstration; freedom of expression; freedom of peaceful assembly; injunction; intimidation; lockout; picket lines; picketing; sabotage; strike; vandalism; violence

Discrimination professionnelle, croyance en un monde juste et désengagement vis-à-vis du travail - Gangloff, Bernard; Fares, Rabie (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2024)
Cette recherche examine l’impact d’une privation relative sur la croyance en un monde juste et sur le désengagement vis-à-vis du travail. Deux études ont été menées, dans chacune desquelles deux groupes de Français d’origine maghrébine ont été confrontés à une situation dans laquelle ils devaient se mettre à la place d’un Français d’origine maghrébine indiquant avoir déjà été victime de discrimination vs déclarant n’en avoir jamais subi. Dans la première étude, ce Français essuyait un refus de promotion au profit d’un Français de souche (privation intergroupale) alors que dans la seconde c’était au profit d’un autre Français d’origine maghrébine (privation intragroupale). Les participants répondaient alors à un questionnaire de croyance en un monde juste et de désengagement vis-à-vis du travail. Il est constaté que dans la situation intergroupale, les participant(e)s de la condition « Négation de discrimination » et ceux de la condition « Reconnaissance de discrimination » ne se différencient sur aucune des deux variables dépendantes. En revanche, dans la situation intragroupale, les participants placés dans la condition « Négation de discrimination » croient davantage en un monde juste et dévaluent plus le travail que ceux de la condition « Reconnaissance de discrimination ». De plus, la croyance en un monde juste (VM) semble médiatiser la relation entre le type d’attribution (VI) et la dévaluation du travail (VD). Ces résultats sont confrontés à ceux de la littérature et discutés sur le plan de leurs implications.
Keywords: Attribution; comparaison intergroupe; comparaison intragroupe; privation relative

Employee Turnover and Company Value: Were European Companies Equally Affected by the COVID-19 Pandemic? - Garsaa, Aziza (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2024)
Summary: In this study, we sought to identify how employee turnover affected company value in a sample of 254 European listed companies before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We specifically tested the hypothesis that the most profitable and socially responsible companies withstood the pandemic better. We then complemented our analysis by identifying potential sectoral differences. We analyzed the association between employee turnover and company value by using a quantile regression model to determine this association at each point of the conditional distribution of company value. All of our financial and non-financial data for the 2019-2020 period were extracted from the Bloomberg database. We found a negative association between employee turnover and company value before and during the pandemic. The additional costs of employee turnover may have therefore reduced stock market values. The negative association weakened considerably during the pandemic for those companies that had the lowest company value, possibly because of the government support and guarantees they received during the lockdowns. Our sectoral analysis showed a stronger effect on traditional industries with intensive human interactions than on modern industries with predominantly virtual interactions. Estimation results from more profitable companies showed a positive association before the pandemic, perhaps because they had an ‘optimal’ level of employee turnover that maximized their productivity and performance and, thus, their stock market value. This association completely reversed during the pandemic, perhaps because their higher profitability was not sufficient to dampen the negative effect of the increase in employee turnover. For the most profitable and socially responsible companies, the same association was much stronger both before and during the pandemic. For almost all of the companies, the estimated coefficients of employee turnover were positive before the pandemic but became negative for those companies that had the lowest stock market values during the pandemic. This study enriches the existing literature by being the first one to show how employee turnover affected the company value of European listed firms before and during the pandemic. It also provides new evidence that this association varied with the level of sectoral sensitivity to the pandemic and was much stronger for the most profitable and socially responsible companies.
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic; company profitability; company value; employee turnover; quantile regression; social responsibility

Migrant Agricultural Workers’ Experiences of Support in Three Migrant‐Intensive Communities in Canada | Article | Social Inclusion - George, Glynis; Lozanski, Kristin; Mayell, Stephanie; Caxaj, Susana (Social Inclusion, 2024)
Canada has intensified its reliance on temporary foreign workers, including migrant agricultural workers (MAWs) who have contributed to its agriculture sector, rural economies, and food security for decades. These workers live and work in rural communities across Canada for up to two years. Thousands of MAWs engage in recurring cyclical migration, often returning to the same rural communities in Canada for decades, while others are undocumented. Yet MAWs do not have access to the supports and services provided for immigrant newcomers and pathways for permanent residence. The exclusion of these workers from such entitlements, including labour mobility, reinforces their precarity, inhibits their sense of belonging, and reflects the stratification built into Canada’s migration regime. This article draws on interviews with 98 MAWs in three migrant‐intensive regions in southwestern Ontario to examine how workers construct and describe support in relation to co‐workers, employers, residents, and community organizations. Drawing on conceptualizations of support as an important vehicle for social connection and inclusion that comprises social and citizenship belonging, we document how the strategies MAWs employ to forge connections are enabled or undermined by Canada’s Temporary Foreign Worker Program, community dynamics, and the broader forces of racialization, gender, and exclusion. This article contributes to the limited scholarship on the support landscape for MAWs, whose experiences foreground the contested nature of belonging and inclusion among migrant populations across smaller cities and rural areas.

Private Eyes, They See Your Every Move: Workplace Surveillance and Worker Well-Being - Glavin, Paul; Bierman, Alex; Schieman, Scott (Social Currents, 2024)
Despite a surge in the number of organizations using surveillance technology to monitor their workers, understanding of the health impacts of these technologies in the broader working population is limited. The current study addresses this omission using a novel measure of an individual’s overall perception of workplace surveillance, which enables it to be asked of all workers, rather than only those in specific occupations or work contexts that have historically been vulnerable to electronic performance monitoring. Structural equation modeling analyses based on a national sample of Canadian workers (N = 3,508) reveal that surveillance perceptions are indirectly associated with increased psychological distress and lower job satisfaction through stress proliferation. Findings demonstrate that the negative consequences of surveillance are explained by its positive association with three secondary work stressors: job pressures, reduced autonomy, and privacy violations. In the case of psychological distress, these stressors fully mediate a positive association with surveillance. The relationship between surveillance and job satisfaction is more complex, however, with the indirect effects of stress proliferation balanced out by a positive direct effect of surveillance on satisfaction. These results support the use of a stress process framework to examine how surveillance impacts worker well-being through stress proliferation.

Longshore Labour and Radicalism - Goldfield, Michael (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
The article reviews and comments on the books, "Harry Bridges: Labor Radical, Labor Legend" by Robert W. Cherny, "Labor under Siege: Big Bob McEllrath and the ILWU's Fight for Organized Labor in an Anti-Union Era," by Harvey Schwartz with Ronald Magden, "Under the Iron Heel: The Wobblies and the Capitalist War on Radical Workers," by Ahmed White.

Building That Bright Future: Soviet Karelia in the Life Writing of Finnish North Americans - Golubev, Alexey (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
The article reviews the book, "Building That Bright Future: Soviet Karelia in the Life Writing of Finnish North Americans," by Samira Saramo.

Gaining Political Legitimacy through Social Dialogue: The Interest Representation of European Employers’ Organizations - Gooberman, Leon; Hauptmeier, Marco (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2024)
This article examines the interest representation of European Employers’ Organizations (EEOs) in the European Union (EU). Previous literature in employment relations focused on employer activity in social dialogue, while literature in political science focused on political representation and how business associations lobby EU political institutions. Going beyond this dualism in the literature, this article suggests that gaining a full understanding of the interest representation of European Employers Organizations requires analyzing interactions between the political and social dialogue arenas. We argue that EEOs gain legitimacy through participating in social dialogue to facilitate their primary focus of political interest representation. Strategic and institutional perspectives on legitimacy provide insights into how EEOs respond to challenges and manage their environment within the EU to pursue their interests.
Keywords: Dialogue Social; European Union; European employment relations; Lobbying; Légitimité; Organisations d’employeurs; Relations d’emploi Européennes; Représentation politique; Union Européene; employers’ organizations; legitimacy; lobbying; political representation; social dialogue

The Real Living Wage: Civil Regulation and the Employment Relationship - Greer, Ian (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2024)
The article reviews the book, "The Real Living Wage: Civil Regulation and the Employment Relationship," by Edmund Heery, Deborah Hann, and David Nash

Exploration de la relation marque employeur-fidélisation : le rôle et les composantes clés de l’expérience collaborateur - Grouille, Romuald (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2024)
Le concept de marque employeur (ME) suppose de communiquer une promesse d’emploi unique et désirable afin d’attirer puis fidéliser. La consistance de la ME dans le temps (perçue par les candidats puis vécue par les salariés) conditionnerait la fidélité. Pourtant, de récents travaux démontrent que la ME n’est pas consistante dans le temps, sans que cela n’affecte négativement la fidélité. La recherche demeure relativement aveugle aux facteurs expliquant cette évolution et ses effets, soit ce qui se joue durant l’expérience du collaborateur (EMX). Le concept d’EMX, élusif et peu stabilisé, souffre d’un manque de clarté théorique et de modalités d’investigations pratiques. Cette étude étudie ainsi des récits expérientiels de 40 informants sur une année de contrat, afin de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension et appréhension pratique de l’EMX et d’en apprécier les effets sur la ME et la fidélité. Les résultats permettent de valider quatre propriétés structurantes de l’EMX, clarifiant le concept et guidant son investigation : interactionnelle, enracinée, indéfinie et source d’apprentissage. Cette dernière propriété semble jouer un rôle crucial dans l’évolution des perceptions de la ME observées, et expliquer leurs effets sur la fidélité.
Keywords: contrat psychologique; employee experience; employer brand; expérience collaborateur; fidélisation; loyalty; marque employeur; psychological contract; retention; rétention

The National Federation of Labor Youth and the Candy Bar Kids: Radical Youth, Popular Protest, and the Red Scare in Postwar Canada - Guard, Julie (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
Thousands of children and youth across the country took to the streets for two weeks in spring 1947 to protest a three-cent increase in the price of chocolate bars. The protest initially generated enthusiastic press coverage and had widespread popular support, but when the National Federation of Labor Youth (nfly), the Communist Party's youth organization, announced its support, anti-communists in the press and the community red-baited the protesters. The campaign quickly lost momentum, which anti-communists attributed to the presence of Communists but was more likely due to their own red-baiting attacks in the press. Some of these protests were spontaneous reactions to a 40 per cent increase in the price of candy bars, while others were led or inspired by nfly. Either way, the countrywide mobilization of thousands of children and youth marks a turning point in the history of Canada's left. Erupting in tandem with a nationwide strike of industrial workers and protests of activist consumers demanding greater economic security and a more responsive state, the children's chocolate bar protest provides a window on this critical moment in the class struggle. The attacks on this popular protest at the moment that the long run of community-based militancy was about to be demonized, delegitimated, and silenced by red-baiting marks a significant milestone in Canada's Cold War. In addition to adding the youngsters' challenge to capital and the state to the history of the popular left, the event contributes to the growing literature on children and youth engaged in political protest, while their creative protest strategies offer a youthful dimension to the study of performance activism.
Keywords: Communist youth; Jeunesses communistes; boycotts; children; chocolat; chocolate; class struggle; enfants; lutte des classe; militantisme de performance; performance activism; prices; prix; protest; protestation

Les emplois du care : reflet d’une gestion des ressources humaines exclusive ? - Hallée, Yves; Delattre, Miguel (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2024)
Ce texte s’inscrit dans une perspective critique où, à la lumière des différentes évolutions et changements, le moment semble opportun pour appeler à un réexamen ou à un renouveau de la gestion des ressources humaines (Delbridge et Keenoy, 2010 ; Hallée, Taskin et Vincent, 2018). La Critical Human Resource Management est une posture qui remet en cause le discours managérial dominant et qui valorise les voix exclues de la réflexion en GRH (Delbridge et Keenoy, 2010). Ces préoccupations sont liées à une tradition de critique humaniste, notamment l’injustice sociale et la remise en question des systèmes sociaux et économiques que des entreprises servent et reproduisent (Adler, Forbes et Willmott, 2007). Les enjeux liés au genre, à l’inégalité, à la gouvernance, au pouvoir et à la domination font partie du questionnement (ibid., Lee Ashcraft, 2009). Nous avons mobilisé la théorie de critique de la justice sociale de Fraser où des enjeux de citoyenneté, de reconnaissance, de redistribution et de participation y sont notamment discutés (Fraser, 1989). Ces concepts, que nous associons à des pratiques de GRH, ont fait l’objet d’une recherche à partir d’emplois du care qui sont à prédominance féminine. L’un des problèmes fondamentaux de la dévalorisation du travail « dit » féminin repose sur l’idée que les activités professionnelles similaires aux divers types de travaux à domicile sont naturelles chez la femme et donc, issues de dispositions biologiques plutôt que de compétences acquises (Kymlicka, 1999). Nos résultats montrent que les disparités de traitement pour les emplois du care pourraient s’assimiler, dans les faits, à une exclusion déguisée, malgré des discours contraires. Les titulaires des emplois du care ne participent pas suffisamment à l’interaction sociale sur un même pied d’égalité, considérant les obstacles institutionnalisés formels et informels liés à la reconnaissance, à la redistribution et à la participation.
Keywords: Care jobs; Distribution; Emploi du care; Inclusion/exclusion; Participation; Recognition; Reconnaissance; Remuneration; Rémunération

Le Québec en mouvements : Continuité et renouvellement des pratiques militantes - Hamel-Roy, Laurence (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
The article reviews the book, "Le Québec en mouvements : Continuité et renouvellement des pratiques militantes," by Pascale Dufour, Laurence Bherer, and Geneviève Pagé.

Indigenous Doulas: Exploitative Work While Caring for Our Relative - Hayward, Ashley; Wodtke, Larissa; Phanlouvong, Ari; Wiebe, Sandra; Kowalski, Kiera; Cidro, Jaime (Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 2024)
Indigenous doulas in Canada carry added responsibilities as they juggle with cultural and societal expectations to appropriately support their communities and extended relations. They not only face socioeconomic challenges as a result of doula care being excluded from the universal healthcare system, but also deal with the affective costs of caregiving. Through an Indigenous-centred intersectional lens, the idea of Indigenous doula work as exploitative labour is examined under four key areas: (1) the historical role of doulas in Indigenous communities; (2) colonial policies and processes that devalued Indigenous women; (3) colonial policies and processes that devalued birth workers, and; (4) challenges that Indigenous doulas face today. This study aims to provide context to the challenges faced by Indigenous doulas working within the dominant, Western medical system and confines of capitalism. The study concludes that the policies and processes that derived from these systems have led to the hardships imposed on Indigenous doulas, which reveal a need for policy solutions that recognize the value of Indigenous doulas in the healthcare system.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377945513_Indigenous_doulas_Exploitative_work_while_caring_for_our_relative
Keywords: Affective labour; Colonialism; Health equity; Indigenous doulas; Pregnancy and birthing

Solidarity Beyond Bars: Unionizing Prison Labour - Heggie, Clare (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
The article reviews the book, "Solidarity Beyond Bars: Unionizing Prison Labour," by Jordan House and Asaf Rashid.

El Golpe: US Labor, the CIA, and the Coup at Ford in Mexico - Hernández, Carlos R. (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
The article reviews the book, "El Golpe: US Labor, the CIA, and the Coup at Ford in Mexico," by Rob McKenzie and Patrick Dunne.

A Field in Flux: Sixty Years of Industrial Relations - Hilgert, Jeffrey (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
The article reviews the book, "A Field in Flux: Sixty Years of Industrial Relations," by Robert B. McKersie.

“Thoroughly Impregnated with Bolshevik Philosophy”: Annie Buller’s Incarceration and Canadian Political Policing during World War II - Hinther, Rhonda L. (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
Annie Buller makes for an interesting case study of Canada’s World War II security state and how it functioned vis-à-vis the Communist Party of Canada and its allies. Her experiences speak to gender, party history, and broader elements of political policing, community responses, and confinement experiences. Like her life, her wartime encounters with the Canadian security state were concurrently like and different from those of other criminalized female and male activists at the time about whom we know more. Among the apprehended and incarcerated, female or male, Buller was somewhat of an anomaly and warrants special attention. Buller’s particular situation helps to shed light on lesser-understood elements of the Communist wartime carceral experience, including the lack of trust officials had in these processes at times to accomplish the intended repression and important details about efforts to free those incarcerated. Ultimately, Buller’s case and the movement to liberate her and the other incarcerated members of the party illustrate the power of grassroots activism in challenging oppressive systems.
Keywords: Annie Buller; Communist Party of Canada; National Council for Democratic Rights; internment; political policing

The Impact of Sexual Harassment on Women's Health and Well‐Being: A Case for Studying the Casino Gaming Industry - Hoffman, Shekinah (Sociology Compass, 2024)
With the advancement of science and technology and the improvement of social attitudes and mentalities, many Canadian women nowadays hold professions that have always been held exclusively by men. They have been able to integrate educational training, academic programs, and professional careers that have always been “masculine”, such as engineering, architecture, accounting, finance, military, trades, construction, and law enforcement, to name a few. Women in Canada have successfully performed and integrated these “masculine” professions. However, this integration was only a one-way street in many circumstances, not appreciated or accepted by men who considered it an invasion of their professional property and territory. Therefore, it unfortunately opens the door to bullying, discrimination, intimidation, and even sexual harassment. Sexual harassment of women in the workplace has always been persistent, especially in male-dominated industries. Not only does it harm women’s health, advancement, and career, but it also harms the organizations and their reputations. This research will investigate the impacts of sexual harassment on the overall health of women working in male-dominated industries in Canada.

Climate Change and Energy Transition: Perceptions of Emergency, Responsibility, and the Future Imaginaries of Manitoban Unionized Workers - Hudson, Mark (Futures, 2024)
This paper explores the perceptions and future imaginaries of a group of union members in Manitoba, Canada, concerning climate change, energy transition, and the roles of unions and workers in climate politics. Based on interviews with 30 rank and file workers carried out through the winter of 2020, the results suggest some starting points for a more active engagement between the labour movement and climate politics—an engagement that is central to climate justice, and that becomes more vital every moment as workers both participate through their waged labour in the production of ecological crisis, and stand to suffer intensely from both climate change and from elite-led energy transitions.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378645967_Climate_change_and_energy_transition_Perceptions_of_emergency_responsibility_and_the_future_imaginaries_of_Manitoban_unionized_workers
Keywords: Canada; Climate change; Unions; Workers; environmental justice; just transition

Relations de sous-traitance internationale et conditions de travail dans les pays en développement : une enquête auprès des PME de l’industrie du textile au Maroc - Idbendris, Brahim; Debbagh, Bouchra (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2024)
Cet article vise à étudier les conséquences sociales des relations industrielles de la sous-traitance internationale qui, si elle est source de compétitivité pour les grandes entreprises dans les pays développés, peut conduire à des conditions de travail indécentes dans les pays en développement, en particulier dans les industries à forte intensité de main-d'oeuvre. Nous abordons la question peu explorée de la nature de l'engagement des PME du textile au Maroc en matière de responsabilité sociale compte tenu des exigences des grands donneurs d’ordres. Les résultats de notre étude quantitative corroborent l'hypothèse d'une dégradation des conditions de travail des salariés qui accompagne la sous-traitance internationale.
Keywords: Industrie du textile; PME; conditions de travail; contractants; sous-traitance

Countercurrents: Women's Movements in Postwar Montreal - Kealey, Linda (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
The article reviews the book, "Countercurrents: Women's Movements in Postwar Montreal," by Amanda Ricci.

Environmental Activism on the Ground: Small Green and Indigenous Organizing - Khandelwal, Chetna (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
The article reviews the book, "Environmental Activism on the Ground: Small Green and Indigenous Organizing," by Jonathan Clapperton and Liza Piper.

Bounding the Boundless: Gendered Work Hierarchies and “Boundless Work” in Ontario Longterm Care Homes - Klostermann, Janna; Funk, Laura (Studies in Political Economy / Recherches en économie politique, 2024)
This article pushes forward research and thinking on “boundless work” in hierarchal gendered organizations within the context of late neoliberalism. Weaving the tools of feminist political economy with rhetorical analysis techniques, our analysis of gendered work in Ontario nursing homes reveals moralized hierarchies, contextually specific variations across organizations, and potential sites of resistance and change. It demonstrates the utility of understanding and exploring “boundless work” as an interpretive category that is actively under negotiation. This paper is part of the SPE special theme “Decent care work: politics, policy, and resistance.”
https://doi.org/10.1080/07078552.2024.2422684
Keywords: Boundary setting; boundless work organization; care work; longterm care; privatization; unpaid work

The Canadian ‘War of the Two Sugars’: Homegrown Sugar Beets and the Racial Stratification of Labour - Komori, Jane (Historical Materialism, 2024)
This paper provides a history of more than a century of efforts to establish and maintain a homegrown Canadian sugar supply – a twentieth century version of what Eric Williams called the ‘war of the two sugars,’ or the global competition between sugar beet and cane. To resolve beet sugar’s so-called ‘labour problem,’ the industry has collaborated with the Canadian state to produce new classes of temporary workers, mobilizing incarcerated Japanese Canadians, migrant indigenous families, and Mexican and Caribbean workers employed through the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program. At the same time, the sugar industry has sought to refine itself of the racialised workers upon whom it relies by promoting the figure of the white Canadian worker. The Canadian ‘war of the two sugars’ has been fought through the stratification of the labour force along the lines of citizenship, resulting in the production of unique racial forms.

«We Can't Find a Basis for Unity but We Feel We Should»: Conflits et sororité autour des conférences indochinoises qui se sont tenues au Canada en 1971 - Labelle, Sandrine (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
Organisées au printemps 1971 pour dénoncer l'intervention américaine au Vietnam, les conférences indochinoises constituent l'une des plus importantes tentatives de coalitions féministes de l'époque. L'événement incarne le projet de bâtir une sororité globale. Bien qu'abondamment critiqué dans l'historiographie, cet idéal est rarement analysé dans toute son ambiguïté : cet article propose donc d'historiciser la sororité et de mettre en lumière la complexité de ses usages politiques. Tout en reconnaissant l'importance des conflits entourant ce projet, nous souhaitons justement comprendre pourquoi, malgré tout, celui-ci s'impose comme cadre de référence partagé par une si grande diversité de militantes au tournant des années 1970., Cette relecture des conférences indochinoises permet de proposer une définition plus souple de la sororité globale : les discours sur la question reflètent les tiraillements d'un mouvement mû par l'urgence d'articuler les différentes subjectivités des femmes pour organiser une opposition massive et efficace à la guerre du Vietnam. La sororité sert ainsi de cadre de référence fédérateur suffisamment malléable pour permettre à diverses conceptions du féminisme de coexister et de s'entrechoquer. Elle permet ainsi de baliser un terrain à partir duquel une solidarité féministe pluraliste et débattue peut se développer.
Keywords: Anti-imperialism; Decolonization; Feminism; Féminisme; Global Sisterhood; Guerre du Vietnam; Internationalism; Solidarity; Third-worldism; Vietnam War; anti-impérialisme; décolonisation; internationalisme; solidarité; sororité globale; tiers-mondisme

The Moderate Bolshevik: Mikhail Tomsky from the Factory to the Kremlin, 1880-1936 - Lalande, J.-Guy (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
The article reviews the book, "The Moderate Bolshevik: Mikhail Tomsky from the Factory to the Kremlin, 1880-1936," by Charters Wynn.

Les découplages comme des régulations disjointes - Mainhagu, Sébastien (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2024)
Dans cet article, nous proposons un développement théorique sur le concept de découplage, qui s’avère utile pour analyser les relations industrielles. Beaucoup d’auteurs définissent le découplage comme un processus de réponses des organisations aux pressions institutionnelles. Si le découplage « politique-pratique » décrit par Bromley et Powell (2012) rejoint le cas de figure décrit par Meyer et Rowan (1977), où le choix est intentionnel, associé à un simulacre d’évaluation, le découplage « moyens-fins » rappelle les situations décrites par Reynaud. Dans ce cas, les dirigeants ont l’intention d’appliquer les normes institutionnelles, qu’ils ont reproduites sous forme de procédures, mais échouent à les appliquer sous la pression des opérationnels. Pour autant, la TNI n’explique par le processus sous-jacent au découplage en négligeant la dimension politique dans la production de normes et de règles, ce que la TRS permet à travers le concept de régulation sociale. En quoi le découplage dans les organisations est-il une forme de régulation sociale ? Nous faisons tout d’abord un état de l’art sur le concept de découplage, en particulier les travaux de chercheurs de la TNI inscrits dans une approche épistémologique du constructivisme social, en précisant leurs lacunes. Nous montrons ensuite que la TRS, compatible en partie avec cette dernière approche, apporte une lecture qui rompt avec une analyse multiniveau en considérant les processus de production de règles de tous les groupes sociaux sans les hiérarchiser. Nous montrons que la TRS appréhende ce phénomène comme une forme de régulations disjointes en distinguant trois catégories selon l’existence de négociation et d’accord : Les régulations disjointes « d’évitement » expliquent le découplage « politique-pratique », où la direction a connaissance de l’écart entre ses normes institutionnelles et les règles des opérateurs et fait le choix d’éviter la confrontation. Les régulations disjointes « conflictuelles » expliquent le découplage « moyens-fins » avec un alignement des structures voulu par la direction, contrariée par le pouvoir des professionnels. Les régulations disjointes « de méconnaissance » expliquent le découplage provoqué par une absence de connaissance des règles autonomes par la direction. Les équipes d’opérateurs peuvent aussi ignorer la règle de contrôle. Ces formes de disjonction entre les espaces sociaux (institutions, sommet stratégique, groupes d’opérateurs) expliquent les différents types de découplages à l’oeuvre dans un secteur économique, ouvrant des pistes de recherches stimulantes pour le futur.
Keywords: Decoupling; Découplages; Neo-institutional theory; Régulations sociales; Social regulation; Théorie néo-institutionnelle

“It’s like We’re Still in Slavery”: Stress as Distress and Discourse among Jamaican Farm Workers in Ontario, Canada - Mayell, Stephanie (Social Sciences, 2024)
For more than fifty years, Jamaican farm workers have been seasonally employed in Canada under the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP). In Canada, these workers live and work in conditions that make them vulnerable to various health issues, including poor mental health. This ethnographic study investigated Jamaican SAWP workers’ mental health experiences in Southern Ontario. Several common factors that engender psychological distress among Jamaican workers, ranging from mild to extreme suffering, were uncovered and organised into five themes: (1) family, (2) work environments and SAWP relations, (3) living conditions and isolation, (4) racism and social exclusion, and (5) illness and injury. I found that Jamaican workers predominantly use the term ‘stress’ to articulate distress, and they associate experiences of suffering with historic plantation slavery. Analysis of workers’ stress discourses revealed their experiences of psychological distress are structured by the conditions of the SAWP and their social marginalisation in Ontario. This article presents and discusses these findings in the context of SAWP power dynamics and concludes with policy recommendations aimed at improving the mental health of all SAWP workers. In foregrounding the experiences of Jamaican workers, this study addresses the dearth of research on the health and wellbeing of Caribbean SAWP workers.
Number: 1
Keywords: Canada; Jamaica; anti-Black racism; idiom of distress; medical anthropology; mental health; migrant farm workers; migration; stress

Exploring Edmonton’s Library and Archival Labour Movements and Visions of a National Library Workers’ Organization - McNally, Michael; Agostini, Michelle De (CAUT Journal, 2024)
This article examines the history and relationship between organizing library workers and creating spaces for critical conversations among those in the field that have occurred in Edmonton since 2010. The reflective piece begins with a short history of the rise of the Edmonton Chapter of the Progressive Librarians Guild (PLG). Despite PLG’s early successes, PLG Edmonton disaffiliated from the broader PLG organization in 2016, and its successor organization, the Information Workers Collective (IWC), ultimately and rapidly failed as an organization. However, an ongoing space for critical conversation was facilitated the emergence of the local Politics of Libraries (PoL) conference largely organized by student volunteers. The article concludes by reflecting on the limits of organizing beyond Edmonton.
Keywords: Edmonton; Politics of Libraries; Progressive Librarians Guild

Capitalism and Colonialism – Settler and First Nation: An Uneasy History - Menzies, Charles R.; hayetsk, hagwil (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
Critiques Bryan Palmer's essay, "The Past is Before Us," published in the same issue. The paper was originally presented as a set of comments at the conference, Challenging Labour conference/Le défi du travail, Mount Royal University, Calgary, October 2022. Author hagwil hayetsk is also known as Charles Menzies.
Keywords: Bryan D. Palmer; Gitxaała; Histoire des Autochtones; Indigenous Marxism; Indigenous history; Tsimshian; capitalisme de peuplement; colonialism; colonialisme; marxisme autochtone; settler capitalism

Individual and Collective Action: Advocating for Academic Librarians’ Rights from Within and Outside of the Bargaining Unit - Mills, Melanie; Drabinski, Emily (CAUT Journal, 2024)
Most academic librarians working in the postsecondary sector in Canada and the United States today hold faculty status appointments and are represented by their campus faculty association (i.e., they are unionized). In some settings, librarians and archivists are included in the same collective bargaining unit as teaching and research faculty, while in others, information workers have their own bargaining unit. Still yet, there are campuses where librarians are not recognized as academic staff, and as such, they must actively advocate to win the rights and recognition that most of their peers who are employed at other college and university campuses in North America enjoy. This advocacy work takes place at both the individual and collective levels. The following case study explores the experiences of one Canadian and one American academic librarian who each offer their own, distinct perspectives of having held faculty status librarian appointments with permanence (i.e., tenure or continuing appointment) as well as appointments as academic library administrators, roles where librarians typically relinquish, formally and informally, their active membership in and representation by the faculty association and/or collective bargaining unit. Reflections shared will include: perspectives gained on collective action, having directly participated in labour action (e.g., a librarian and archivist strike) and collective labour advocacy work in the North American context; considerations for leaving, be it temporarily or permanently, a tenured librarian appointment for a library administrative post outside of the union (e.g., improved individual compensation, striving to improve individual and collective working conditions for librarians from within the leadership ranks) and the costs of doing so (e.g., relinquishing faculty status and its associated rights and responsibilities, including academic freedom and a workload that formally recognizes research and service work); and finally, the knowledge gained and insight gleaned after having returned to the privileged position of a faculty status librarian appointment with permanence. Arising out of this case study, strategies will be offered to help academic librarians resist corporate practices that erode their individual and collective autonomy and employment stability, and which are misaligned with academic librarians’ core professional values. The experiences of these two librarians, who have each engaged in advocacy work from both within and outside of the collective bargaining unit, will be explored in relation to the wider context of collective action, unionisation, and the overall employment conditions of information workers in Canada and the United States.
Keywords: academic librarians; collective action; labour action

Théories féministes voyageuses. Internationalisme et coalitions depuis les luttes latinoaméricaines - Montreuil, Frédérique (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
The article reviews the book, "Théories féministes voyageuses. Internationalisme et coalitions depuis les luttes latinoaméricaines," by Mara Montanaro.

"What Is Labour's Stake?": Workers and the History of Environmentalism in Alberta - Montrie, Chad (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
Although counterintuitive for many academics and lay people alike, the Canadian environmental movement has long included significant engagement from organized labour. More surprising, perhaps, the most dedicated labour environmentalists came from unions representing workers in the auto, steel, mining, chemical, and oil industries. This was certainly the case in Alberta during the 1970s. There, the Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers (ocaw) used their outsized influence within the Alberta Federation of Labour (afl) to conjoin growing concern about occupational health and safety with developing awareness about air and water pollution beyond the workplace. Drawing on fonds at the University of Calgary Glenbow Archives, Provincial Archives of Alberta, and Library and Archives Canada, this article chronicles and assesses efforts by ocaw officials within the afl to introduce and sustain a labour environmentalist agenda. It also makes an argument for historians interested in the origins and evolution of the Canadian environmental movement to pay closer attention to organized labour.
Keywords: Alberta Federation of Labour; Canadian Labour Congress; Chemical and Atomic Workers; Congrès du travail du Canada; Fédération; Jim MacDonald; Neil Reimer; Oil; Reg Basken; Save Tomorrow Oppose Pollution; Syndicalisme; du travail de l'Alberta; environment; environnement; labour

L’Économie institutionnelle. Sa place dans l’économie politique - Morel, Sylvie (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2024)
The article reviews the book, "L’Économie institutionnelle. Sa place dans l’économie politique," 2 volumes of John Rogers Commons, critical edition by Jean-Jacques Gislain and Bruno Théret.

Sustainable Human Resource Management, Unions and Equality-Enabling Practices: A Framework-Based Systematic Literature Review and Directions for Future Research - Muduli, Ashutosh; Bharath, Sindu (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2024)
In response to Sustainable Development Goals 5 and 10 (SDGs), organizations are collaborating with unions to integrate sustainability into their strategies by adopting socially responsible HR practices for social equity and equality. In this study, grounded in social justice ideology, we explore the antecedents, decisions and outcomes of sustainable HRM practices that promote workplace equity and equality with union support. We used a framework-based systematic literature review (SLR) method, guided by the antecedents-decisions-outcomes (ADO) framework of Paul et al. (2023), and followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocols to ensure comprehensive and transparent reporting. Using the ADO framework, we identified organizational culture and values, stakeholder engagement, union trends, legal framework and regulations, collective agreements and company size as “antecedents.” “Decisions” encompassed inclusive recruitment and hiring practices, equal pay and compensation initiatives, diversity and inclusion training, flexible work arrangements and mechanisms for conflict resolution and grievance handling. “Outcomes” included improved employee well-being, enhanced productivity and performance, greater support for diversity and inclusion and a positive impact on employee health and safety. Each of the explored practices corresponded to one of three types of social justice. We suggest several avenues for future research by identifying critical gaps in theory and practice.
Keywords: ADO; Gestion durable des ressources humaines; PRISMA; Revue de littérature systématique; SDG 10; justice sociale; objectif de développement durable n° 10; social justice; sustainable human resource management; syndicats; systematic literature review; unions

Questioning the Entrepreneurial State: Status-Quo, Pitfalls, and the Need for Credible Innovation Policy - Muldoon, Jeffrey (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2024)
The article reviews the book, "Questioning the Entrepreneurial State: Status-Quo, Pitfalls, and the Need for Credible Innovation Policy," by Karl Wennberg and Christian Sandström.
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94273-1

The Corporation and the Twentieth Century: The History of American Business Enterprise - Muldoon, Jeffrey (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2024)
The article reviews the book, "The Corporation and the Twentieth Century: The History of American Business Enterprise," by Richard N. Langlois

After Populism: The Agrarian Left on the Northern Plains, 1900-1960 - Naylor, James (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
The article reviews the book, "After Populism: The Agrarian Left on the Northern Plains, 1900-1960," by William C. Pratt.

Queer Career: Sexuality and Work in Modern America - Nicholas, Jane (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
The article reviews the book, "Queer Career: Sexuality and Work in Modern America," by Margot Canaday.

Le syndicalisme axé sur le recrutement des adhérents est-il efficace ? Une réponse camerounaise - Njib Boumsong, Thomas; Fomba Kamga, Benjamin (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2024)
Dans un contexte de déclin continu des taux de syndicalisation aussi bien dans les pays développés que dans les pays en développement, l’organizing model – « politiques actives de syndicalisation » ou « syndicalisme axé sur le recrutement » − est apparu au coeur de la littérature sur la revitalisation syndicale comme la stratégie la plus adéquate pour contrer la baisse des effectifs syndicaux. Devant un tel constat, et pour la première fois au Cameroun, cet article examine la relation entre l’organizing model et le recrutement des adhérents à partir des données d’une enquête par questionnaire menée auprès de 187 responsables syndicaux. Les résultats des estimations du modèle probit ordonné généralisé montrent que l’utilisation de l’organizing model par les responsables syndicaux n’a pas eu d’effet significatif sur l’évolution du nombre total de membres ainsi que sur l’évolution du nombre de nouveaux membres entre 2019 et 2021. Ces résultats, bien que conditionnés par la taille de l’échantillon et la mesure de l’organizing model, n’apportent aucun soutien aux partisans de cette stratégie de revitalisation syndicale qui la considèrent comme la plus adéquate pour recruter et retenir les adhérents. Dès lors, et afin d’obtenir les résultats escomptés, il est de l’intérêt des responsables syndicaux enquêtés de renforcer leurs méthodes d’organisation et de recrutement des adhérents et de considérer l’organizing model comme un outil qui doit être appris, systématisé et pratiqué de manière routinière.
Keywords: Cameroon; Cameroun; Organizing model; recrutement syndical; revitalisation syndicale; union recruitment; union revitalization

« Les grands manufacturiers qui font gagner le pain à tant de pauvres gens doivent trouver protection devant les tribunaux »: condition ouvrière, salariat et justice civile au Québec, 1850–1914 - Nootens, Thierry (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
Quebec jurisprudence in civil matters constitutes a valuable source for the history of work and employment. It reveals a vast range of conflicts experienced among workers during the transition to industrial capitalism and the way in which the judicial system proceeded to regulate such conflicts. Working with 128 reported cases, the author examines the fate of lawsuits filed by – or against – ordinary workers, factory workers, day labourers and carters, workers directly affected by the levy of surplus value generated by physical labor and through the free play of power relations in the economic world. Six categories of disputes mark this jurisprudence: divisions established by law among manual labour (notably under the legislation on masters and servants); failure to pay wages; the difficult implementation of worker privileges; challenges to employer discipline; the imposition of damages during work; and, finally, the hazards of seizures carried out against workers. Many indicators betray the incapacity of bringing together civil law and civil justice, as instruments of social regulation, in order to take precautions against the profound fragility of wage-earning status in the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.
Keywords: civil law; damages; economic liberalism; employer’s authority; jurisprudence; manual workers; mechanics’ liens; seizures; wages; working conditions

Working Conditions, Worker Rights, and Managerial Domination During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Assessing Their Toll on Precariously Employed Workers and Family Well-Being - O’Campo, Patricia; Gunn, Virginia; Perri, Melissa; Buhariwala, Pearl; Rasoulain, Elham; Daneshvardfard, Maryam; Ma, Rachel W; Lewchuk, Wayne; Baron, Sherry; Bodin, Theo; Muntaner, Carles (International Journal of Social Determinants of Health and Health Services, 2024)
Precarious Employment (PE) is characterized by job, income, and benefit insecurities. Studies surrounding PE and well-being have been predominantly quantitative, leaving a gap in rich descriptions of employment experiences. We recruited a sample of 40 adults aged 25-55 who were involved in PE during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic or lost employment due to the pandemic. Semi-structured interviews were administered. Employment and income insecurities were common and had negative impacts on the well-being of participants and their families. Uncertainty about future employment prospects and job and income loss resulted in chronic distress. Other insecurities—access to benefits, violation of worker rights, worker safety—was also reported as impacting well-being. The COVID-19 pandemic deepened insecurities, hardships, and distress among workers with PE conditions. Given the myriad insecurities experienced by those engaged in PE, the focus of precarious work research should also include working conditions, violation of worker rights, and managerial domination.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/27551938241253789

Ordinary People, Extraordinary Times: Living the British Empire in Jamaica, 1756 - Ogborn, Miles (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
The article reviews the book, "Ordinary People, Extraordinary Times: Living the British Empire in Jamaica, 1756," by Sheryllynne Heggerty.

A New Dawn For Canadian Platform Workers? Evaluating the Digital Platform Workers’ Rights Act 2022 - Ogunde, Fife (Western Journal of Legal Studies, 2024)
In December 2021, the Ontario government passed into law Bill 88, the Working for Workers Act, 2022. Among other developments, the Working for Workers Act, 2022 introduced the Digital Platform Workers’ Rights Act, 2022, establishing a number of rights for platform workers. This Article is a brief, non-exhaustive evaluation of the provisions of the Act, with particular emphasis on how it impacts the salient issues associated with the regulation of platform work. The article concludes that, notwithstanding its limitations, the Act is a major step in the right direction towards effective regulation of the working conditions for platform workers.

Canada (Live-in) Caregiver Program (LCP) and Care Workers’ Lived Experiences: A Systematic Literature Review - Oklikah, Desmond Ofori; Abada, Teresa; Arku, Godwin (Journal of International Migration and Integration, 2024)
As discourse on transnational labor migration continues to highlight the influence of structures on the experiences and existence of caregivers, Canada’s economic immigration and status regularization programs are not excluded from the discussions. Particularly, the Canada (Live-in) Caregiver Program (henceforth LCP) introduced in 1992 has gained attention from popular and scholarly cycles despite being the only economic immigration program that guarantees permanent residency status to applicants after fulfilling the mandatory program requirements. Drawing from 19 empirical studies, this systematic literature review discussed some emerging themes from the LCP. From the studies reviewed, it was found that both current and former caregivers continue to bear the direct brunt of caregiving given their positionality as mostly racialized women from low-income countries. Moreover, among the range of issues discussed, homelessness, food insecurity, and the deteriorating health conditions of care workers are some pressing issues that need urgent scholarly and policy attention. These findings underscore the need for periodic reassessments of the LCP to understand the intersectionality of current and emerging issues—as the program has greater potential to meet rising care needs in Canada, but only if the living conditions of caregivers are addressed.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12134-024-01119-y
Keywords: Canada; Coping strategies; Live-in caregiver; Minority; Subjective well-being

Enjeux et méthodes d’analyse des besoins de formation : le cas d’une formation pour la prévention des accidents - Ouellet, Sylvie (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2024)
L’analyse des besoins est une étape considérée comme cruciale lors de la planification d’une formation. Il existe diverses méthodes pour identifier les besoins, sans qu’il y ait d’études pour les comparer au regard des informations obtenues et des coûts associés. C’est dans cette perspective qu’un projet a été réalisé dans le secteur des télécommunications pour vérifier l’apport de différentes méthodes de collecte de données dans un contexte de prévention des accidents lors du transport et de la manipulation d’échelles par des techniciens. Les méthodes comparées sont les rencontres individuelles avec des acteurs de la SST et de la formation (n : 13), les groupes de discussion avec des techniciens (3 groupes, n : 28), l’administration d’un questionnaire en ligne auprès de techniciens et l’analyse de l’activité de travail de cinq techniciens. Cette dernière méthode est souvent ignorée en formation en raison des coûts associés à sa réalisation. Une analyse comparative des méthodes a été effectuée relativement à la nature des informations obtenues. Les résultats montrent que les entrevues avec les acteurs en SST permettent de bien cerner la problématique à l’origine de la demande de formation. Les rencontres de groupe ainsi que le questionnaire ont surtout permis d’identifier les besoins de formation perçus et d’obtenir des informations sur les facteurs qui entrainent des difficultés dans le travail. Quant à l’analyse de l’activité de travail, elle est la méthode qui a fourni une plus grande compréhension du travail à réaliser et des facteurs sur lesquels il faudrait agir pour prévenir les accidents de travail. Elle a aussi mené à l’identification de situations de travail « critiques » et à la mise en mots de savoirs développés avec l’expérience qui pourraient être intégrés à la formation pour favoriser le transfert des apprentissages et la prévention.
Keywords: Besoins de formation; Training needs; accident prevention; activité de travail; analyse ergonomique; analysis methods; ergonomic analysis; méthodes d’analyse; organizational results; prévention des accidents; résultats organisationnels; work activity

On Method and Militant Resistance: An Appreciation of Nuanced Engagement with the Uneasy History of Settlers and First Nations - Palmer, Bryan D. (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
Responds to hagwil hayetsk/Charles Menzie's paper, "Capitalism and Colonialism," published in the same issue.

The Past Is Before Us: Capitalism, Colonialism, and Canada, 1500–2023 - Palmer, Bryan D. (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
At the "Challenging Labour" / «Le défi du travail» conference held at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Alberta, in October 2022, two plenary sessions invited scholars to engage in a dialogue on important historical and theoretical issues in the field of labour and working-class history/studies. One of these, on the entanglement of capitalism and colonialism, featured a paper delivered by Bryan D. Palmer and a response from hagwil hayetsk (Charles Menzies). These presentations are revised for publication here along with a rejoinder from Palmer in what is Labour/Le Travail's first "Forum" section. The aim of this section is to foster conversation, with scholars meaningfully engaging with each other's work across disciplinary, methodological, theoretical, or other kinds of differences in approach and understanding. The merit of this kind of dialogue is well demonstrated here by Palmer and hayetsk, and the editors would invite more such conversations for publication in this section in future issues. –Editors' introduction
Keywords: British Columbia; Canadian history; Colombie-Britannique; Gitxaała; Histoire des Autochtones; Indigenous Marxism; Indigenous history; Tsimshian; capitalisme de peuplement; colonialism; colonialisme; economic history; histoire du Canada; histoire du travail; histoire économique; labour history; marxisme autochtone; settler capitalism

Le droit du travail est-il l'ennemi des droits fondamentaux? - Parent, Sébastien (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
En raison de leur statut prééminent, les droits fondamentaux se sont introduits dans le droit du travail. Les regards se sont vite tournés vers la confrontation normative qui résulte de l'assemblage de ces deux domaines du droit aux logiques distinctes. Les droits de la personne ont alors été appréhendés davantage dans un rapport de confrontation plutôt que de complémentarité avec le corpus du droit du travail. Cette étude historico-juridique cherche à démontrer que le construit du droit du travail recoupe pourtant les trois traits structurants des droits de la personne, soit la fondamentalité, l'universalité et l'inaliénabilité. Cette complémentarité devrait être prise en compte dans l'interprétation des droits fondamentaux au sein de la relation d'emploi, ce qui devrait accentuer le degré de protection de la personne au travail.
Keywords: Droit du travail; Droit international; Droits et liberté; Droits économiques et sociaux; Economic and Social Rights; International Law; Labour Law; Protection du salarié; Rights and Freedoms; Workers Defense

Impacts of Sex Work Criminalization and Censorship for Indoor Workers: Exploring How Barriers to Online Advertising Shape Occupational Health and Safety - Pearson, Jennie; Machat, Sylvia; McDermid, Jennifer; Goldenberg, Shira M.; Krüsi, Andrea (Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 2024)
Advertising tools used by sex workers for solicitation and client screening have been identified as supporting occupational health and safety (OHS); however, sex work legislation continues to criminalize advertising by third parties. We explored how the criminalization of third-party advertising and online censorship shapes indoor sex workers’ access to OHS measures such as client screening, and negotiation of prices and services, in addition to income security.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379955147_Impacts_of_Sex_Work_Criminalization_and_Censorship_for_Indoor_Workers_Exploring_How_Barriers_to_Online_Advertising_Shape_Occupational_Health_and_Safety
Keywords: Criminalization; Digital censorship; Digital sex work; End demand; Migrant sex work; Sex work

Precarious Work on the Rise - Perri, Melissa; O’Campo, Patricia; Gill, Paneet; Gunn, Virginia; Ma, Rachel W.; Buhariwala, Pearl; Rasoulian, Elham; Lewchuk, Wayne; Baron, Sherry; Bodin, Theo; Muntaner, Carles (BMC Public Health, 2024)
Precarious employment (PE) is non-standard employment with uncertain and unstable contract duration, low wages, and limited labour protections and rights. Research has associated PE with workers’ poor mental health and well-being; however, this association has been studied primarily using quantitative methods. This qualitative study seeks to examine the mechanisms between PE and mental health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada. Specifically, it aims to address: (Benach J, Muntaner C. Precarious employment and health: developing a research agenda. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007;61(4):276.) How do PE and working conditions impact the mental well-being of workers and members of their close families or households?; and (Kreshpaj B, Orellana C, Burström B, Davis L, Hemmingsson T, Johansson G, et al. What is precarious employment? A systematic review of definitions and operationalizations from quantitative and qualitative studies. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2020;46(3):235–47.) How has the COVID-19 pandemic shaped these relationships? Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of 40 individuals aged 25–55 engaged in PE during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic or whose employment was terminated due to the pandemic. Results showed that PE amplified mental health symptoms and illnesses for workers and their families. These experiences were described as chronic, where impacts were exerted on precariously employed workers through systemic discrimination and racism, colonialism, workplace hierarchies, and gendered ideologies. PE negatively impacted mental health through emotional stress about employment and income instability, insecurity, and loss; added pressure for households where both partners are engaged in PE; impacted ability to maintain or improve overall health and well-being; and barriers to social connectedness. Overall, this study characterizes multiple dimensions of PE and the consequences they have on the mental health of workers and their families.
Keywords: COVID-19; Employee Health and Wellbeing; Health and social inequalities; Labour Law/Social Law; Mental health; Occupational Health Psychology; Precarious employment; Social Inequality; Sociology of the labour market; Unemployment

Importance of Informal Skills for Sporting Goods Retailers in the Service Relationship - Pichot, Lilian; Pierre, Julien (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2024)
We discuss the everyday work of sporting goods salespeople in France, stressing the importance of informal and relational skills in the service relationship, which draws on the seller and buyer’s shared interest in sports. Salespeople do far more than just perform predefined tasks. Their effectiveness depends largely on being able to develop personal relationships with customers. We collected quantitative and qualitative data through four methods: 1) a questionnaire sent in 2019 to all sports and recreational retail managers in the Grand Est region of France (n=61); 2) an analysis of job listings posted in the press, online and in stores in 2019 and 2020 (n=152), which we used to draw up a list of skills and qualifications for the advertised positions; 3) semi-structured interviews with salespeople and store managers (n=20) on their everyday work, their relationships to sporting goods and their perceptions of customer relationships; and 4) ethnographic observation of everyday sales work in ten stores (January-February 2020). In service work, a sense of selflessness is valued, as reflected in the practice of adaptive selling. Salespeople develop a sense of the customers’ lifestyle and approach to sports and create verbal, cognitive and emotional closeness. The personal relationships that develop through such adjustments ultimately facilitate sales transactions, whose meaning is socially constructed by both parties.
Keywords: adaptive selling; articles de sport; compétences informelles; confiance; relation de service; salespeople; sensemaking; service relationship; socio-economics; socio-économie; soft skills; sporting goods trade; travail; trust; vendeur; vente adaptative; work; « faire sens » / « construction de sens »

Responsabilisation de l’individu au travail : le rôle actif du manager lu par le modèle triangulaire de responsabilité - Pierre Elias, Nelly; Juban, Jean-Yves (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2024)
L’exercice de la responsabilité individuelle du salarié représente un défi pour toute organisation de travail qui a besoin de comportements prévisibles et d’individus capables de répondre de leurs actes pour assurer une bonne efficience de ses activités. Dans le cadre de la théorie des rôles, le comportement prévisible d’un salarié résulte d’un processus d’influences mutuelles avec son manager. Cet article explore les marges de manoeuvre dont dispose le manager qui favorisent l’exercice de la responsabilité par le collaborateur, un sujet qui fait l’objet de peu de travaux empiriques. Notre recherche prend appui sur le modèle triangulaire de responsabilité de Schlenker et al. (1994), pour le proposer comme un modèle opérationnel dans le cadre des pratiques managériales. Une étude de cas multiple est présentée, constituée de 14 situations décrites par des managers et dans lesquelles des salariés exercent leurs responsabilités. Le canevas d’analyse intra-cas permet d’effectuer une analyse des éléments constitutifs d’une situation de responsabilité, pour assurer une lecture rétrospective de situations dans lesquelles la responsabilité a été effectivement exercée (situations « abouties »). Les processus, ascendant de généralisation et descendant de spécification, révèlent des stratégies d’action et des modes opératoires qui viennent installer ou conforter les prérequis d’une situation de responsabilité aboutie. Nous proposons une visée instrumentale et un enrichissement conceptuel du modèle triangulaire de responsabilité. Si nos résultats montrent que les managers jouent un rôle actif pour soutenir le processus de responsabilisation au travail, ils n’ont pas cherché à appréhender le rôle actif du salarié, ouvrant la voie à des travaux à poursuivre.
Keywords: Individual responsibility; Responsabilité individuelle; empowerment; evaluation; managerial relationship; relation managériale; responsabilisation; situation de travail; work situation; évaluation

ChatGPT and the Commodification of Knowledge Work - Popowich, Sam (CAUT Journal, 2024)
This article explores the effects of generative AI software like ChatGPT on academic labour. Beginning with an account of the commodification of knowledge work and higher education under neoliberalism, it argues that the class position of both academics and students has become muddied. In order to properly understand how ChatGPT can and will affect the academy, including academic libraries, we need to get clearer on the class position of knowledge workers (including students) and the role technology plays in the capitalist mode of production. Only then can we engage in labour activism and forge links of solidarity in full awareness of the class composition and technological structures of knowledge work.
Keywords: artificial intelligence; capitalism; libraries; marxism

Making Space for Creativity: Cultural Initiatives of Sudbury's Mine-Mill Local 598 in the Postwar Era - Quinlan, Elizabeth (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
Discusses the efforts of the Sudbury local of the Mine-Mill union in the post-World War II era to develop a distinct political-cultural community including through a multi-purpose union hall, dance school, and theatre company. Concludes that Mine-Mill's social and cultural programming was eclipsed by Cold War anti-Communism and the bitter battle with the United Steelworkers of America to represent the workers.
Keywords: Mill and Smelter Workers; Mine; Nelson Thibault; Sudbury; culture ouvrière; miners; mineurs; social unionism; syndicalisme social; working-class culture

Désobéir : le choix de Chantale Daigle - Raby, Marie-Laurence (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
The article reviews the book, "Désobéir : le choix de Chantale Daigle," by Daniel Thibault et Isabelle Pelletier.

Pratiques GRH à haut engagement : Vers une compréhension approfondie à travers l’échange social - Rajâa, Omar; Mekkaoui, Amal (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2024)
Objectif : Cette revue systématique vise à définir de manière exhaustive les pratiques GRH à haut engagement et à analyser leur corrélation avec les indicateurs clés de l’échange social. Elle propose une définition unifiée, établit les pratiques spécifiques et leurs instruments de mesure, et explore leurs effets sur les résultats individuels et organisationnels...
Keywords: Echange social; High-commitment HR practices; Justice; Organizational performance; Pratique GRH à haut engagement; Social exchange; Support; Trust; confiance; justice; performance organisationnelle; soutien

Life at the Table: The Librarian Perspective on the Negotiating Team - Ribaric, Tim; Graebner, Carla (CAUT Journal, 2024)
Across most jurisdictions in Canada, academic librarians are members of academic staff associations. Librarians participate in union activities including committee work and participation on union executives. Librarians also frequently contribute to collective bargaining through mobilizing colleagues, identifying bargaining priorities, and crafting collective agreement language. Their direct participation in bargaining as members of collective bargaining teams, however, is relatively rare. For those librarians who have participated in bargaining, how do their motivations and experiences differ from those of the faculty members that typically make up the bulk of these teams? This paper draws on interviews with ten academic librarians who have served on negotiating teams. It explores their experiences at the negotiating table, including identifying barriers and opportunities.
Keywords: collective bargaining; librarian workload; parity; phenomenology

Lightkeepers on Huu-ay-aht Shores: Indigenous Labour and Knowledge in the History of Coastal Navigation - Robertson, Jesse (BC Studies: The British Columbian Quarterly, 2024)
The concurrent growth of steam travel and state-sponsored navigational aids—marine charts, sailing guides, lighthouses—played a complicated dual role on British Columbia’s West Coast. Such technologies allowed settlers to literally bypass the Indigenous intermediaries necessary for coastal travel in previous eras. This distancing effect shaped settler perceptions of the coast and undermined the measure of autonomy that intricate coastal environments sometimes afforded Indigenous communities. Yet lighthouse logs and government records reveal that Indigenous intermediaries remained essential for the successful functioning of navigational infrastructure into the twentieth century. This article considers the Cape Beale Lighthouse to show how the state strategically engaged Indigenous knowledge and labour to construct a navigable coast. Huu-ay-aht canoes and seafaring skills were martialed to build and provision the lighthouse. Lightkeepers learned the Chinook jargon and relied on Indigenous intermediaries to communicate with government officials in Victoria. At the same time, tensions over compensation, missing livestock, and rotting whale carcasses occasionally threatened to result in physical confrontation and intervention from Indian Agents. By examining such instances of intercultural contact, conflict, and negotiation, this article argues the construction of a navigable coast was a far more protracted process than previous studies have suggested. Ultimately, however, the article positions Cape Beale and other lighthouses as among the colonial arsenal that rendered coastal environments safer and more accessible to settlers, capital, and the state itself.
Keywords: Barkley Sound; Nuu-Chah-Nulth; Vancouver Island; land settlement; ships and shipbuilding

Does Work-Life Reconciliation Increase Employee Retention? The Mediating Role of Employees’ Perceived Stress - Salehi, Ali; Tremblay, Diane-Gabrielle (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2024)
Today, retaining skilled and talented employees is one of the main concerns of organizations. To this end, various policies have been considered in recent years, including policies to reconcile work with personal life. We sought to investigate the effect of work-life reconciliation on employee retention while considering the mediating role of employees’ perceived stress. In 2023, we surveyed a sample of Quebec employees who are caring for young children or other family members. In general, work-life reconciliation policies significantly increase employee retention. We also studied how employees’ perceived stress, due to work-life conflict and insufficient annual income, mediate the effect of work-life reconciliation on employee retention. Although caring for children under 18 or other family members increases employees’ perceived stress, it does not directly affect employee retention. In sum, we found that employee retention can be increased through policies that promote work-life reconciliation and thereby reduce perceived stress. Our findings have important implications and may help managers and employees implement policies to reconcile work with personal life, decrease stress, and thus increase employee retention.
Keywords: Conciliation/équilibre/ et conflit entre vie professionnelle et vie privée; Work-life reconciliation and conflict; annual income; employee retention; perceived stress; revenu annuel; rétention de la main-d’oeuvre; stress perçu

Multiscalar Toxicities: Counter-Mapping Worker's Health in the Nail Salon - Shadaan, Reena (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
This article analyzes nail technicians' occupational health experiences using body and hazard mapping – a visual, low-cost, and worker-centred approach. Thirty-seven Toronto-based nail technicians from predominantly Vietnamese, Chinese, and Korean communities identified various occupational illnesses, injuries, and symptoms on visual representations of human bodies (body mapping) and linked these to their hazard sources in the nail salon (hazard mapping). The impacts identified include musculoskeletal aches and pains, stress and mental health concerns, various symptoms linked to chemical exposure, and concerns about cancer and reproductive health. Rather than a conventional occupational health approach, this work draws on Vanessa Agard-Jones' expansion of the "body burden" as more than the bioaccumulation of chemical agents. As such, this article asserts that nail technicians' body burden encompasses various types of occupational illnesses and injuries. In addition, nail technicians are exposed to broader "toxic" systemic inequities and structural conditions that allow these workplace exposures to occur and persist. By illustrating the embodied and experiential knowledges of nail technicians and contextualizing this lived experience, the body and hazard maps illuminate vast layers of harm – or multiscalar toxicities – borne by nail technicians. Moreover, as a group-based method, body and hazard mapping allow collective reflection and can spur worker mobilization toward safer and fairer nail salons.
Keywords: body mapping; cartographie corporelle; cartographie des risques; hazard mapping; multiscalar toxicities; nail salon; occupational health; salon de manucure; santé du travail; toxicités multiniveaux

To Live Is to Resist: The Life of Antonio Gramsci - Shupak, Greg (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
The article reviews the book, "To Live Is to Resist: The Life of Antonio Gramsci," by Jean-Yves Frétigné.

“Workers in Saskatchewan Now Have a Clear-Cut Bill of Rights”: Labour Law, Social Democracy, and the Saskatchewan Trade Union Act, 1944–1950 - Smith, Charles (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
This paper examines the politics surrounding the construction, implementation, and administration of the Saskatchewan Trade Union Act (stua) between 1944 and 1950. The act is important because it reflects the first attempt by a social democratic government in North America to construct a system of labour law that ostensibly aligned socialist ideas with the rights of workers to form trade union freedoms. This makes the stua unique in Canadian labour and political history because the legislation demonstrated the policy priorities of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (ccf) and the Canadian Congress of Labour as both organizations were attempting to solidify their places in postwar Canada. This history reflects the fact that the ccf and the unions, like the left in general throughout the 1940s and 1950s, defined the working class narrowly, focusing attention on white and male breadwinners with women and racialized workers very much on the periphery. The history also demonstrates the inherent contradiction within social democratic reform politics, as the act extended numerous rights to workers to organize and collectively bargain but when those same workers pushed back against government decision-making during the province’s first public-sector strike in 1948, political tensions found many of those same social democrats acting in similar manners to their private-sector counterparts. These tensions within social democratic approaches to labour relations – so evident in the Saskatchewan experience – have become a central contradiction of the movement throughout the postwar period and continue today.
Keywords: Canadian Congress of Labour (CCL); Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF); Saskatchewan; Trade Union Act; gender; labour law; public-sector strikes; social democracy

“The Moving Past”: Early 20th-Century Canadian Archival Films about Work - Sobel, David (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
Discusses the early 20th century films on work that were produced under the auspices of the Canadian federal and Ontario provincial governments. Provides detail on a select number of films, which are a significant source for labour history. Concludes by noting that the films may be viewed on the website, "The Moving Past."
Keywords: Canadian Government Motion Picture Bureau; Canadian history; Ontario Motion Picture Bureau; archival film; early documentary film; labour

Remembering Natalie Zemon Davis - Strong-Boag, Veronica; Kealey, Linda; Stewart, Mary Lynn (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
Pays homage to the feminist social and cultural historian, Natalie Zemon Davis (1928-2023).

Labour, Social Reproduction, and Refugee Politics: ‘Women’s Work’ Amongst Hungarian Romani Families in Canada - Swerdlyk, Sara (Dialectical Anthropology, 2024)
This article analyses the intersections of labour, social reproduction, and refugee politics through an ethnographic case study of Hungarian Romani families living in Canada. Building off of recent anthropological debates on surplus populations, the article frames the life activities of asylum-seekers as a form of labour, paying particular attention to gender and the dynamics of ‘women’s work.’ The main question explored is: what sort of life-sustaining strategies do refugees engage in when they are excluded from both wage labour and citizenship regimes? The key argument put forward is that Hungarian Romani asylum-seeking to Canada should be understood as a social reproduction strategy and a type of gendered work that has emerged in the contemporary conditions of global neoliberal capitalism. Through ethnographic fieldwork, I explore how the asylum-seeking activities of Romani families are embedded in gendered divisions of work in which gaining access to refugee status and state social support in Canada is regarded as an extension of domestic labour and familial care work, typically done by the maternal figures of the family. Moreover, the ‘women’s work’ of securing refugee support is recognized by Romani families as a legitimate form of paid work, a kind of ‘bread winning’. Reflecting on these fieldwork findings, I propose an expanded approach to social reproduction theory that is attentive to the unwaged, informal, and life-making work of refugees and surplus populations, ultimately arguing for a breakdown of the dichotomy between the ‘economic migrant’ and the ‘political refugee’ in light of the social totality of capitalism.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10624-024-09729-9

Why Canada Needs Postal Banking - Thériault, Luc (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
The article reviews the book, "Why Canada Needs Postal Banking ," by John Anderson.

Trade Unions and the British Industrial Relations Crisis: An Intellectual Biography of Hugh Clegg - Thwaites, James (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2024)
The article reviews the book, "Trade Unions and the British Industrial Relations Crisis: An Intellectual Biography of Hugh Clegg," by Peter Ackers.

Une évaluation de la stratégie d’incitation financière à l’emploi des personnes âgées au Québec - Tircher, Pierre (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2024)
Notre recherche recense la mise en place depuis 2008 de quatre types d’incitatifs financiers au Québec et au Canada : l’autorisation du cumul de revenu d’emploi et de rentes de retraite, un crédit d’impôt destiné à l’offre de travail, un mécanisme de bonus-malus sur les rentes de retraite et un crédit d’impôt destiné à la demande de travail. Ces changements représentent une reconfiguration de la logique institutionnelle du système de retraite orientée vers le maintien prolongé des personnes âgées en emploi. Notre travail a pour principale question de recherche d’évaluer les effets de ces incitatifs financiers sur la participation des personnes âgées au marché du travail, sur le type d’emploi occupé et sur l’intensité de celui-ci. À partir des microdonnées maîtres de l’Enquête sur la population active de 2000 à 2023 et en employant la méthode des différences dans les différences, nous avons évalué au sein d’un même modèle l’efficacité de ces quatre types d’incitatifs financiers. Nos résultats montrent que toutes les mesures ont exercé une influence modérée à la hausse sur l’activité des personnes âgées, l’incitatif le plus efficace étant la possibilité de cumuler des revenus d’emploi et des rentes de retraite. Sur le plan du temps de travail, les mesures incitatives ont peu influencé l’intensité du travail et le recours au temps partiel, ce qui s’explique par des effets opposés selon les mesures mises en place. Ces résultats mènent à la conclusion que davantage d’efforts devraient être entrepris pour accommoder les conditions d’emploi des personnes âgées pour influencer plus efficacement celles-ci à demeurer sur le marché du travail.
Keywords: Older workers; Travailleurs âgés; demographic aging; incitatifs fiscaux; pension plans; public employment policies; public policy evaluation; régimes de retraite; tax incentives; vieillissement démographique; work incentives; évaluation de politiques publiques

Le marxisme et l'oppression des femmes. Vers une théorie unitaire - Toupin, Louise (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
The article reviews the book, "Le marxisme et l'oppression des femmes. Vers une théorie unitaire," by Lise Vogel.

Feminization of Equity-Deserving Work in the Third Sector - Tulli-Shah, Mia; Sayadi, Ghada; Giwa, Aisha; Kandemiri, Myra; Hurley, Nat; Salami, Bukola (Women's Studies International Forum, 2024)
Non-profit work plays a vital role in connecting policy and community, as well as providing essential services in Canada. However, evidence suggests that despite being often engaged in equity seeking work, many non-profit organizations remain sites of inequity and marginalization among service provider staff. In this qualitative study, researchers conducted interviews with representatives from 60 organizations across the province of Alberta, Canada. Using intersectionality and thematic analysis, the study identified three key themes across issues related to the feminization of gender-equity seeking work in the third sector. First, economic exploitation, including low pay across the non-profit sector, and pay discrepancies across positions within non-profit work, impact staff in gendered and racialized ways. Second, uneven labour expectations compound exploitation through failures of performative Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI), unpaid labour expectations, and gender bias both within and outside of organizational structure. Third, service provider capacities are being restricted through staff mental health challenges and burnout, staff use of the services they provide clients, and challenges with worker retention. Organizations and funders may address these inequities by demanding transparency in promotion policies to ensure women and gender-diverse people, particularly those who are racialized, have fair access to management and leadership positions, as well as by reforming funding structures to encourage more equitable pay.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277539524000359
Keywords: EDI; Feminization; Gender; Intersectionality; Labour exploitation; Mental health; Non-profit

L’HUMAIN plus qu’une ressource au coeur de la gestion - Turki, Sondes (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2024)
The article reviews the book, "L’HUMAIN plus qu’une ressource au coeur de la gestion," edited by François Bernard Malo, James D. Thwaites and Yves Hallée.

Off the Side of the Desk: Equity Work in Canadian Teaching and Learning Centres - Vander Kloet, Marie A. (International Journal for Academic Development, 2024)
Canadian higher education has been critiqued for its inequitable structures and failure to change despite claiming to be inclusive. This paper considers the experiences of 15 academic developers who engage in varied forms of institutional equity work. By focusing on how their work takes place, why they pursue equity work and their relationships with co-workers, I open a critical discussion of how prepared Canadian teaching and learning centres are to support equity work. By examining equity work and how it is supported, I intend to contribute to ongoing dialogues about the urgency of structural change in Canadian academic development workplaces.
_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/1360144X.2024.2364709
Keywords: Canadian higher education; Equity; Whiteness; academic development

A Tale of Two Centuries? Expanding Constitutional Labour Rights in Canada and Their Impact on Legislation, Conflict and Wages - Weinberg, Bradley R. (British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2024)
Using collective agreement and strike data from the Canadian Federal and provincial jurisdictions for the years 1978–2019, this study examines the effect that various legislative regimes that govern public‐sector bargaining disputes have on the incidence, duration and cost of conflict. This study seeks to replicate and improve previous estimates related to this topic but also extends the analysis to examine changes to the legal environment in Canada in which labour rights have been increasingly enshrined in constitutional law through the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. This study finds, in contrast to previous studies, that the legislative regime impacts the way agreements are settled when disputes occur but not the likelihood of a directly negotiated agreement prior to impasse. It also highlights some differences in contract and wage settlements prior to and after the constitutionalization of labour rights in Canada.

Shifting Gears: Canadian Autoworkers and the Changing Landscape of Labour Politics - Wilson, Fred; Stanford, Jim (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2024)
The article reviews the book, "Shifting Gears: Canadian Autoworkers and the Changing Landscape of Labour Politics," by Stephanie Ross and Larry Savage.

Spatial Labour Control: Experiencing Labour Mobility in the Chinese/Asian Restaurant Industry in the United States - Wu, Tommy (Labour / Le Travail, 2024)
This article contributes to understanding the relationship between mobilities and labour control. Focusing on the expansion of the Chinese/Asian restaurant industry in the United States during the last two decades and drawing from a multi-sited, multi-scalar ethnography, the concept of spatial labour control is employed to explicate the various forms of labour control and the mechanisms that contribute to the autogenous reproduction of the industry's out-of-state work arrangement. Specifically, a spatial lens reveals paternalistic control over workers' food and housing, spatial control over workers' morals and affect, and control over workers' mobilities. Moreover, workers' constant relocation to new work destinations to combat social isolation and feelings of restlessness unintentionally reproduces the circulation of atomized labour for the industry. Such conditions are inconducive to collectively addressing labour discontent.
Keywords: Chinese immigrants; contrôle du travail; espace; ethnographie multisites; food workers; immigrant·es chinois·es; labour control; labour process; mobilities; mobilités; multi-sited ethnography; procès de travail; space; travailleurs et travailleuses de l'alimentation

“Patriotic Heroes” and “Foreign Laborers”: Politics of Media and Public Discourses on Essential Workers and Migrant Workers in Canada During the COVID-19 - Yin, Siyuan (International Journal of Communication, 2024)
During COVID-19, politicians and the media in North America spotlighted the contributions of essential workers. As many low-income essential services are performed by migrant workers, this study explores how the pandemic served as a critical moment to raise societal awareness of the disadvantaged circumstances faced by migrant workers and to garner public support for their rights and equality. Engaging with scholarly critiques of media representation of underprivileged migrant groups and migration and labor scholars’ work on migrant workers in Canada, the study examines mainstream media discourse and public discourse on essential workers and migrant workers in Canada during the pandemic. Adopting thematic and critical discourse analysis, the study reveals that nationalist ideology, intersected with capitalist and neoliberal ideologies, prevents the public from forming solidarity with migrant workers, although overt racist and xenophobic discourse diminishes, and advocacy voices begin to gain higher visibility in mainstream media. The study contends that mobilizing broader public support to tackle inequalities remains a crucial issue in the context of transnational labor migration.
Number: 0
Keywords: COVID-19; Canada; essential workers; labor migration; migrant workers

Exploring Youth Preferences for Collective Action: A Comparison of a Grassroots Initiative with a Union-Led One - Zientara, Piotr; Adamska-Mieruszewska, Joanna (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2024)
Summary: Many young individuals now prioritize involvement in collective action as a means to instigate societal change. Crucially, they have access to social media platforms, which help them connect with like-minded peers and coordinate efforts. Some of them may be thus more inclined to favour less conventional collective action over formal union membership. In this study, which draws on data from young British workers during the period from December 2022 to March 2023, we endeavoured to ascertain this cohort’s preferred approach to collective action. We distinguished between an informal grassroots initiative and one led by a labour union as a means to advance the rights of gig economy workers. To this end, we conducted a controlled online experiment. We focused exclusively on a specific age cohort within a particular timeframe, thus limiting our ability to determine generational differences in preferences for collective action and in attitudes toward unions. Nevertheless, the results do offer insights into the forms of collective action preferred by Generation Z. British youth were found to view the informal grassroots initiative more positively than the union-led one. However, they viewed the latter as potentially having greater influence on government policy. Furthermore, they were not significantly more willing to join one initiative than the other. Nonetheless, they were more inclined to recommend the grassroots initiative. This paper contributes to the body of research on the relationship between labour unions and young people. It also provides insight into how members of Generation Z think about various ways of participating in collective action.
Keywords: UK; bottom-up initiatives; organized labour; social activism; youth

Annual General Meeting, convened virtually from locations across Turtle Island (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)

The Story of Work, A New History of Humanity - Adams, Roy (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "The Story of Work, A New History of Humanity," by Jan Lucasssen.

Bâtir une GRH inclusive en PME au travers des relations de don/contre-don entre dirigeant et salariés - Adla, Ludivine; Gallego-Roquelaure, Virginie (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Cet article vise à comprendre l’émergence et le développement d’une gestion des ressources humaines (GRH) inclusive en PME. Le concept d’inclusion renvoie à l’épanouissement professionnel et à la reconnaissance des salariés (Bonneveux et al., 2020). Cette forme de GRH comporte une visée intégrative dans la mesure où elle offre la possibilité d’améliorer la collaboration notamment entre le dirigeant et ses salariés. Dans cette optique, nous avons mobilisé de façon originale la logique du don de Mauss, couplée à la littérature sur la GRH en PME afin de proposer une nouvelle grille de lecture. À partir du cas emblématique d’une PME, une étude qualitative longitudinale a été menée sur une période de 8 ans. Les résultats soulignent le décalage entre les contre-dons attendus et ceux réellement réalisés par le dirigeant, qui conditionnent in fine l’adonnement des salariés. Ce déséquilibre dans la relation amène à la construction d’une GRH inclusive.
Keywords: GRH; HRM; PME; SMEs; contre-don; counter-gift; don; gift; inclusion; relations; relationships

Left Americana and the Ludlow Monument - Antaya, Sean (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
Describes the author's visit to the Ludlow Monument in Ludlow, Colorado, that memorializes the 1914 massacre of striking coal miners by national guard and private security forces of the Rockefeller-owned Colorado Iron and Fuel Company. Illustrations are included.

Resilience and Post-Traumatic Growth after Discriminatory Job Loss: The Case of Academics Dismissed after Turkey’s 2016 Coup - Atay, Erhan; Bayraktaroglu, Serkan (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
This study is about the impact of discriminatory job loss (DJL) on individual attitudes. It is based on interviews with 36 academics who were inequitably and involuntarily fired, and aggressively and punitively discriminated against. We extend previous research on workplace discrimination by exploring the effects of discriminatory job loss on a skilled workforce and by going beyond the job loss itself to examine coping mechanisms, resilience and post-traumatic growth. We found that gratitude, patience and optimism or pessimism about one’s future and career were leading individual factors in the ability to cope with discriminatory job loss. Such coping mechanisms, and their roles in resilience and post-traumatic growth, were described to us by academics in Turkey and abroad.
Keywords: Discriminatory job loss; Perte d'emploi discriminatoire; academic; académique; attitude; career; carrière; discrimination; involuntary job loss; perte d'emploi involontaire

Lessons in Legitimacy: Colonialism, Capitalism, and the Rise of State Schooling in British Columbia - Augustus, Camie (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Lessons in Legitimacy: Colonialism, Capitalism, and the Rise of State Schooling in British Columbia," by Sean Carleton.

Pour sortir les allumettières de l’ombre. Les ouvrières de la manufacture d’allumettes E.B. Eddy de Hull (1854-1928) - Baillargeon, Denyse (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Pour sortir les allumettières de l’ombre. Les ouvrières de la manufacture d’allumettes E.B. Eddy de Hull (1854-1928)," by Kathleeen Durocher.

Overqualification and Turnover Intention: The Significance of Work-Life Balance for Canadian-Born and Immigrant Employees - Ballesteros-Leiva, Felix; St-Onge, Sylvie; Arcand, Sébastien (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Using conservation of resources (COR) theory (Hobfoll, 1989, 2002), we first investigated the direct influence of overqualification on turnover intention. Second, we tested whether the perceived work-life balance affects the relationship between overqualification and turnover intention. To that end, we used questionnaires to conduct independent field studies of two groups of Canadian workers: 227 local human resources professionals and 237 immigrant employees. Both studies confirmed that perceived overqualification increased their intention to quit their jobs. Perceived work-life balance moderated the relationship between overqualification and turnover intention only among the immigrant employees. This paper sheds light on how perceived overqualification can affect the intention to quit a job among local and immigrant employees. It also shows how perceived work-life balance can affect the relationship between perceived overqualification and the intention to quit a job.
Keywords: Canadian-born and immigrant employees; overqualification; turnover intention; work-life balance

Making Mexican Chicago: From Postwar Settlement to the Age of Gentrification - Barajas, Frank P. (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Making Mexican Chicago: From Postwar Settlement to the Age of Gentrification," by Mike Amezcua.

A Memory of Irving Abella - Bercuson, David (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
Pays homage to the life and work of the labour and Jewish studies historian, Irving Abella (1940-2022).

Behind the Scenes: Gender Equality in Local Union Leadership - Bernard Pelletier, Marie-Pier; Le Capitaine, Catherine (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
This article examines the experiences of local union presidents with respect to gender equality. Based on a qualitative case study of members of union committees dedicated to the status of women and local union presidents working in the Québec education sector, our research points to an unprecedented breakthrough of women serving as local presidents. Nevertheless, the existence of a “triple burden,” the persistence of gender stereotypes and a male union culture, the lack of training and mentoring, and the reliance on solicitation are all hindering the achievement of gender equality. Our research findings also highlight a weak representation of the diversity of social identities within the union organization studied.
Keywords: Union representation; education sector; gender; local presidents; women

Behind-the-scenes: vers l’égalité de genre au sein des présidences syndicales locales? - Bernard Pelletier, Marie-Pier; Le Capitaine, Catherine (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Cet article porte sur l’expérience des présidences impliquées dans les organisations syndicales locales au regard de l'égalité de genre. À partir d’une étude de cas qualitative menée auprès des membres de comités syndicaux de la condition féminine et de présidences syndicales locales du secteur de l’éducation du Québec, notre recherche fait valoir une percée sans précédent des femmes siégeant comme présidentes locales. Néanmoins, l’existence d’une « triple tâche », la persistance de stéréotypes de genre et d’une culture syndicale masculine, le manque de formation et de mentorat ainsi que le recours à la sollicitation nuisent à l’atteinte de l’égalité de genre. Nos résultats de recherche font aussi ressortir une faible représentation de la diversité des identités sociales au sein de l’organisation syndicale étudiée.
Keywords: femmes; genre; présidence locale; représentation syndicale; secteur de l’éducation

La grève de toutes les grèves - Bernatchez, Jean-Claude (Revue internationale sur le travail et la société, 2023)
Lancée en mi-novembre 2023, cette grève engage près d’un demi-million de fonctionnaires soit l’essentiel des effectifs des secteurs publics c’est-à-dire, la santé et l’éducation, du primaire au collégial . Elle représente un affrontement historique avec l'État québécois sous deux thématiques essentielles : les salaires et les charges de travail.

Deindustrializing Montreal. Entangled Histories of Race, Residence, and Class - Bérubé, Harold (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Deindustrializing Montreal. Entangled Histories of Race, Residence, and Class," by Steven High.

Penal Servitude: Convicts and Long-Term Imprisonment, 1853-1948 - Black, Lynsey (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Penal Servitude: Convicts and Long-Term Imprisonment, 1853-1948," by Helen Johnston, Barry Godfrey, and David J. Cox.

Facteurs en Europe. Le syndicalisme face à la libéralisation et aux mutations des activités postales : Belgique, Bulgarie, Espagne, France et Royaume-Uni - Bolduc, François (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Facteurs en Europe. Le syndicalisme face à la libéralisation et aux mutations des activités postales : Belgique, Bulgarie, Espagne, France et Royaume-Uni," edited by Paul Bouffartigue and Jean Vandewattyne.

Les attentes des cadres du secteur parapublic québécois à l’égard de leur représentation collective - Bolduc, François; Grenier, Jean-Noël (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
La question de la représentation collective des cadres a été remise à l’ordre du jour récemment, à la suite de l’initiative de l’Association des cadres de la Société des casinos du Québec ainsi que de l’Association professionnelle des cadres de premier niveau d’Hydro-Québec, qui ont obtenu l’autorisation du Tribunal administratif du travail de se constituer en syndicats, malgré le statut de cadre de leurs membres. Cette décision, qui a été confirmée en février 2022 par la Cour d’appel du Québec, soulève de nombreux questionnements sur le futur de la représentation collective de cette catégorie de travailleurs. Cet article entend contribuer à la réflexion sur ce thème, en mettant en lumière les attentes qu’entretiennent les cadres du secteur parapublic québécois à propos de leurs associations représentatives et de leurs modes d’action. Pour ce faire, nous mobilisons des résultats provenant de deux recherches réalisées auprès de cadres du secteur de la santé et des services sociaux, membres de l’AGESSS, et du secteur de l’éducation, membres de l’AQCS. Ces cadres expriment leur accord face à d’éventuelles modifications de l’encadrement législatif de leurs relations de travail. Cela dit, ils ne manifestent pas pour autant une volonté de se syndiquer. Qui plus est, ils sont ambivalents quant à l’utilisation éventuelle de modes d’action revendicateurs. Nous posons l’hypothèse que ce rapport au syndicalisme est une affirmation identitaire, qui s’explique, entre autres, par la façon dont le Code du travail définit les acteurs des relations du travail.
Keywords: Représentation collective; association représentative; cadres; représentation des intérêts; secteur parapublic québécois

Petite histoire politique des banlieues populaires - Bourdages, Jade; Gilbert, Izara (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Petite histoire politique des banlieues populaires," by Hacène Belmessous.

Dynamiques de l’organisation collective des coursiers et des chauffeurs en Belgique. Histoires parallèles et rapprochement ambigus - Brodersen, Meike; Dufresne, Anne; Joukovsky, Anastasia; Vitali, Zéphyr (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Cet article met en lumière la façon dont les actions et revendications des collectifs de coursiers et de chauffeurs de plateforme bruxellois s’articulent avec les stratégies syndicales et les modèles de régulation de l’économie de plateforme, à l’échelle nationale et internationale, ainsi que les différentes lignes de tension que cette articulation suscite. En Belgique, les mobilisations dans la livraison et dans le transport de personnes par plateforme numérique s’inscrivaient jusqu’il y a peu dans des dynamiques sous-sectorielles distinctes, mais des développements législatifs récents et un accord de partenariat syndical ont créé les conditions de rapprochement des collectifs de ces deux sous-secteurs autour d’objets de contestation communs, sans pour autant aligner leurs intérêts sur le plan du statut d’emploi.
Keywords: Deliveroo; Platform worker; Travailleur de plateforme; Uber; accord de partenariat; collectifs de travailleurs; organisations syndicales; partnership agreement; presumption of employment; présomption de salariat; trade union organisations; worker collectives

Les plateformes de travail numériques. Polygraphie d’un nouveau modèle organisationnel. - Brugière, Fabien (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Les plateformes de travail numériques. Polygraphie d’un nouveau modèle organisationnel." edited by Mircea Vultur.

Dynamics of Mobilizing and Unionizing Mobility Platform Workers. A Cross-Country, Cross-Industry Analysis - Brugière, Fabien; Kesselman, Donna; Vandewattyne, Jean (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
...The articles in this special issue attempt to account for these emerging dynamics of workers struggle in platform capitalism through a comparative analysis of the relations that impel autonomous groupings and other protest initiatives towards more structured collective representation and unionization.

Dynamiques de mobilisation et de syndicalisation des travailleurs de plateforme. Approche comparative transnationale et intersectorielle au sein des activités de mobilité - Brugière, Fabien; Kesselman, Donna; Vandewattyne, Jean (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
...L’ambition de ce numéro thématique est ainsi de rendre compte des dynamiques de lutte et de syndicalisation au sein du capitalisme de plateforme, à travers une analyse comparative des rapports qui unissent ou non travailleurs, collectifs et autres structures de contestation avec les organisations syndicales.

Deindustrialization, Gender, and Working-Class Militancy in Saint-Henri, Montréal - Burrill, Fred (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
Tracing the history of gendered working-class responses to deindustrialization in the Montréal neighbourhood of Saint-Henri reveals that many of the local political initiatives of the 1960s and 1970s were connected to longer-term working-class efforts to navigate shifting patterns of capital accumulation extending back to the 1940s. The gendered tradition of territory-based organizing in this community encouraged women workers’ shop-floor militancy and was foundational for new forms of local political advocacy around issues like health care and housing. In deindustrialization’s moment, the concerns of a precariously employed, feminized working-class population spurred a crossover of industrial struggle with survival-focused reproductive labour issues, centred around a grassroots organization called the popir (Projet d’organisation populaire, d’information, et de regroupement). This pattern of gendered working-class militancy and solidarity persisted throughout the 1980s and shaped resistance to Saint-Henri’s subsequent gentrification at the turn of the new millennium.
Keywords: Saint-Henri; deindustrialization; gender; gentrification; housing; women; working class

Les syndicats face aux restructurations initiées par les dirigeants d’entreprises : processus d’acquisition d’une capacité d’influence - Camara, Mactar (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Cet article part du constat que les travaux s’intéressant à la variation des réponses syndicales aux changements initiés par les dirigeants d’entreprises, en ne se concentrant que sur les différences entre syndicats et en analysant les réponses de chaque syndicat à l’aune d’un seul des différents types de réponse possibles, présentent une vision relativement statique de l’activité syndicale en période de changement. En s’appuyant sur les notions de pouvoir discursif/narratif (Geelan, 2022 ; Schmalz et al., 2018 ; Lévesque & Murray, 2013), de cadres de l’action collective (Snow & Benford, 1988) et de ressources de pouvoir (Lévesque et Murray, 2010), l’article cherche à voir comment l’intersyndicale de NRTV, une entreprise audiovisuelle française, confrontée au pouvoir formel des dirigeants du Groupe pour orchestrer leur projet de restructurations avec suppressions d’effectifs, a réussi à modifier les structures de pouvoir (Kaplan, 2008) et à peser dans les négociations. L’analyse du discours de l’intersyndicale, entre l’annonce du projet de restructuration et la fin des négociations, nous a permis d’identifier quatre stratégies de cadrage utilisées pour faire face aux significations fournies par les dirigeants du Groupe (la réfutation, l’euphémisation, le dévoilement et le recadrage). Ce positionnement discursif, combiné à l’utilisation d’une stratégie de diffusion des cadres interprétatifs et d’action aussi bien informationnelle qu’interprétative (Demers, 1996), lui a permis de mobiliser ses soutiens internes et externes autour et même au-delà des actions qu’elle a menées et d’exercer une influence sur le processus et les résultats du changement.
Keywords: analyse de discours; cadres de l’action collective; collective action frames; construction sociale du changement; discourse analysis; discursive power; pouvoir discursif; power resources; ressources de pouvoir; réponses syndicales aux restructurations d’entreprises; social construction of change; union responses to restructuring

Doctrine de prévention et activité de service : analyse des points de dissonance entre le dispositif de prévention et l’activité de médiation sociale - Chambel, Alexis; Pueyo, Valérie (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Les cadres de pensée et d’action qui structurent la prévention des risques professionnels forment aujourd’hui un dispositif au sens de Foucault. Ce dispositif, qualifié de « doctrine de prévention », s’est construit en référence aux classes de situations industrielles et se retrouve aujourd’hui remis en question par les activités de service. À partir d’une analyse ergonomique du travail et de la conduite de projet de prévention dans une structure de médiation sociale, cet article cible un point spécifique de la doctrine qui s’inscrit en décalage avec l’activité des médiatrices : la subordination. En effet, le lien qui s’établit entre subordination et prévention amène à penser cette dernière dans un périmètre et sur un modèle du pouvoir éloignés de l’activité réelle des travailleuses. Cet article fournit ainsi des connaissances spécifiques sur l’écart entre la doctrine de prévention et les activités de service, mais ouvre également des perspectives de recherche au travers de la conceptualisation de la prévention en tant que dispositif.
Keywords: Doctrine de prévention; activité de service; classes de situations servicielles; dispositif; pouvoir; projet de prévention; subordination

Emerging Patterns of Collective Action in India’s Platform Economy: A Study of Drivers and Delivery Workers - Chintala, Swati Reddy (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Studying collective action in the platform economy against the backdrop of the informal economy in India, I make two arguments that show how work organization in the platform economy enables collective action and distinguishes it from the informal sector. First, I argue that platform work organization through algorithmic work allocation, high employer visibility and algorithmic rather than direct managerial control makes collective action possible. In the informal economy, layers of middlemen often obscure the employment relationship by denying workers a clear contender and the opportunity to develop relationships of solidarity. Second, platform workers address their demands to two targets: the platform company and the state. Informal worker unions have no single, identifiable employer and traditionally confine their demands to the state.
Keywords: India; algorithmic control; collective action; informal economy; mobilization; platform economy; union; work

Les défis de la mobilisation collective et de l’organisation politique des travailleurs de plateformes au Brésil : une approche ergologique - Christo, Cirlene; Oliveira, Simone; Alvarez, Denise; Masson, Letícia; Lacomblez, Marianne (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Dans le cadre de la plateformisation du travail, l'article est consacré aux défis d’une construction de l'action collective de livreurs et de chauffeurs de centres urbains au Brésil. Le contexte socio-politique et économique de dépendance au sein du système capitaliste dans lequel agit ce groupe social, en interaction avec la rationalité néolibérale, contribue à expliquer les difficultés d'organisation syndicale de ces travailleurs. L’échantillon d’enquête réunit des dirigeants, des animateurs et des membres de collectifs en quête de meilleures rémunérations et conditions de travail, ainsi que d’alternatives aux plateformes marchandes. Ils intègrent deux associations, deux collectifs autogérés et un réseau autonome de travailleurs. En se fondant sur l'analyse des entretiens réunis, des hypothèses sont avancées concernant ces formes alternatives d'organisation, de représentation et de mobilisation, en tenant compte de la composition hétérogène de ces entités collectives.
Keywords: Brésil; digitalisation; ergologie; néolibéralisme; organisation syndicale; précarisation du travail; travail de plateforme

Assessing MSDs before Introduction of a Cobot: Psychosocial Aspects and Employee’s Subjective Experience - Cippelletti, Emma; Azouaghe, Soufian; Pellier, Damien; Landry, Aurélie (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are one of the main causes of work disability (EU-OSHA, 2019; WHO, 2019). Several solutions, including the cobotic system (EUROGIP, 2017), have been put forward to improve unhealthy working conditions and prevent MSDs. We sought to identify the MSD risk factors of workers on a screen-printed glass production line prior to introduction of a cobot. We used a mixed data collection technique: video observations and assessment of MSD risk factors by expert ergonomists, and then self-confrontation interviews with six production-line operators and subjective perception of risk factors. The two types of assessment (by experts and by operators) showed that the most demanding risk factors were physical (e.g., work posture) and psychosocial (e.g., mental workload). Certain risk factors were viewed differently by the experts and the operators. One question remains: How can a cobot make work more meaningful for operators?
Keywords: Cobot; Industry 4.0; MSDs; Meaning of work; Subjective experience

Love’s Next Meeting: The Forgotten History of Homosexuality and the Left in American Culture - Cleves, Rachel Hope (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Love’s Next Meeting: The Forgotten History of Homosexuality and the Left in American Culture," by Aaron S. Lecklider.

Les visages de l'État social, Assistantes sociales et familles populaires durant l'entre-deux-guerres by Lola Zappi (review) - Courtemanche, Andréanne (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Les visages de l'État social, Assistantes sociales et familles populaires durant l'entre-deux-guerres," by Lola Zappi.

Democracy at Work. Contract, Status and Post-Industrial Justice - Coutu, Michel (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Democracy at Work. Contract, Status and Post-Industrial Justice," by Ruth Dukes and Wolfgang Streeck.

Droit du travail et relations industrielles : Vers une refondation? - Coutu, Michel; Dukes, Ruth; Murray, Gregor (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Cet article explore les voies du renouvellement de l'étude des relations industrielles et du droit du travail. À travers un examen historique comparatif de ces deux domaines d’études, il examine leurs racines et héritages communs ainsi qu'une série d'initiatives de renouvellement. Il est soutenu que les deux domaines doivent se réapproprier des valeurs fondamentales : la reconnaissance de l'inégalité fondamentale des parties à la relation de travail et la reconnaissance de la nécessité de compenser cette inégalité par des processus collectifs. Les germes de ce renouveau sont identifiés à la fois dans le droit du travail et dans les relations industrielles. Leur avenir réside dans l'émergence d'un champ d’études intégré du travail et de l'emploi et dans le rôle et l'avenir du travail en tant que vecteur de démocratie.
Keywords: démocratie au travail; l’avenir du travail; relations industrielles; renouveau du champ d’études; régulation du travail; sociologie du droit du travail

Labour Law and Industrial Relations: Toward Renewal? - Coutu, Michel; Dukes, Ruth; Murray, Gregor (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
This article explores paths for the renewal of the study of industrial relations and labour law. Through a comparative historical review of these two fields of study, it examines their common roots and legacies and a range of renewal initiatives. It is argued that both fields need to reappropriate core values: recognition of the fundamental inequality of the parties to the employment relationship; and recognition of the need to compensate for this inequality through collective processes. The seeds of this renewal are identified in both labour law and industrial relations. Their future lies in the emergence of an integrated field of study of work and employment and in the role and future of work as a vector of democracy.
Keywords: citizenship at work; democracy at work; future of work; industrial relations; regulation of work; renewal of field of study; sociology of labour law

Interprovincial Unionization and the Environment - Das, Anupam; Hudson, Ian; Hudson, Mark (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The relationship between labour movements and the environment has been the subject of considerable debate but little empirical research. Using panel data for Canadian provinces between 2001 and 2019, this article investigates the relationship between unionization rates and two measures of environmental quality: greenhouse gas emissions and total particulate matter pollution. We find that higher unionization rates are associated with lower emissions for both these measures. This finding suggests that stronger labour organizations do not lead to detrimental environmental outcomes.
Keywords: Canada; climat; climate; environment; environnement; pollution; syndicalisation; unionization

Acceptable and Necessary Treasons: The Revolutionary Prophecies of Noel Ignatiev - Davis, Dylan; King, Patrick (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews and comments on two books by American author and historian Noel lgnatiev (1940-2019): "Treason to Whiteness is Loyalty to Humanity," edited by Geert Dhondt, Zhandarka Kurt, and Jarrod Shanahan, and "Acceptable Men: Life in the Largest Steel Mill in the World."

Living to Work (from Home): Overwork, Remote Work, and Gendered Dual Devotion to Work and Family - de Laat, Kim (Work and Occupations, 2023)
Contemporary North American work culture is characterized by experts as one of overwork. Throughout much of the previous century, many parents devoted themselves either to their careers, or to their families. These “competing devotions” served as a cultural model for making sense of the world and alleviated the tension between overwork and family life. Data from interviews with 84 IT workers are used to examine whether devotion to work and family is still experienced as oppositional for working parents. I find that interviewees report feeling devoted both to their families and their careers, which I refer to as dual devotion. Such espousals of dual devotion are facilitated by the use of flexible work policies—remote work and flextime—which enable those with dual devotions to accomplish work–life integration. However, whereas men perceive remote work as allowing them to dedicate more time to childcare, women perceive it as allowing them to dedicate more time to work. These findings advance our understanding of the relationship between gender inequality and the experiential dimensions of work and family time: the practices that enable dual devotions, in particular remote work, help parents maintain an orientation to time that makes overwork more palatable. In either case, workplaces win since women are working long hours and men are not sacrificing paid work hours to take on more childcare or housework.

Centralized Bodies of Collective Representation in the Fragmented Company: A Power Resource? - Devetter, François-Xavier; Geymond, Maé; Perez, Coralie; Perraudin, Corinne; Thèvenot, Nadine; Valentin, Julie (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Could “centralized” bodies of collective representation constitute a power resource for employees in contemporary fragmented work organizations? Referring to the particular features of the institutional framework in France, this article links the theory of power resources to the concept of institutional toying to show that the power resources of managers allow them to make use of institutional shortcomings that limit the scope of these bodies as power resources for employees. The article draws on the REPONSE 2017 (DARES) survey, which sought to quantify “fragmented” organizations and their collective representation bodies. Six case studies of fragmented companies are also used to illustrate the diversity of institutional toying strategies employed by managers.
Keywords: Outsourcing; centralized bodies; collective representation; management strategy; power resources; subcontracting; subsidiaries

Les instances centralisées de représentation collective dans l’entreprise éclatée : une ressource de pouvoir? - Devetter, François-Xavier; Geymond, Maé; Perez, Coralie; Perraudin, Corinne; Thèvenot, Nadine; Valentin, Julie (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Les instances « centralisées » de représentation collective pourraient-elles constituer une ressource de pouvoir pour les salariés dans les organisations de travail fragmentées contemporaines? En se référant aux spécificités du cadre institutionnel français, cet article articule la théorie des ressources de pouvoir au concept de modelage institutionnel pour faire apparaître que les ressources de pouvoir des directions leur permettent de s’appuyer sur des lacunes institutionnelles limitant la portée de ces instances comme ressources de pouvoir pour les salariés. Il utilise l’enquête REPONSE 2017 (DARES) pour quantifier les entreprises « éclatées » ainsi que leurs instances de représentation collective. Six monographies d’entreprises éclatées sont également mobilisées pour illustrer la diversité des stratégies de modelage institutionnel des directions.
Keywords: Sous-traitance; filialisation; instances centralisées; représentation collective; ressources de pouvoir; stratégie patronale

"Our Relations… The Mixed Bloods": Indigenous Transformation and Dispossession in the Western Great Lakes - Devine, Heather (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "'Our Relations… The Mixed Bloods': Indigenous Transformation and Dispossession in the Western Great Lakes," by Larry Nesper.

Différences irréconciliables : conceptualisation du conflit en relations industrielles et en comportement organisationnel - Dickey, Todd (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Dans les dernières décennies, les spécialistes en relations industrielles (RI) n’ont cessé de préconiser une meilleure intégration de leurs théories et de leurs recherches empiriques sur le conflit à celles de leur discipline voisine, le comportement organisationnel (CO). La réalisation d’un tel objectif s’est néanmoins révélée un défi constant. Cet article offre une nouvelle perspective sur la quête de cette intégration par l’entremise d’une catégorisation des normes conceptuelles distinctes et dissemblables du conflit en RI et en CO, laquelle amène à conclure que les conceptualisations du conflit dans ces deux disciplines reposent sur des logiques inconciliables. Toutefois, même si ces logiques divergentes rendent impossible une conceptualisation unifiée du conflit, une meilleure compréhension de leur caractère inconciliable pourrait mener à un renforcement du dialogue et, à terme, à une discussion fructueuse entre les chercheurs en RI et en CO.
Keywords: Théorie des organisations; comportement organisationnel; conflit organisationnel; théorie des relations industrielles

Irreconcilable Differences: Conceptualizing Conflict in Industrial Relations and Organizational Behaviour - Dickey, Todd (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Over the past several decades, industrial relations (IR) scholars have consistently advocated for better integration of their conflict theory and empirical research with that of the neighbouring discipline of organizational behaviour (OB). Achievement of such a goal has nonetheless been a continuing challenge. Offering a novel perspective on the quest for integration, this paper categorizes the distinct and dissimilar conceptual norms of conflict in IR and OB, concluding that conceptualizations of conflict in the two disciplines are built upon irreconcilable logics. Although a unified conceptualization of conflict across these differing logics is not possible, a better understanding of their irreconcilability could facilitate a more robust and ultimately fruitful dialogue among IR and OB researchers.
Keywords: industrial relations theory; organizational behaviour; organizational conflict; organizational theory

Perceptions de justice et santé au travail. L’organisation à l’épreuve. Collection Inégalité et justice sociale - Dompierre, Johanne (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Perceptions de justice et santé au travail. L’organisation à l’épreuve. Collection Inégalité et justice sociale," edited by Stéphane Moulin.

Unsettling the Great White North. Black Canadian History - Dumais, Samia (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Unsettling the Great White North. Black Canadian History," by Funké Aladejebi and Michele A. Johnson.

Blanc de plomb. Histoire d’un poison légal - Fahrni, Magda (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Blanc de plomb. Histoire d’un poison légal," by Judith Rainhorn.

A Just Transition for Labour: The Challenges of Moves to a Circular Economy - Fairbrother, Peter; Banks, Marcus (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Proposals for a just transition for labour have been largely restricted to debates about transitions in coal regions. Yet a just transition for labour should apply to all industries. Alongside these debates, planning guidelines are in place to encourage the adoption of circular economy practices to address questions relating to material sustainability, especially in the context of the encroaching climate crisis. Surprisingly, few people have considered the implications of such changes for work and employment relationships. Unless a just transition is pursued, current inequalities in the housing construction industry are likely to intensify and remain embedded. The argument is that moves toward a circular economy in Australian housing construction require a just transition for the workforce. Such a transition must be planned and inclusive.
Keywords: Construction de Bâtiment; Transition Juste; Travail Décent; building construction; circular economy; decent work; just transition; Économie Circulaire

From Printing to Streaming: Cultural Production under Capitalism - Fauteux, Brian (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "From Printing to Streaming: Cultural Production inder Capitalism," by Michael Chanan.

Construire l'économie postcapitaliste - Folco, Jonathan Durand (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Construire l'économie postcapitaliste," by Audrey Laurin Lamothe, Frédéric Legault, and Simon Tremblay-Pepin.

La négociation collective du secteur de l’éducation : quel avenir pour le Front commun? - Fortin-Bergeron, Chloé; Gagné, Diane (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Cette étude s’intéresse à la capacité des organisations syndicales à améliorer les conditions de travail de leurs membres en contexte d’austérité économique. Pour ce faire, nous nous intéressons au cas de la négociation 2014-2015 au sein du secteur public québécois et plus particulièrement à la négociation dans le secteur de l’Éducation primaire-secondaire. Proposant une approche d’analyse multiniveau et multidimensionnelle et mobilisant un devis qualitatif, nous souhaitons engager une réflexion sur la capacité des syndicats du secteur de l’éducation à répondre à la précarité dans ce secteur. La position que nous avançons dans cet article est que les syndicats n’ont pas été en mesure de saisir certaines opportunités leur permettant de renforcer leur pouvoir de force aux tables de négociation. Nos principaux résultats nous amènent à faire le constat que les structures centralisées n’ont pas bien servi le front commun lors de la négociation de 2015; la négociation inter et intraorganisationnelle s’est avérée difficile et peu efficace compte tenu des multiples réalités et enjeux et de la stratégie fortement centralisée du gouvernement. Nous avons aussi constaté que la précarité vécue et perçue par les membres du secteur de l’éducation est très spécifique au contexte et aux caractéristiques de l’emploi; une spécificité qui semble plus difficile à faire reconnaitre au sein de structures centralisées. Partant de la thèse du « syndicalisme fantôme » proposé par Desbiens (2020) et du pragmatisme syndical de Lemieux (2021), nous engageons une réflexion et proposons des pistes d’action de manière à favoriser un rapprochement entre les différents paliers d’action syndicale et d’arrimer plus solidement la praxis syndicale aux attentes des membres.
Keywords: Austérité économique; Capacités syndicales; Négociations secteur public; Précarité; Secteur de l’éducation; Structures de négociation centralisées

Union Donations to Community Organisations and the Dampening Effect of Government Legislation: The Case of Bill 32 in Alberta, Canada - Foster, Jason; Simpson, David (Labour and Industry, 2023)
Unions in North America have a long history of financial support for charities, non-profits and other community-based organisations. However, very little research has been conducted into how much, to whom and why this financial support is provided. This article reports on a survey examining the financial donation patterns of unions in the Canadian province of Alberta. Alberta is chosen as the jurisdiction for the study as the provincial government recently enacted legislation (commonly referred to as Bill 32) that may force unions to reduce community-based donations, which would negatively impact those organisations and interfere with a core union function. The survey also examines how union financial support changes due to the implementation of this legislation. The study finds that a small but not insignificant percentage of union expenditures are devoted to community giving and that unions tend to donate to a narrow range of causes and organisations. It also finds that union responses to donation-dampening legislation were mixed, in part due to the politically controversial nature of the legislation.
Keywords: Trade unions; community organisation donations; government legislation; union finances

From Unwoven Societal Relationships to a Broad-Based Movement? Union Power in Societal Networks in Quebec (Canada) - Frangi, Lorenzo; Masi, Anthony C; Poirier, Bénédicte (Work, Employment and Society, 2023)
Power resources are embedded in societal ties. Using qualitative network analysis, our fieldwork in Quebec (Canada), based on 30 interviews and three focus groups, explored union-societal ties, their resource properties and the extent to which unions weave them into a network. We identified five different types of union-societal ties: instrumental, civil society organizations, identity-based, satellite and fishing line. These ties were mostly unwoven. Analysis of networking provides insights into how unions frame issues, identify grassroots leaders and leverage societal power resources in broad-based movements.

Managers et syndicats : duel ou duo ? - Fronty, Juliette (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Dans un contexte d’affaiblissement du dialogue social en général et de la légitimité des syndicats en particulier, nous proposons dans cet article de renouveler notre regard sur le binôme managers et syndicats à travers un changement de perspective. Dans le cadre d’une recherche qualitative approfondie menée au sein de l’industrie aéronautique française, nous nous sommes intéressée au dialogue informel quotidien entre les middle-managers et délégués syndicaux à l’échelle de l’atelier (Kochan, Katz et McKersie, 1994). Nous avons cherché à identifier la nature et les conditions du dialogue entre managers et syndicats dans leur activité quotidienne. Pour ancrer ce changement de perspective, nous utiliserons le concept de dialogue relationnel (Cunliffe et Eriksen, 2011) permettant de dépasser l’approche traditionnelle de dialogue social et pour en éprouver autrement l’effet. Nous montrerons alors que le dialogue relationnel, qui est basé sur une qualité relationnelle, une approche processuelle du dialogue et sa dimension polyphonique, permet aux middle-managers d’anticiper les tensions dans les équipes et d’améliorer leurs décisions managériales. Or, ce dialogue relationnel n’est pas perçu de manière positive par toute l’organisation, notamment les responsables des ressources humaines, qui tentent d’en réduire l’impact grâce à la mise en place d’outils de gestion empêchant les arbitrages plus informels issus du dialogue entre les managers et les syndicats. S’inscrivant dans l’évolution récente des recherches en RI s’enrichissant de cadres conceptuels venant des organizations studies, cet article contribue à tester le concept de dialogue relationnel non pas entre le manager et ses collaborateurs, mais avec des responsables syndicaux. Nous avons ainsi pu identifier des conditions organisationnelles de ce dialogue, ce qui n’avait pas encore été fait. En effet miroir, l’application du concept de dialogue relationnel dans une situation de relations professionnelles permet d’enrichir l’approche pluraliste en soulignant à la fois ses potentialités et l’importance des conditions nécessaires à ce type de dialogue.
Keywords: dialogue relationnel; managers intermédiaires; middle managers; pluralism; pluralisme; relational dialogue; syndicats; trade unions

The Origin and Dynamics of Inequality: Sex, Politics and Ideology - Gould, Anthony (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "The Origin and Dynamics of Inequality: Sex, Politics and Ideology," by Jon Wisman.

Qu’ont à se dire l’économie du travail et les relations industrielles ? - Gunderson, Morley (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Une meilleure pollinisation croisée entre l’économie du travail et les relations industrielles conduirait à des gains mutuels. Le présent article s’articule autour de critiques courantes de l’économie du travail qui sont illustrées par des exemples tirés des relations industrielles. Ces critiques, ainsi que leurs principes sous-jacents, expliquent souvent d’importants concepts des relations industrielles et apportent par le fait- même des connaissances susceptibles d’enrichir les réflexions en économie du travail. L’intention de cet article est d’avoir un regard prospectif pour faire avancer la réflexion théorique et empirique sur les aspects actuels et futurs du travail et de l’emploi.
Keywords: gains mutuels; relations industrielles; Économie du travail

What Do Labour Economics and Industrial Relations Have to Say to Each Other? - Gunderson, Morley (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Mutual gains can be made through greater cross-pollination between labour economics and industrial relations. The paper is organized around common criticisms of labour economics, with examples from industrial relations. Such criticisms, and their underlying principles, often explain important concepts in industrial relations, which can provide insights that may enhance labour economics. The intent here is to apply a forward-looking lens to advance theoretical and empirical reflection on current and future aspects of work and employment.
Keywords: labour economics; mutual gains with industrial relations

Making and Breaking Settler Space: Five Centuries of Colonization in North America - Haggarty, Liam (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Making and Breaking Settler Space: Five Centuries of Colonization in North America," by Adam J. Barker.

“Vulnerable Workers” and Third Way Governance: Shifting Subjects of Regulation in Ontario’s Employment Standard Enforcement Regime - Hall, Alan; Grundy, John; Vosko, Leah F.; Hall, Rebecca (Journal of Law and Political Economy, 2023)
This article traces the definition and treatment of “vulnerable workers” within the province of Ontario’s regulation of employment standards over a fourteen-year period. An examination of the government’s discourse and its enforcement and legislative history reveals significant shifts and inconsistencies between the government’s claims and its enforcement practices. These shifts and inconsistencies are understood within a political economic analysis of “Third Way” employment policies, competing liberal ideologies, shifting political-economic conditions and institutional legacies. The analysis contributes to a cross-national literature exploring the inadequacies of employment standards enforcement in liberal market economies while at the same time identifying opportunities for change within the different “varieties of liberalism” exhibited within Third Way regimes.

The Radical Origins of the Deindustrialization Thesis: From Dependency to Capital Flight and Community Abandonment - High, Steven C. (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
Deindustrialization became a pressing political issue and an object of research almost simultaneously in North America. This article inquires into the intellectual origins and radical roots of the deindustrialization thesis in Canada and the United States. Though the two countries share much in common, their distinctive formulations of the deindustrial problem in the 1970s and 1980s reflected key economic and political differences between them. Radical political economists in Canada and the United States turned to dependency theory and capital flight, respectively, in their theorization of deindustrialization. Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison’s 1982 book, The Deindustrialization of America, in particular, is a founding text for the burgeoning field of deindustrialization studies. We can learn much from re-engaging with this early scholarship. In doing so, however, we need to bridge the continuing analytical divide between micro-level labour histories of working-class communities and macro-level studies of political economy and the international division of labour.
Keywords: capital mobility; deindustrialization; dependency; international division of labour; political economy; staples

Working for Respect: Community and Conflict at Walmart - Hocquelet, Mathieu (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Working for Respect: Community and Conflict at Walmart," by Adam Reich and Peter Bearman.

Syndiquer sans mobiliser : la plateformisation du travail et ses conséquences sur le syndicalisme chinois - Huang, Ke (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Comment les syndicats chinois réagissent-ils à la plateformisation du travail et à la résistance des travailleurs des plateformes ? Centré sur les livreurs de repas, cet article examine les défis que le travail de plateforme pose à la Fédération nationale des syndicats de Chine (Zhonghua quanguo zonggonghui中华全国总工会), la seule organisation syndicale légale en Chine, et la manière dont, dans un premier temps, les livreurs se sont mis en lutte sans l’intervention des syndicats. Dans un deuxième temps, répondant aux injonctions des autorités politiques, la FNSC a cherché à syndiquer les livreurs en développant de nouveaux modes d’organisation. Parallèlement, elle a développé une offre de service à destination de ces travailleurs. Ce n’est que tout récemment qu’elle s’est impliquée dans la négociation de conventions collectives portant sur les conditions d’emploi et de travail des livreurs. Même si le manque de recul ne permet pas de saisir la portée réelle de ces négociations, elle interpelle cependant par rapport à la réalité du syndicalisme en Chine.
Keywords: ACFTU; China; Chine; FNSC; Food delivery workers; Livreurs de repas; auto-organisation; mobilisation; mobilization; plateforme; platforms; self-organization; syndicats; trade unions

The Heart of Toronto: Corporate Power, Civic Activism, and the Remaking of Downtown Yonge Street - Hyde, Zachary (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "The Heart of Toronto: Corporate Power, Civic Activism, and the Remaking of Downtown Yonge Street," by Daniel Ross.

Transformed or Transferred? How Workers Perceive Managerial Control over Home Telework. Some Insights from an Italian Case - Iannuzzi, Francesco Eugenio; Campolongo, Francesco (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
We examined how home-based teleworkers perceived managerial control in an Italian context in order to gain insight into some of the organizational changes brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on studies of changes to managerial control over the past few decades, we show how workers have experienced the reconfiguration and hybridization of control practices and methods in home telework. Our results cast doubt on the widely held belief that telework is revolutionizing managerial control and work procedures. Organizational and power dynamics at work are key to determining how telework affects employee experiences.
Keywords: contrôle managérial; expériences des travailleurs; managerial control; pandemic; pandémie; telework; télétravail; worker’s experiences

Introduction du numéro spécial sur la contribution des relations industrielles à la compréhension de l’avenir du travail et de l’emploi - Jalette, Patrice; Pohler, Dionne (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Pour célébrer le 60e anniversaire de l’Association canadienne des relations industrielles (ACRI), Relations industrielles-Industrial Relations (RI-IR) et l’ACRI ont convenu de publier un numéro spécial afin de faire progresser et de consolider les connaissances dans notre domaine. Depuis plus d’un siècle en Amérique du Nord, les chercheurs et les praticiens des relations industrielles étudient les problèmes liés au travail et à l’emploi, qui se perpétuent dans le cadre des modèles de production capitalistes, mais qui deviennent de plus en plus diversifiés et complexes. Par exemple, alors que le travail précaire, la santé et la sécurité au travail et les changements technologiques ont toujours posé des défis aux travailleurs, la pandémie mondiale de COVID-19 a montré que nous n’avons pas fait tout ce que nous pensions pour créer des systèmes d’emploi ou des politiques du travail qui facilitent l’équilibre entre la vie professionnelle et la vie privée, protègent les revenus des travailleurs contre les risques sociaux, permettent d’atteindre l’équité en matière d’emploi, retiennent les personnes et les compétences nécessaires au bon fonctionnement des organisations et respectent l’exercice des droits fondamentaux par les travailleurs. De plus en plus, les praticiens doivent faire face à ce que certains appellent une « polycrise », c’est-à-dire plusieurs crises simultanées (par exemple, le vieillissement de la population, l’inflation, l’évolution des préférences des travailleurs, le travail à distance et/ou le retour au travail en personne, les changements démographiques générationnels). Ces crises se combinent et s’exacerbent les unes les autres, rendant ainsi les problèmes classiques de main-d’oeuvre plus imprévisibles et plus complexes. –Introduction

Introduction to the Special Issue on the Contribution of Industrial Relations to Understanding the Future of Work and Employment - Jalette, Patrice; Pohler, Dionne (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
To commemorate the Canadian Industrial Relations Association’s (CIRA-ACRI) 60th anniversary, Relations industrielles-Industrial Relations (RI-IR) and CIRA have agreed to publish a special issue to advance and consolidate knowledge in our field. For more than a century in North America, industrial relations scholars and practitioners have been studying work and employment problems, which remain age-old under capitalist models of production but are becoming more diverse and complex. For instance, while precarious work, occupational health and safety and technological change have always challenged workers, the global COVID-19 pandemic has shown that we have not come as far as we think in creating employment systems or labour policies that facilitate work-life balance, protect worker incomes against social risks, achieve employment equity, retain the people and skills required for effective operation of organizations and respect workers’ exercise of fundamental rights. More and more, practitioners must deal with what some call a “polycrisis”—several crises happening at once (e.g., population aging, inflation, changing worker preferences, remote work and/or a return to face-to-face work, generational demographic shifts). These crises combine with and exacerbate each other, thus making classic labour problems more unpredictable and complex. –Introduction

Under the Iron Heel: The Wobblies and the Capitalist War on Radical Workers - Kealey, Gregory S. (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Under the Iron Heel: The Wobblies and the Capitalist War on Radical Workers," by Ahmed White.

Medicare’s Histories: Origins, Omissions, and Opportunities in Canada - Kealey, Linda (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Medicare’s Histories: Origins, Omissions, and Opportunities in Canada," edited by Esyllt W. Jones, James Hanley, and Delia Gavrus.

Superstack Nostalgia: Miners and Industrial Heritage in Sudbury, Ontario - King, Adam D. K. (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The growth of industrial tourism and heritage has both fascinated and frustrated scholars of deindustrialization. Frequently, workers and class conflict are obscured in or expunged from the official narratives of industrial heritage. This article makes an original contribution to research on deindustrialization and industrial heritage through fieldwork in Sudbury, Ontario – a region that has seen a decades-long process of industrial restructuring. The article draws on 26 qualitative interviews with current and retired nickel miners and analyzes workers’ reflections on local mining history. It examines how workers understand the foreign takeover of the mines, job loss, and the transformation of Sudbury’s regional economy away from blue-collar industrial employment. The article then explores the growth of regional tourism based around the mining sector, looking particularly at Dynamic Earth, an attraction that teaches visitors about the history of nickel mining through guided tours of a closed mine. On the one hand, workers critique what they see as an obfuscation of class conflict in industrial heritage, while on the other hand, they experience these sites as confirmation of the historic contributions nickel miners have made to Sudbury and the surrounding region.
Keywords: deindustrialization; industrial heritage; industrial tourism; mining; nostalgia; working-class culture

The Origins and Application of the "Core of Indianness" in Indigenous Labour Relations: Returning to Four B Manufacturing v. United Garment Workers of America - King, Adam D. K.; Lyubchenko, Olena; Vosko, Leah F.; Noack, Andrea M.; Coburn, Veldon; Hall, Rebecca J. (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
This article examines the history of, and legal precedent set by, Four B Manufacturing v. United Garment Workers of America, a 1980 Supreme Court of Canada case involving an Indigenous-owned manufacturing firm that resisted the efforts of its Indigenous and non-Indigenous workers to form a union on the Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory, a reserve in southeastern Ontario. The employer, Four B, contested the jurisdiction of the Ontario Labour Relations Board and argued, unsuccessfully, that as an "Indian enterprise," its own operations were a matter of federal jurisdiction. We return to the case of Four B for three interrelated reasons. First, we argue that Four B remains relevant because of the ways that the political economy of settler-colonial Canada continues to structure Indigenous enterprises, labour, and employment as ongoing sites of tension. Second, as the inaugural case dealing with the "core of Indianness" – a contested legal concept used by the courts to determine federal jurisdiction over Indigenous labour – this case both set the legal precedent and shaped the subsequent political terrain of Indigenous labour relations. Third, the issues addressed in Four B contextualize recent jurisdictional struggles over Indigenous enterprises, labour, and employment in what we term the "Indigenous public sector" – namely, health care, social services, and First Nations government administration. The article reviews the case history of Four B, setting this against the backdrop of deindustrialization in southeastern Ontario during the period, before tracing how the case influenced the juridical and political landscape of Indigenous labour relations. We close by considering the potential tensions between Indigenous self-determination and the exercise of collective bargaining rights by Indigenous workers.
Keywords: "core of Indianness"; Indigenous labour relations; colonialisme de peuplement; juridiction; jurisdiction; public-sector unionism; relations du travail autochtones; settler colonialism; syndicalisme dans le secteur public; « cœur de l'Indianité »

Querelle de Roberval - Lacroix, Michel (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Querelle de Roberval," by Kevin Lambert.

“La Grève de la fierté”: Resisting Deindustrialization in Montréal’s Garment Industry, 1977–1983 - Laframboise, Lauren (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
On 15 August 1983, 9,500 workers from the Montréal locals of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union went on strike for the first time in 43 years. The strike became known as “la grève de la fierté” and made clear that the women working in the city’s garment factories were taking a stand against the layoffs and closures prompted by industrial restructuring and deindustrialization. However, the strike’s success was limited, revealing the extent to which the structural inequities in the garment industry had calcified along gendered, classed, and ethnic lines. The union executive had grown increasingly distant from its rank-and-file, and it was immigrant women workers who were left to organize against the flurry of closures and the corresponding decline in their working conditions. The campaign leading up to the 1983 strike, organized by the Comité d’action des travailleurs du vêtement, articulated a series of demands for the improvement of workplace health and safety conditions, better benefits, and more representative union leadership. With original archival research and oral history interviews, I argue that the 1983 “grève de la fierté” illustrates how the historically entrenched gendered structure of labour relations shaped the pathways of deindustrialization in Montréal’s garment industry.
Keywords: Montréal; Québec; garment and textile industry; gendered labour; immigrant women; oral history; piecework; rank-and-file organizing; strike; trade liberalization

The Workers' Opposition in the Russian Communist Party: Documents, 1919–30 - Lalande, J.-Guy (Jean-Guy) (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "The Workers' Opposition in the Russian Communist Party: Documents, 1919–30," edited by Barbara C. Allen.

The South: Jim Crow and its Afterlives - Lichtenste[i]n, Alex (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "The South: Jim Crow and its Afterlives," by Adolph L. Reed, Jr., with a foreword by Barbara J. Fields.

“We Thought It Would Last Forever”: The Social Scars and Legacy Effects of Mine Closure at Nanisivik, Canada’s First High Arctic Mine - Lim, Tee Wern; Keeling, Arn; Satterfield, Terre (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
Although mine closures are an inherent feature of extractive industry, they tend to receive less attention in the literature on deindustrialization than the closures of manufacturing and other heavy industries. Until recently, the settler-colonial context of hinterland mineral development and its impact on northern Indigenous lands and communities in Canada have also remained largely unexplored within this literature. Mineral development is historically associated with the introduction of a colonial-capitalist industrial modernity across Canada’s northern regions. Yet the boom-and-bust nature and ultimate ephemerality of mineral development has meant that resource-extractive regions have also been subject to intensive “cyclonic” periods of closure and deindustrialization. This article examines the experience of deindustrialization on the part of the Inuit community of Arctic Bay, who were largely “left behind” by the closure of Nanisivik, Canada’s first High Arctic mine. Through documentary sources and oral history interviews we illustrate how, for Arctic Bay Inuit who were engaged in the cyclonic economies of Nanisivik’s development and closure, there were myriad dimensions of social loss, displacement, and resentment associated with the failure of this industrial enterprise to deliver promised benefits to Inuit, beyond more commonly understood socioeconomic impacts such as job loss.
Keywords: Arctic; Indigenous communities; Inuit; Northern Canada; deindustrialization; industrial colonialism; mine closure; mining; ruination

Répression et dépossession politique - Livernois, Jonathan (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "1972. Répression et dépossession politique," by Olivier Ducharme.

Unionizing Delivery Platform Workers. The Spatiality of Struggles over Regulation and Deregulation of Delivery Work in Spain - López-García, Irene; Ribón-Seisdedos, Maria Antonia; Morales-Muñoz, Karol; Roca, Beltrán (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
This article is about recent changes in the union strategy of Spanish platform workers. Using a socio-spatial approach to labour processes and disputes, we first describe the context of union organizing: how the business model of delivery platforms has evolved and how it is regulated in Spain. We then analyze the first initiatives to organize couriers in Spain. These initiatives can be classified under the heading of community unionism and have focused on specific spaces of union activism (state regulation and community support). Next, we explore how their newly won employee status has caused couriers to adopt more conventional forms of union organizing and focus on other spaces. Finally, we discuss the main challenges of reconciling union models with the working world of delivery platforms.
Keywords: community unionism; couriers; delivery platforms; industrial action; platform capitalism; platform workers; spatiality of labour; unions

Importing the Clairtone Sound: Political Economy, Regionalism, and Deindustrialization in Pictou County - MacKinnon, Lachlan (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
Following the industrial crisis of the 1920s and the Great Depression in the 1930s, consecutive provincial governments in Nova Scotia turned their efforts toward state-led economic development. After the election of Robert Stanfield and the Tories in 1956, a wholesale industrial planning model was unveiled. Indeed, Stanfieldian economic policy in Nova Scotia was predicated upon the belief that direct state-led interventionism was necessary to offset regional inequity. State corporate entities, such as Industrial Estates Limited, and renewed interest in a state-driven industrial relations paradigm were central in the province’s efforts to revitalize its flagging economy and offset predicted decline in the Cape Breton coal and steel industries. This article examines the fate of the Clairtone Sound Corporation, one of Nova Scotia’s “new industries” that emerged out of these state-led development efforts. A case study of this Stellarton-based firm reveals how structural processes of deindustrialization produced crisis even within sectors that were completely distinct from the province’s cornerstone industries of coal and steel. This case includes a reflection on the class composition of the modernist state in Nova Scotia and represents a convergence of the historiographical focus on state-led industrial development in the Maritimes and recent literature found within deindustrialization studies.
Keywords: Atlantic Canada; Nova Scotia; coal; deindustrialization; economic planning; electronics; industrial development; regionalism

Deindustrialization in Canada: New Perspectives - MacKinnon, Lachlan; High, Steven C. (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
Introduces the theme of deindustrialization in Canada including history, gender, regions, technology, and resistance Summarizes the various contributions to this special issue of the journal.

The Opportunity Trap: High-Skilled Workers, Indian Families, and the Failures of the Dependent Visa Program - Maghbouleh, Neda (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "The Opportunity Trap: High-Skilled Workers, Indian Families, and the Failures of the Dependent Visa Program," by Pallavi Banerjee.

Job Standardization and Employee Voice - Mao, Hsiao-Yen; Mao, Chueh-Wei (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
An organization expects its employees to comply with job standardization to improve its production efficiency, while also expecting them to make suggestions to improve their job performance. Are the two goals compatible? Does job standardization turn employees into active speakers or stifled ones? This study is about how and why job standardization influences employee voice. I use conservation of resources (COR) theory to articulate competing hypotheses and a mediating process for the individual mechanism of employees’ role orientation in their job. In a three-wave panel survey, 232 employees completed questionnaires. The results are consistent with the resource conservation argument of COR theory: job standardization is resource-depleting and tends to narrow the role orientation of employees, who thus focus on resource conservation to fulfill job requirements and are in turn less likely to consume resources and voice suggestions. This study provides a specific, job-related way for managers to keep employee voice from being stifled or ignored. Job standardization should consider the relative importance of employee voice and be classified as discipline-related or job-content-related.
Keywords: conservation of resources; employee voice; job standardization; role orientation

L’accompagnement syndical des mobilisations de chauffeurs VTC et de livreurs de repas en France. Les apports d’une perspective comparative et intersectionnelle - Marchadour, Guénolé (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Le développement du travail de plateforme a vu naître, dans différents contextes nationaux, des mobilisations pour défendre les intérêts et faire reconnaître les spécificités de travailleur·es situé·es aux marges des relations industrielles. L’objectif de cet article est d’examiner, suivant une perspective comparative et intersectionnelle, l’accompagnement syndical des mobilisations de chauffeurs VTC et de livreurs de repas en France. À partir d’une enquête qualitative sur des collectifs suivis par la CFDT et la CGT, il met en évidence les défis et les obstacles communs auxquels ces organisations sont aujourd’hui confrontées pour soutenir l’action collective de travailleur·es précaires et racisé·es.
Keywords: Accompagnement syndical; Intersectionality; Intersectionnalité; Mobilisations; Mobilizations; Platform workers; Precariousness; Précarité; Travailleurs de plateforme; Union support

Comprendre les conflits liés à la réglementation du travail sur plateforme numérique : une revue critique de la littérature sur le rôle des institutions, des réseaux et des cadres cognitifs dans l’élaboration des politiques - Martin-Caballero, Angel (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
La croissance du travail sur plateforme numérique a perturbé et réorganisé la réglementation sur l’emploi. La littérature a abordé ce sujet sous différents angles, mais souvent de manière fragmentée et sans expliquer clairement pourquoi et comment les conflits sur le plan réglementaire à propos du travail sur plateforme numérique surviennent. En utilisant le cadre de Beckert (2010) pour étudier la manière dont les domaines changent, l’auteur a effectué une revue critique de la littérature sur : 1) les rôles des institutions, des réseaux et des cadres dans la réglementation du travail sur plateforme numérique; 2) le pouvoir de réglementation que ces structures confèrent aux acteurs et aux organisations; et 3) les interrelations possibles entre ces structures. Les résultats démontrent l’existence d’une littérature abondante sur la portée de la réglementation institutionnelle et le pouvoir réglementaire des réseaux, mais beaucoup moins sur le rôle plus large de l’État dans ce domaine et les cadres qui guident les préférences des acteurs en matière de réglementation. Les axes de la recherche à réaliser dans le futur sont abordés.
Keywords: conflit réglementaire; revue critique de la littérature; réglementation; travail sur plateforme numérique

Understanding Conflict over Regulation of Platform Work: a Critical Literature Review on the Role of Institutions, Networks and Frames in Policy-Making - Martin-Caballero, Angel (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
The expansion of platform work has disrupted and reordered employment regulation. The literature has contributed to this subject from different angles, although often in a fragmented way and without clearly explaining why and how regulatory conflict arises over platform work. Using Beckert's (2010) framework for study of how fields change, the author conducted a critical literature review on: 1) the roles of institutions, networks and frames in regulating platform work; 2) the regulatory power these structures provide to actors and organizations; and 3) the possible interrelationships between these structures. The results show the existence of a substantial literature on the scope of institutional regulation and the regulatory power of networks, but much less on the broader role of the state in this field, and the framing processes that guide the actors’ preferences for regulation. Future lines of research are discussed.
Keywords: critical literature review; platform work; regulation; regulatory conflict

Prison and the Work Ethic - McElligott, Greg (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
Despite persistent depictions to the contrary, coercion pervades the modern work experience and, in many significant respects, is underwritten by the power of the state. This article outlines some of the ways in which long-standing interventions by Canadian (and British) states continue to affect workplace relations today. To appreciate the scope of this effect, it is necessary to trespass across a number of disciplinary boundaries to include topics such as immigration, deportation, political policing, the legal foundations of employment law, the continuing influence of the British Poor Laws, and the role of prisons and prison labour in helping to regulate work standards. States acted to support proletarianization in a comprehensive way, but their tendency to favour large-scale, "labour-saving" building projects has often undermined the actual effectiveness of their efforts at social control. These patterns still haunt prison policy, as I will show toward the end of the article in discussing the Toronto South Detention Centre.
Keywords: détérioration institutionnelle; institutional decay; labour policy; policy failure; politique du travail; prisons à haute sécurité; supermax prisons; travail forcé; unfree labour; échec de politique

Curated Decay: Residual Industrialization at the Nova Scotia Museum of Industry - McInnis, Peter S. (Peter Stuart) (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
Nova Scotians understand economic hardships at both the personal and community levels. This is especially true for the residents of Pictou County. With the eclipse of coal, steel, and heavy manufacturing, successive governments looked to tourism to augment an eroding economic base and to commemorate the working lives of Nova Scotians. This article offers an analysis of the initial decision to construct and maintain the Museum of Industry in a region of the province subjected to sequential phases of deindustrialization. The venture, officially opened to regular attendance in 1995, is the largest facility in the province’s impressive system of 28 regional museums. The creation of the museum, however, was fraught with uncertainty and narrowly avoided financial collapse and plans to disperse the collection of artifacts. The project was subsequently left straddling an uneasy divide between celebrating industrial heritage and tempering controversies of economic and environmental development. Despite Nova Scotia’s proud heritage of worker resistance and union activism, visitors may exit the museum with the ambiguous message that while working lives are often harsh and riven with uncertainty, optimism for the future must prevail. The implication is that the appropriate response is selective anodyne forms of nostalgia, even resignation, but not resentment of the human and environmental costs of deindustrialization.
Keywords: coal mining; critical museum studies; deindustrialization; industrialization; public history; regional development; working-class commemoration

Ineligible: Single Mothers Under Welfare Surveillance - McKeen, Wendy (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Ineligible: Single Mothers Under Welfare Surveillance," by Krys Maki.

Low Class Oil Trash and the Politico-Aesthetics of the Fossilized Proletariat - McLean, Jacob (Canadian Literature, 2023)
In the context of the climate crisis and the rise of the far right, scholars have warned of a "nascent fossil fascism" that combines far right authoritarian politics with fossil fuel boosterism (Daggett). In Canada, this conjuncture expresses itself, in part, through extractive populism, a reactionary political project to counter the environmental left (Gunster et al.). Low Class Oil Trash stands out among other extractive populist entities for its foray into cultural production, having written and produced an original song, "Gassed Up," an "anthem for the oil and gas industry." This article does a close reading of "Gassed Up" and Low Class Oil Trash's social media posts. I use Andreas Malm and the Zetkin Collective's terms "fossilized proletariat," "fossilized whiteness," and "fossilized masculinity" to analyze these petrocultural products, exploring why some members of the working class, despite the threat of climate change, cling to fossil fuels.

Le syndicalisme japonais à l’épreuve du capitalisme de plateforme - Nakano, Kenshin (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Dans un contexte mondial où l’expansion de l’économie de plateformes numériques dans les secteurs du transport de personnes et de la livraison de repas suscite les mobilisations des travailleurs, le contexte japonais est caractérisé par une double « étrangeté », à savoir une absence apparente des travailleurs de plateformes dans le secteur du transport de personnes alors que les mobilisations y ont été importantes et une faible mobilisation dans le secteur de la livraison de repas où le nombre de livreurs a véritablement explosé. À partir d’une enquête qualitative menée auprès de divers acteurs actifs dans les deux secteurs, l’article montre comment le syndicalisme japonais a réagi face au capitalisme de plateforme.
Keywords: Japan; Japon; Travailleurs de plateforme; Uber; digital platforms; food delivery workers; livreurs de repas; plateformes numériques; platform workers; syndicat; taxi; trade union

How We Struggle: A Political Anthropology of Labour - Nasari, Pedrom (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "How We Struggle: A Political Anthropology of Labour," by Sian Lazar.

"Lawless Coal Miners" and the Lingan Strike of 1882–1883: Remaking Political Order on Cape Breton's Sydney Coalfield - Nerbas, Don (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The Lingan strike of 1882–83 was the last in a series of strikes over a two-decade period on Cape Breton Island's Sydney coalfield. With the use of untapped local sources, this article reconstructs the history of this understudied strike within a broader history of social relations on the coalfield. The migration of labourers from the island's backland farms – predominantly from Highland enclave settlements – to the coal mines played a decisive role in shaping the era's new coal mining villages and the character of social conflict. By the early 1880s, structural change associated with National Policy industrialism was eroding the old authority of the coal operators, and miners embraced the Provincial Workmen's Association (pwa) to advance their claims in long-standing and highly localized contestations. Ultimately the coal communities themselves imposed the emergent trade unionism. The Lingan strike marked a transition to a new political order on the coalfield, structured by the place of the coal mines within the wider Cape Breton countryside and built upon a powerful localism and moral economy that recast the public sphere and the miners' place in it.
Keywords: Cape Breton; Nouvelle-Écosse; Nova Scotia; capitalism; capitalisme; charbon; coal; grèves; labour; mines; mining; moral economy; riots; strikes; travail; économie morale; émeutes

Editors’ Note = Note de la rédaction [91, Fall 2023] - Niergarth, Kirk; Smith, Charles (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
Welcomes guest editors Lachlan MacKinnon and Steven High to the special issue on deindustrialization.

Teresa Rosemary Healy: Feminist, Labour Scholar, Activist, Musician - O'Manique, Colleen (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
Pays homage to the wide-ranging interests of the activist and scholar, Teresa Healy (1962-2022).

The Right to Disconnect from Work in Canada: Section 21.1.1 of Ontario’s Employment Standards Act in Context - Ogunde, Fife (The Canadian Bar Review, 2023)
Ontario’s provincial government enacted legislation in 2021 mandating employers to develop and maintain workplace policies with regard to employees disconnecting from work. The aim of this article is to examine the suitability of Ontario’s legislative response under the Employment Standards Act in the context of the “right to disconnect”. This paper argues that the Canadian “right to disconnect” in its current form is inadequate from a regulatory perspective and advocates for a stronger framework in this respect.

Prendre soin de la famille émancipée. La santé des affranchis et sa négociation à l'aube de la Reconstruction au Tennessee (1862–1866) - Ouellet, Nelson (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
Dans cet article, les contrats de travail signés au Tennessee par les propriétaires fonciers et les affranchis sont placés au centre d'une étude sur un paradoxe de la liberté aux États-Unis. Nous soutenons l'idée que la santé des affranchis – qui comprend les soins médicaux, la subsistance et la protection physique – se négocie durant et après la guerre de Sécession dans le but d'assujettir les intérêts des Noirs, de l'État et des propriétaires terriens à un idéal de relations sociales de production régi par la liberté, le droit et le marché. En examinant les contrats de travail et leurs clauses médicales, nous revisitons l'approche médico-politique qui a maintes fois conduit les historiens à la thèse de l'échec de la Reconstruction. Nous plaçons aussi la famille noire dans le processus d'émancipation et de production par la voie des contrats et d'une relecture de la « culture de la dissimulation » proposée par l'historienne Darlene Clark Hine il y a plus de trente ans. Enfin, nous nous éloignons d'une lecture qui réduit les contrats à la seule oppression dont étaient victimes les Noirs après la guerre de Sécession. En complément, nous invitons le lecteur à examiner les débats sur la citoyenneté qui ont suivi la ratification du treizième amendement.
Keywords: African Americans; Noirs; Reconstruction; contracts; contrats; famille; family; freedom; health; santé; travail; work; émancipation

A Hero from Capitalism’s Hells: Mike Davis and the Fighting Spirit of Socialist Possibility - Palmer, Bryan D. (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
An illustrated, life-and times portrait of Mike Davis (1946-2022), the American writer, activist, urban theorist, and historian.

Civilization: From Enlightenment Philosophy to Canadian History - Palmer, Bryan D. (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Civilization: From Enlightenment Philosophy to Canadian History," by Elsbeth A. Heaman.

Éclairage par le commun des conditions organisationnelles pour la pérennité des communautés de pratique - Pastier, Kévin; Combes, Victor; Dalmas, Michel; Silva, François (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Objectif de la recherche : Cet article interroge la pérennité des communautés de pratique (CoP), généralement considérée par des approches déterministes, en utilisant le cadre théorique des communs. Cet article propose donc par analogie d’analyser les CoP en tant qu’organization et organizing. Cette approche doit permettre d’identifier les conditions internes pour une reproduction d’une CoP. L’objectif de cette recherche est ainsi de comprendre les conditions d’auto-organisation et de pérennité d’une CoP. Méthodologie : Pour ce faire, nous utilisons une méthodologie mixte. Après une étude qualitative de plusieurs mois à observer et analyser deux CoP, nous nous appuyons sur une étude quantitative menée auprès de sept CoP au sein d’une entreprise, MUTUALIS. Un questionnaire permettant d’analyser l’organization et l’organizing des CoP a été envoyé aux membres. 76 réponses ont été retenues et analysées avec SMART PLS. Contribution : Si cet article identifie un potentiel de reproduction interne des CoP et donc de pérennité, il souligne également que celle-ci demeure partielle par son usage instrumental. En raison de ce dernier, les CoP minimisent leur reproduction organisationnelle et donc leur auto-organisation. Pour dépasser cette limite, le cadre du commun propose in fine une approche intégrative de l’organisation d’une action collective auto-organisée qui nous amène à penser la démocratisation à une échelle multiniveaux. Finalement, cette étude démontre l’impératif d’une transformation organisationnelle plus générale de l’entreprise qui ne peut être réduite à des dispositifs ou des communautés sporadiques.
Keywords: Commoning; Communauté de pratique; Community of practice; Degeneration; Dégénérescence; Mixte analysis; Méthodologie mixte

Cycles de risque, capitalisme et avenir du travail - Peetz, David (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Cet article interprète les nombreuses données empiriques sur la croissance, puis la stagnation des « modes de flexibilité » à l’aide de la théorie du procès de travail, en particulier en ce qui concerne le contrôle et la résistance. Dans un « cycle de risque », la direction saisit d’abord une occasion de réduire les coûts en transférant le risque du capital au travail par le biais d’un certain mode de flexibilité. Le mode choisi est de plus en plus utilisé jusqu’à ce que l’expansion soit bloquée par la nécessité de vaincre la résistance, d’obtenir le consentement et/ou d’exercer un contrôle. La direction cherche alors un nouveau mode. Le cycle de risque est cohérent avec les données de l’OCDE sur l’« emploi temporaire » et les données australiennes sur l’« emploi occasionnel ». Les implications pour l’économie à la demande et l’avenir du travail sont abordées.
Keywords: contrôle; cycle du risque; emploi occasionnel; emploi temporaire; flexibilité; précarité; résistance

Risk Cycles, Capitalism and the Future of Work - Peetz, David (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
This paper interprets extensive empirical data on the growth and then stagnation of “modes of flexibility” by using labour process theory, specifically with respect to control and resistance. In a “risk cycle,” management initially seizes an opportunity to reduce costs by transferring risk from capital to labour through some mode of flexibility. The chosen mode is used more and more until further expansion is blocked by the need to overcome resistance, to obtain consent and/or to exercise control. Management then seeks a new mode. The risk cycle is consistent with OECD data on “temporary employment,” and Australian data on “casual employment.” Implications for the gig economy and the future of work are discussed.
Keywords: casual employment; control; flexibility; precarity; resistance; risk cycle; temporary employment

Les couleurs de la révolution. La gauche à l’épreuve du pouvoir. Venezuela, Équateur, Bolivie : un bilan à travers l’histoire - Peñafiel, Ricardo (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Les couleurs de la révolution. La gauche à l’épreuve du pouvoir. Venezuela, Équateur, Bolivie : un bilan à travers l’histoire," by Patrick Guillaudat and Pierre Mouterde.

Putting Skill to Work: How to Create Good Jobs in Uncertain Times - Pérez-Lauzon, Sara (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Putting Skill to Work: How to Create Good Jobs in Uncertain Times," by Nichola Lowe.

Frontiers of Feminism: Movements and Influences in Québec and Italy, 1960–1980 - Raby, Marie-Laurence (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Frontiers of Feminism: Movements and Influences in Québec and Italy, 1960–1980," by Jacinthe Michaud.

The Flows of Racial Capitalism: Charting the Spread of COVID-19 through Alberta’s Meatpacking Industry - Rinaldi, Jen; Fernando, Shanti (Journal of Critical Race Inquiry, 2023)
This article will present a case study of Cargill’s High River meatpacking plant operations to show how at crucial historical junctures racial capitalism shaped its working conditions and in so doing determined the spread of COVID-19. First, the Canadian meatpacking industry’s 1980s-era economic restructuring relocated and reorganized its workforce from a core to peripheral one, allowing for the low wage employment of many precarious workers; this restructuring enabled the Cargill company to gain overwhelming control of the meatpacking industry in Canada and to become a “choke point” in the supply chain. Second, Canadian immigration policy from 2006 to 2010 supported a marked increase in migrant workers to meet the labour market needs of business; this reconstituted the labour class to heighten their disposability. With these pieces in place, the Albertan provincial government could classify meatpackers as “essential workers” who worked even in the face of mass COVID infection in April through June 2020. Across this crucial historical period racial capitalism enabled the plant to circumvent public health interventions protecting workers through the onset of the pandemic. Political championing of business interests, enacted through legislative mechanisms, allowed for the exploitation of workers and consistently rendered workers personally responsible for their own health and safety, despite their lack of control over what exposed them to risk.

Justice at Work: The Rise of Economic and Racial Justice Coalitions in Cities - Roth, Silke (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Justice at Work: The Rise of Economic and Racial Justice Coalitions in Cities," by Mark Doussar and Greg Schrock.

Work and the Carceral State - Rouleau, Alexis Marcoux (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Work and the Carceral State," by Jon Burnett.

Waitresses in Action: Feminist Labour Protest in 1970s Ontario - Sangster, Joan (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
In the 1970s, women in Toronto created the Waitresses Action Committee to protest the introduction of a "differential" or lower minimum wage for wait staff serving alcohol. Their campaign was part of their broader feminist critique of women's exploitation and the gendered and sexualized nature of waitressing. Influenced by their origins in the Wages for Housework campaign, they stressed the linkages between women's unpaid work in the home and the workplace. Their campaign eschewed worksite organizing for an occupational mobilization outside of the established unions; they used petitions, publicity, and alliances with sympathizers to try to stop the rollback in their wages. They were successful in mobilizing support but not in altering the government's decision. Nonetheless, their spirited campaign publicized new feminist perspectives on women's gendered and sexualized labour, and it contributed to the ongoing labour feminist project of enhancing working-class women's equality, dignity, and economic autonomy. An analysis of their mobilization also helps to enrich and complicate our understanding of labour and socialist feminism in this period.
Keywords: Wages for Housework; féminisme de deuxième vague; lois sur le salaire minimum; minimum-wage laws; salaire au travail ménager; second-wave feminism; syndicalisation des serveuses; waitress organizing

Platforms and the Challenges for Workers’ Digital Action: The Brazilian Experience during the COVID-19 Pandemic - Santana, Marco (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
In this article, I will analyze the ways in which Brazilian workers are using social media to organize and mobilize. Although analysis of social media use has made great progress, in the case of worker movements it still needs further development. I will focus on the experience of Brazilian app-based delivery workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite their dispersion across the country, delivery workers were able to carry out two national strikes through intense use of WhatsApp, Facebook, YouTube and Twitter. Using qualitative analysis of posts from worker organizations on social media, it was possible to identify the challenges faced by these movements when using digital media. Social media helped solve some organizational and communication problems, while producing others that workers had to deal with.
Keywords: Action collective; Brazil; Brésil; Livreurs; Mobilisation en ligne des travailleurs; Plateformes numériques; collective action; delivery workers; digital platforms; workers’ digital action

"I Felt like I Was Losing Every Day": Women Educators' Lived Experience of the COVID-19 Pandemic - Smith, Julia (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The covid-19 pandemic severely disrupted the education system in Canada from March 2020 throughout the 2020–21 school year. It also had disproportionate secondary effects on women in terms of unpaid care, economic loss, and poor mental health. This article explores the lived experience of women educators in the province of Alberta, drawing on interviews and focus groups with 39 educators. Findings indicate that the pandemic not only exacerbated the triple burden that women educators, in particular, bear but added additional layers of responsibility related to public health management, educating children at home, elder care responsibilities, and emotional labour. The essential role women educators fulfilled within the covid-19 response, at work and at home, cost them time, professional development opportunities, mental wellness, and the positive rewards that had drawn them to the educational field. Current concerns around educator burnout and retention may be mitigated by acting on the recommendations of women educators regarding the development of more equitable education systems and social policy.
Keywords: Alberta; Canada; care economy; covid-19; education; feminist; femmes; féministe; gender; genre; health; santé; women; économie des soins; éducation

La capture des travailleurs à l’ère du travail précaire : réduire le taux de roulement en l’absence de l’engagement et de la sécurité d’emploi des employés - St-Denis, Xavier (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Le présent article soutient que la rétention du personnel demeure une priorité essentielle pour de nombreux employeurs, même si ces derniers deviennent de moins en moins enclins à offrir des emplois stables. La recherche a montré que, face à cette précarité croissante de l’emploi, les travailleurs adoptent des stratégies individuelles de progression professionnelle axées sur la mobilité entre entreprises, lesquelles viennent renforcer les inquiétudes des employeurs en ce qui concerne le roulement du personnel. Cet article défend l’importance pour les chercheurs en relations industrielles d’étudier de plus près les pratiques organisationnelles qui restreignent la mobilité des employés, c’est-à-dire les « stratégies de capture des travailleurs ». Celles-ci se distinguent des autres pratiques en matière de mobilité du fait qu’elles sont unilatérales et qu’elles visent une réduction du roulement du personnel sans nécessairement chercher à favoriser un sentiment d’engagement ou de loyauté chez les employés.
Keywords: Insécurité d’emploi; carrière; clause de non-concurrence; flexibilité du travail; roulement du personnel; rétention du personnel

Worker Capture in the Precarious Work Era: Reducing Turnover without Employee Commitment and Job Security - St-Denis, Xavier (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
This paper argues that employee retention remains a key priority for many employers, even as they become less likely to offer stable employment. In the face of increased job insecurity, researchers have shown that workers have adopted personalized career progression strategies that emphasize inter-firm mobility. Such strategies heighten employer concerns about employee turnover. The paper argues that the industrial relations literature would gain from closer study of organizational practices that restrict employee mobility, i.e., “worker capture strategies.” Such practices stand out from other mobility-reducing ones because they are unilateral and aim to reduce turnover without necessarily fostering a sense of commitment or loyalty among employees.
Keywords: careers; flexible employment; job insecurity; non-compete agreements; retention; turnover

La virtualisation des communications en contexte de travail hybride : un effet d’entraînement ou de réduction des comportements hostiles ? - St-Onge, Sylvie; Bachini, Eva (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
Depuis la pandémie, un nombre croissant d’employés travaillent partiellement ou totalement à distance et en présentiel selon leur volonté ou des balises définies par leur employeur. Cette étude explore (1) les liens entre l’adoption de ces modes de travail qualifiés d’« hybride » (un changement d’organisation du travail important qui a modifié, entre autres, les lieux, les heures et la charge de travail) et diverses formes de comportement hostiles parmi le personnel ; (2) les moyens de prévenir et contrer l’émergence de comportements hostiles dans un contexte de travail hybride appelé à s’intensifier.
Keywords: Remote work; aggression; agression; bullying; cyberbullying; cyberharassment; cyberharcèlement; harassment; harcèlement; incivility; incivilités; telecommuting; travail à distance; télétravail

Refinery Town in the Petrostate: Organized Labour Confronts the Oil Patch in Western Canada - Stevens, Andrew; Nesbitt, Doug (Studies in Political Economy, 2023)
In 2019, Regina’s Co-operative Refinery Complex locked out the 730 members of Unifor Local 594 amid record profits in an aggressive drive for significant pension concessions. Marred by sweeping antipicketing injunctions, an enormous scab operation, police repression, and general public enmity, the lockout suggests two overlapping trends. First, the union’s adherence to co-operative and conciliatory bargaining had left it ill equipped to confront—either in the workplace or the public sphere—management’s costcutting agenda in the centre of Saskatchewan’s now hegemonic petrostate. Second, a marked tension developed between community outreach efforts and the circumstances in which legal industrial action was ineffective and civil disobedience emerged.
Keywords: Collective action; just transition; oil unionism; petrostate; revitalization; union renewal

Organizing Informal Workers Globally: Comparing a Global Union Federation and a Global Informal Worker Organization Network - Tilly, Chris (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
With economic globalization and with the precarization and informalization of work, efforts have increased to build global labour alliances among formal workers on the one hand and to organize informal workers on the other. These two endeavours overlap considerably. Global labor organizations have taken on a growing role in organizing and advocating for informal workers. I explore this overlap by comparing two global labour federations: one arising from heterogeneous networks of informal workers—the International Domestic Workers Federation—and a longstanding one of formal employees that has increasingly attempted to include informal workers—the Building and Wood Workers International. The contrast reveals similarities, divergences and trade-offs, with important implications for the future potential for building global organizations of informal workers.
Keywords: Construction workers; domestic workers; global unions; informal work; power resources

Inequality in Canada: The History and Politics of an Idea - Tough, David (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Inequality in Canada: The History and Politics of an Idea," by Eric W. Sager.

Franchising and the Extraction of Surplus Value: Excavating the Legal Boundary Between Franchisees and Employees - Tucker, Eric; Bartkiw, Timothy J. (Journal of Law and Political Economy, 2023)
Nearly one in ten Canadians in the private sector works in the franchised sector of the economy. For the most part, franchisors operate as rentiers, extracting value from franchisees for the use of their brand. Research has demonstrated that this arrangement puts additional pressure on franchisees to extract surplus value from their employees that tend toward substandard and unlawful working conditions. In this scenario, franchisors benefit from but are only indirectly involved in the extract of surplus value. In some cases, however, the vertical controls exercised by “franchisors” over “franchisees” are so extensive, and the financial contribution of “franchisees” is so limited, that the franchisor becomes involved in directly extracting surplus value from franchisees. We explore this latter phenomenon through an excavation of the history of the legal distinction in Canadian business-format franchising in Canada and detailed studies of two recent Canadian cases in which “franchisees” successfully claimed employment status.

A Crusading Voice for the Mining West: How the Rossland Evening World Served Militant Workers at the Turn of the 20th Century - Verzuh, Ron (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
The Rossland Evening World, a four-page daily dedicated to the mineworkers of British Columbia's bustling West Kootenay mining town of Rossland, first appeared on May Day 1901 – just in time to do battle with local mine owners in the historic 1900–01 miners' strike. The World may have owed its existence in part to William "Big Bill" Haywood, a founder of the militant Western Federation of Miners (wfm) and the Industrial Workers of the World. On visiting the town and the prospectors' camp in the 1890s, Haywood saw that Rossland would soon grow into a thriving Pacific Northwest mountain community with a steady increase in wfm membership. He encouraged the miners to form wfm Local 38, possibly the first wfm local in Canada, and soon a dozen Kootenay locals formed wfm District Association 6. A wfm grant followed to help launch the local and the new daily. Amid growing frustration with bad working conditions and mine owners' refusal to recognize the wfm, the World became a welcome sister to the wfm's Miners' Magazine, dedicating itself to "the Interests of Organized Labor." By the fall of 1900, the strike of 1,400 miners was on, and the World published news and analysis throughout the region. Ultimately the strike was lost, but the World carried on until 1904. As its legacy, it showed how a daily newspaper could help build community support and provide a defence for the local unionized workforce.
Keywords: 1901 strike; Big Bill Haywood; Kootenay; Rossland; Western Federation of Miners; Wobblies; grève de 1901; industrie minière; journalisme syndical; labour journalism; mining; réduction du temps de travail; shorter hours

Through the Back-Door: How Australia and Canada Use Working Holiday Programs to Fulfill Demands for Migrant Work Via Cultural Exchange - Vosko, Leah F. (Journal of Industrial Relations, 2023)
In Australia and Canada, working holidaymaking is rationalized on the basis of encouraging cultural exchange among youth. Yet, in both countries, there is mounting evidence that working holiday programs are operating as back-door migrant work programs to help fill demands for labor in occupations and industries characterized by precarious jobs undesirable to locals. As scholarship on working holidaymakers’ labor market participation is more developed in Australia than in Canada, and administrative data available are also more extensive therein, this article sheds new light on the Canadian case vis-à-vis the Australian example. In exploring regulatory strategies adopted by these two settler states and their effects, comparative analysis of administrative data and historical and contemporary immigration and labor and employment laws and policies reveals how nationally specific program design can foster similar ends: precariousness among participants in the industries in which working holidaymakers are concentrated, including agriculture, tourism, and accommodation and food services. It also shows that stratification between working holidaymakers more closely approximating the image of the “cultural sojourner” and those who are effectively migrating for work purposes takes shape principally along the lines of source country in both countries.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365248611_Through_the_back-door_How_Australia_and_Canada_use_working_holiday_programs_to_fulfill_demands_for_migrant_work_via_cultural_exchange

Le capital algorithmique. Accumulation, pouvoir et résistances à l’ère de l’intelligence artificielle - Vultur, Mircea (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2023)
The article reviews the book, "Le capital algorithmique. Accumulation, pouvoir et résistances à l’ère de l’intelligence artificielle," by Jonathan Durand Folco and Jonathan Martineau.

Labour and the Law in Canada, an Essay by Maurice Spector - Wentzell, Tyler (Labour / Le Travail, 2023)
Introduces Spector's essay on labour law, written from a Marxist perspective while he was attending Osgoode Hall law school in the early 1930s. Provides biographical background on Spector, a former Communist who became a leading Canadian Trotskyist. He briefly practiced law in Toronto before moving to New York in the later 1930s.