From Such Great Heights - Pehl, Matthew (Labour / Le Travail, 2017)
This article reviews "Labor’s Love Lost: The Rise and Fall of the Working-Class Family in America," by Andrew J. Cherlin, "Hillbilly Elegy: A Memoir of a Family and Culture in Crisis," by J.D. Vance, "Fighting for Total Person Unionism: Harold Gibbons, Ernest Calloway, and Working-Class Citizenship," by Robert Bussel, "Conservative Counterrevolution: Challenging Liberalism in 1950s Milwaukee," by Tula A. Connell, and "Reframing Randolph: Labor, Black Freedom, and the Legacies of A. Philip Randolph," edited by Andrew E. Kersten and Clarence Lang.

Health and Safety in Canadian Workplaces - Pérusse, Michel (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2017)
This article reviews the book, "Health and Safety in Canadian Workplaces," by Jason Foster and Bob Barnetson.

Dialogue social, relations du travail et syndicalisme : perspectives historiques et internationales - Plamondon, Frédérick (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2017)
This article reviews the book, "Dialogue social, relations du travail et syndicalisme : perspectives historiques et internationales," edited by Paul-André Lapointe,

Quand travailler enferme dans la pauvreté et la précarité : travailleuses et travailleurs pauvres au Québec et dans le monde - Plamondon, Frédérick (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2017)
Thiis article reviews the book, "Quand travailler enferme dans la pauvreté et la précarité : travailleuses et travailleurs pauvres au Québec et dans le monde," by Carole Yerochewski.

“Due Attention Has Been Paid to All Rules”: Women, Tavern Licences, and Social Regulation in Montreal, 1840-1860 - Poutanen, Mary Anne (Histoire sociale / Social History, 2017)
Taverns and inns were centres of neighbourhood life, places for travellers seeking meals, drink, and accommodation and commercial and domestic spaces where keepers and their families earned a living and that they called home. Women figured largely in public houses as patrons, servants, family members, and publicans in their own right. The article focuses on a sample of 90 female publicans who held tavern licences from 1840 to 1860, arguing that keeping these establishments afforded them distinct levels of economic independence and power. It considers broadly those characteristics that constituted ideal female keepers in mid-nineteenth-century Montreal and how they maintained a respectable status precisely at a moment when alcohol consumption and associated licensed and unlicensed commercial sites were coming increasing under scrutiny by temperance advocates, authorities of the criminal justice system, and elites. To retain their licences, female keepers had to negotiate the landmines of respectability by following licensing regulations, maintaining a reputable demeanour, and regulating the public house’s culture and clientele.

In Love and Struggle: The Revolutionary Lives of James and Grace Lee Boggs - Powell, Christopher (Labour / Le Travail, 2017)
This article reviews the book, "In Love and Struggle: The Revolutionary Lives of James and Grace Lee Boggs," by Stephen M. Ward.

Precarious Employment and Difficult Daily Commutes - Premji, Stéphanie (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2017)
Precarious employment is on the rise in Canada, increasing by nearly 50% in the last two decades. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which it can impact upon geographical mobility. Employment-related geographical mobility refers to mobility to, from and between workplaces, as well as mobility as part of work. We report on a qualitative study conducted among 27 immigrant men and women in Toronto that investigates the relationship between precarious employment and daily commutes while exploring the ways in which gender, class and migration structure this relationship.Interview data reveal that participants were largely unable to work where they lived or live where they worked. Their precarious jobs were characterized by conditions that resulted in long, complex, unfamiliar, unsafe and expensive commutes. These commuting difficulties, in turn, resulted in participants having to refuse or quit jobs, including desirable jobs, or being unable to engage in labour market strategies that could improve their employment conditions (e.g. taking courses, volunteering, etc.). Participants’ commuting difficulties were amplified by the delays, infrequency, unavailability and high cost of public transportation. These dynamics disproportionately and/or differentially impacted certain groups of workers. Precarious work has led to workers having to absorb an ever-growing share of the costs associated with their employment, underscored in our study as time, effort and money spent travelling to and from work. We discuss the forces that underlie the spatial patterning of work and workers in Toronto, namely the growing income gap and the increased polarization among neighbourhoods that has resulted in low-income immigrants increasingly moving from the centre to the edges of the city. We propose policy recommendations for public transportation, employment, housing and child care that can help alleviate some of the difficulties described.

Pathways between under/unemployment and health among racialized immigrant women in Toronto - Premji, Stephanie; Shakya, Yogendra (Ethnicity & Health, 2017)
Objective. We sought to document pathways between under/unemployment and health among racialized immigrant women in Toronto while exploring the ways in which gender, class, migration and racialization, as interlocking systems of social relations, structure these relationships. Design. We conducted 30 interviews with racialized immigrant women who were struggling to get stable employment that matched their education and/or experience. Participants were recruited through flyers, partner agencies and peer researcher networks. Most interviews (21) were conducted in a language other than English. Interviews were transcribed, translated as appropriate and analyzed using NVivo software. The project followed a community-based participatory action research model. Results. Under/unemployment negatively impacted the physical and mental health of participants and their families. It did so directly, for example through social isolation, as well as indirectly through representation in poor quality jobs. Under/unemployment additionally led to the intensification of job search strategies and of the household/caregiving workload which also negatively impacted health. Health problems, in turn, contributed to pushing participants into long-term substandard employment trajectories. Participants’ experiences were heavily structured by their social location as low income racialized immigrant women. Conclusions. Our study provides needed qualitative evidence on the gendered and racialized dimensions of under/unemployment, and adverse health impacts resulting from this. Drawing on intersectional analysis, we unpack the role that social location plays in creating highly uneven patterns of under/unemployment and negative health pathways for racialized immigrant women. We discuss equity informed strategies to help racialized immigrant women overcome barriers to stable work that match their education and/or experience.

The Predictors of Unmet Demand for Unions in Non-Union Workplaces: Lessons from Australia - Pyman, Amanda; Teicher, Julian; Cooper, Brian; Holland, Peter (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2017)
In this study, we examine the predictors of unmet demand for unions in non-union workplaces, using the Australian Worker Representation and Participation Survey (AWRPS). Unmet demand is defined here, as those employees in non-union workplaces who would be likely to join a union if one were available. We argue that this is the first study in Australia to examine the predictors of unmet demand in non-union workplaces, and, that this is an important line of inquiry given a rise in non-union workplaces and never members in Australia, alongside declining union density and membership numbers. Drawing on three strands of existing literature, namely the individual propensity to unionize, the rise and characteristics of non-union workplaces and alternative forms of representation, and, managerial responsiveness to employees and unions, we develop and test four hypotheses.Our results show, controlling for a range of personal, job and workplace characteristics, that there are two significant predictors of the willingness to join a union in non-union workplaces: perceived union instrumentality (Hypothesis 2) and perceived managerial responsiveness to employees (Hypothesis 4), whereby employees who perceive that managers lack responsiveness are more likely to want to join a union if one were available.These results show that unions must try to enhance their instrumentality in workplaces and could be more effective in recruiting if they targeted never members. The results also show that unions need to have some gauge (measure) of how responsive managers are to employees, and that they can leverage poor responsiveness of managers for membership gain and the extension of organizing. In the final analysis, an understanding of the predictors of unmet demand for unions in non-union workplaces has implications for Australian unions’ servicing and organizing strategies, and for their future growth prospects.

Worker Voice: Employee Representation in the Workplace in Australia, Canada, Germany, the UK and the US, 1914–1939 - Rees, Jonathan (Labour / Le Travail, 2017)
The article reviews the book, "Worker Voice: Employee Representation in the Workplace in Australia, Canada, Germany, the UK and the US, 1914–1939," by Greg Patmore.

From Left to Right: Maternalism and Women's Political Activism in Postwar Canada - Ricci, Amanda (Labour / Le Travail, 2017)
This article reviews the book, "From Left to Right: Maternalism and Women's Political Activism in Postwar Canada," by Brian Thorn.

Drawn to Change: Graphic Histories of Working-Class Struggle - Rifkind, Candida (Labour / Le Travail, 2017)
The article reviews the book, "Drawn to Change: Graphic Histories of Working-Class Struggle," edited by the Graphic History Collective .

Reverend Addie Wyatt: Faith and the Fight for Labor, Gender, and Racial Equality - Rocksborough-Smith, Ian (Labour / Le Travail, 2017)
This article reviews the book, "Reverend Addie Wyatt: Faith and the Fight for Labor, Gender, and Racial Equality," by Marcia Walker-McWilliams.

Protecting Concerted Action outside the Union Context - Rogers, Brishen; Archer, Simon (Canadian Labour and Employment Law Journal, 2017)
Canada's labour laws do not adequately protect non-union forms of concerted action - a problematic gap in the legislation, given the increase in alternative models of collective organizing. This article proposes the adoption in Canada of broader protections similar to those found in the United States, where section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act extends protection to concerted action by employees regardless of whether they are unionized or even seeking to unionize. Beginning with a comparison of the current legislative schemes in the two countries, the authors argue that because the limitations to concerted action in Canadian labour law are similar to those in the U.S., the proposal is unlikely to disturb settled law beyond its intent. The positive impacts of adopting section 7-like protection in Canada are canvassed, which include encouraging stronger employee "voice," allowing for increased realization of the constitutional guar- antee of freedom of association, and enabling experimentation with non-union forms of collective representation. These changes would help to balance work- place power dynamics, and allow workers more flexibility in choosing how to advocate for themselves.

Recent Developments in Unionizing the Precarious Workforce: The Exemption Regimes of Care Workers and Farm Workers in Quebec - Rolland, Anne-Julie (Canadian Labour and Employment Law Journal, 2017)
Quebec has established special "exemption regimes" to govern the labour relations of two groups of precarious workers: home-based care workers and farm workers. Those regimes give the workers in question limited rights of rep- resentation and collective bargaining but otherwise exclude them from the gen- eral scheme of labour relations set out in the Labour Code. This paper reviews the history of efforts to unionize home care and farm workers in Quebec as well as the ensuing constitutional litigation, which in each case forms the immediate background to the creation of the exemption regime. In the case of home-based care workers, the regime gives workers certain associative rights, including the right to conclude "group agreements" with the responsible Minister respecting terms and conditions of employment, while maintaining an irrebuttable pre- sumption that the workers are self-employed. The author notes that although the unions representing various groups of home-based care workers have made some important gains, the constitutionality of individual elements of the scheme (e.g. restrictions on the permissible scope of bargaining) is open to question and is currently the subject of a challenge in the courts. With respect to farm workers in Quebec - mostly migrants - the applicable legislation gives employees' associations only minimal rights to make representations to the employer, and to discuss those representations with the employer in good faith. In the author's view, the scheme is highly unlikely to permit a meaningful process of collective bargaining, and is therefore also vulnerable to Charter challenge, particularly in the face of the Supreme Court of Canada's 2015 labour trilogy. Ultimately, the author argues, the piecemeal proliferation of exemption regimes is no answer to the emergence of precarious work, and a fundamental reconsideration of the principles of collective representation is necessary.

Black Labor, White Sugar: Caribbean Braceros and their Struggle for Power in the Cuban Sugar Industry - Rothera, Evan (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2017)
This article reviews the book, "Black Labor, White Sugar: Caribbean Braceros and their Struggle for Power in the Cuban Sugar Industry," by Philip A. Howard.

Too Great a Burden to Bear: The Struggle and Failure of the Freedmen’s Bureau in Texas - Rothera, Evan (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2017)
The article reviews the book, "Too Great a Burden to Bear: The Struggle and Failure of the Freedmen’s Bureau in Texas," by Christopher B. Bean.

‘They Took Our Beads, It Was a Fair Trade, Get Over It’: Settler Colonial Logics, Racial Hierarchies and Material Dominance in Canadian Agriculture - Rotz, Sarah (Geoforum, 2017)
Canada is in a liminal space, with renewed struggles for and commitments to indigenous land and food sovereignty on one hand, and growing capital interest in land governance and agriculture on the other. While neoliberal capital increasingly accumulates land-based control, settler-farming communities still manage much of Canada’s arable land. This research draws on studies of settler colonialism, racial hierarchy and othering to connect the ideological with the material forces of settler colonialism and show how material dominance is maintained through colonial logics and racially ordered narratives. Through in-depth interviews, I investigate how white settler farmers perceive and construct two distinctly ‘othered’ groups: Indigenous peoples and migrant farmers and farm workers. Further, I show the disparate role of land and labour in constructing each group, and specifically, the cultural and material benefits of these constructions for land-based settler populations. At the same time, settler colonial structures and logics remain reciprocally coupled to political conditions. For instance, contemporary neoliberalism in Canadian agriculture modifies settler colonial structures to be sure. I argue, however, that political economic analyses of land and food production in Canada (such as corporate concentration, land grabbing and farm consolidation) ought to better integrate the systemic forces of settler colonialism that have conditioned land access in the first place. Of course, determining who is able to access land—and thus, who is able to grow food—continues to be a territorial struggle. Thus, in order to shift these conditions we ought to examine how those with access and control have acquired and maintained it.
Keywords: Agriculture; Canada; Farming; Settler Colonialism; Food Justice; Indigenous Sovereignty; Race

Les syndicats internationaux dans l'industrie de la construction au Québec (1887–1930) - Rouillard, Jacques (Labour / Le Travail, 2017)
Les syndicats internationaux prennent de l'expansion dans l'industrie de la construction au Québec, entre 1887 et 1930, et en viennent à dominer le paysage syndical. Ces années sont aussi celles où les syndicats parviennent parfois à faire passer les relations de travail de rapport brut avec les employeurs à la négociation et à la signature de contrats collectifs de travail. Comme dans le reste de l'Amérique du Nord, les syndicats internationaux de la construction apportent un modèle de relations de travail qui comporte des différences par rapport à celui qui domine dans l'industrie manufacturière. Comme les syndicats dans ces industries, ceux de la construction désirent parvenir à un contrôle partagé de leur milieu de travail en imposant ou en négociant des contrats précisant l'échelle des salaires, les heures de travail, le rôle des agents syndicaux et l'arbitrage des conflits. Mais ils attachent une importance primordiale à l'obtention de l'atelier syndical fermé et à la mise sur pied de bureaux de placement. Il faut dire que la fluidité des lieux de travail et l'instabilité des emplois font en sorte que les ouvriers de la construction, plus que les autres travailleurs, vivent dans l'insécurité. La stratégie utilisée par les syndicats pour pallier à cette insécurité et améliorer les conditions de travail consiste à regrouper la grande majorité des ouvriers d'un métier dans une ville donnée et à obtenir l'atelier syndical fermé sur les chantiers. Ils y greffent les bureaux de placement pour leurs membres, ce qui rend l'appartenance syndicale attrayante, car elle devient source de travail pour les syndiqués. Elle représente aussi une forme de gestion paritaire de la demande de main-d'oeuvre et pour les syndicats, un certain contrôle de l'offre de travail. Pendant la période étudiée, la syndicalisation des ouvriers de la construction leur vaut des avantages significatifs en termes de salaires, d'heures de travail et de règles régissant l'organisation du travail. À Montréal, les briqueteurs et charpentiers-menuisiers doublent leur salaire réel de 1901 à 1930 et voient leur semaine de travail réduite de 60 à 44 heures pour certains d'entre eux.

If We Can Win Here: The New Front Lines of the Labor Movement - Russell, Jason (Labour / Le Travail, 2017)
This article reviews the book, "If We Can Win Here: The New Front Lines of the Labor Movement," by Fran Quigley.

“Thigh in the Sky”: Canadian Pacific Dresses Its Female Flight Attendants - Sangster, Joan; Smith, Julia (Labor, 2017)
This article uses a case study of a highly publicized 1970 controversy over Canadian Pacific Air Lines’ flight attendant uniforms—specifically, a switch from mini to midi skirt—as a case study in business-labor relations concerning the regulation of women workers’ bodily appearance. Using company and union records and employing a historical, materialist, and feminist analysis, we trace how notions of aesthetic and emotional labor changed over time in relation to the political economy, gender ideologies, and the agency of workers themselves. The flight attendants’ reluctance to challenge the airline’s sexist advertising indicated how both accommodation and resistance were intertwined in complex ways in the workplace. Their acceptance of more “thigh in the sky” had much to do with a highly regulated and disciplined workplace, an entrenched division of labor on the airplane, and gendered notions of beauty and glamour in the industry, including women’s strategic use of beauty on the job to their own advantage.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313411093_Thigh_in_the_Sky_Canadian_Pacific_Dresses_Its_Female_Flight_Attendants

Kill it to save it – An Autopsy of Capitalism’s Triumph over Democracy - Sarfati, Hedva (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2017)
This article reviews the book, "Kill it to save it – An Autopsy of Capitalism’s Triumph over Democracy," by Corey Dolgon.

Organized Labour, Campaign Finance, and the Politics of Strategic Voting in Ontario - Savage, Larry; Ruhloff-Queiruga, Nick (Labour / Le Travail, 2017)
This article uses campaign finance data to trace the changing landscape of party-union relations in Ontario. In an analysis of six provincial elections that took place between 1995 and 2014, the authors demonstrate that significant segments of the province's labour movement have abandoned exclusive electoral alliances with the New Democratic Party in favour of multi-partisan strategic voting campaigns designed to block the election of Progressive Conservative candidates.

Migration, Precarity and Global Governance – Challenges and Opportunities for Labour - Sayin, Firat (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2017)
This article reviews the book, "Migration, Precarity and Global Governance – Challenges and Opportunities for Labour," edited by Carl-Ulrik Schierup, Ronaldo Munck, Branka Likic-Brboric and Anders Neergaard.

Tilting at Windmills: The Utopian Socialist Roots of the Patriot War, 1838–1839 - Schrauwers, Albert (Labour / Le Travail, 2017)
The Hunters' Lodge was a secretive, grassroots American social movement that arose during the Patriot War in support of the Canadian Rebellions of 1837–38. However, despite the large number of participants, we know little about those who took part. This article decentres the military narratives that dominate the existing historiography by providing a collective cultural biography (or prosopography) of the Lodge's leadership elected in September 1838 at a Patriot Congress in Cleveland. An examination of the life trajectories of these men indicates their shared prewar participation in three related social movements: freethought, free banking, and Freemasonry. A closer cultural examination of the development and intersection of these movements reveals common ties within the Hunters' Lodge to Owenite utopian socialism as it moved from its communitarian phase to its involvement with an emerging American labour movement. These ties would place the Patriot War participants at the far left of the Democratic Party and in opposition to the concentration of land, wealth, and political power in the developing evangelical-antimasonic-Whig alliance in the aftermath of the financial panic of 1837.

Workplace Death at Sea: Chinese Surviving Families’ Experiences of Compensation Claims - Shan, Desai (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2017)
Seafaring remains one of the most adventurous yet dangerous forms of work. Compared to shore-based industrial workers, seafarers suffer a risk of fatality that is up to 11 times higher. Workplace fatality is proved to be harmful to the social, financial and health conditions of surviving families. Although there has been an increase in attention given to the improvement of seafarers’ health and working conditions at sea, the effects of death at sea on surviving families has remained neglected by both researchers and policymakers.Drawing on in-depth interviews conducted with eight surviving family members in 2013 and 2014, this study investigates seafarers’ surviving families’ experiences of raising death compensation claims in China, which has the world’s largest population of seafarers. The work-related fatalities occurred between 2005 and 2013. At the time of the study, 2.4 years had elapsed on average since the deaths took place. All research participants reported considerable difficulties in communicating with crewing agencies and contacting ship owners when making compensation claims.This study shows that surviving families are in a vulnerable position when in conflict with companies. It also reveals that weak state prevention forces surviving families to defend their rights through protests. The absence of regulation over organizations involved in foreign-related employment relationships exacerbates the economic loss and mental harm suffered by surviving families following the occurrence of workplace fatalities. Furthermore, current legal and administrative procedures are unable to restore justice and provide therapeutic help for surviving families. Consequently, surviving families have suffered considerable financial loss and additional psychological harm in claim processes.

Public Rights and Private Remedies: Reflection on Enforcing Employment Standards through Grievance Arbitration - Shilton, Elizabeth (Canadian Labour and Employment Law Journal, 2017)
Some years ago, both Ontario and British Columbia amended their employment standards legislation to require employees in unionized workplaces to adjudicate their employment standards claims through their collective agree- ments. Unions at the time objected to the downloading of costs of public rights enforcement onto grievance arbitration - rightly, in the author's view, because grievance arbitration is designed to resolve disputes arising from private law generated by collective bargaining, not to enforce individual rights conferred by public law. By placing employment standards claims within the exclusive juris- diction of arbitrators, the amendments made those statutory rights part of the "bundle" that is subject to the compromises and tradeoffs inherent in collective agreement dispute resolution. The author acknowledges that there are compel- ling reasons to consolidate the adjudication of workplace disputes, including the potential for duplicative litigation, and the fact that private and public rights are closely intertwined in the modern workplace. What is needed, she suggests, is a custom-designed public tribunal, along the lines of a "labour court," with plenary jurisdiction to enforce both public and private rights, operating on prin- ciples that recognize society's interest in access to justice and equality before the law. She calls for further research to determine the impact of blending public and private rights enforcement systems on collective bargaining as an institution and on the welfare of unionized employees.

Freedom of Association and the Political Economy of Rights: The Collective Freedoms of Workers After SFL v. Saskatchewan - Smith, Charles W. (Studies in Political Economy, 2017)
In Saskatchewan Federation of Labour v. Saskatchewan (SFL v. Saskatchewan, 2015), the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that freedom of association in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms includes a collective ability for workers to strike. This decision was the latest in a series of cases in which the Supreme Court ruled that workers’ abilities to collectively bargain and strike are essential components of the constitutional protection of freedom of association. Using these decisions as a starting point, this paper reviews the uneven way that the court has elevated the associational freedoms of workers. The paper argues that the court’s balancing act between the collective freedoms of workers and the individual rights of employers conceals the material imbalance that has historically shaped capitalist social relations both inside and outside of the state. The paper argues further that these decisions have opened an important legal space for new mobilization strategies for working-class activists.
_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/07078552.2017.1342991
Keywords: Collective bargaining; Saskatchewan Federation of Labour v. Saskatchewan; Supreme Court of Canada; freedom of association; workers’ rights

Editor's Note: New directions for Labour/Le Travail = Note de la rédaction : Nouvelles orientations pour Labour/Le Travail - Smith, Charles W.; Sangster, Joan (Labour / Le Travail, 2017)
Announces the co-editorship of Charles Smith and Joan Sangster for this volume, and gratefully acknowledges the work of former editors as well as funding from OPSEU. The journal is a joint partnership of the Canadian Committee on Labour History and the Canadian Association of Work Studies. Seeks submissions that reflect new directions in the study of the workplace and labour, including analyses of labour and the state, feminist political economy, strikes and workplace conflict, union renewal, new models of worker organizing, environmental justice, Indigenous struggles inside and outside the workplace, global workers’ movements, anti-racism campaigns, lgbtq2s struggles. Also welcomes contributions on the social world of work, e.g., popular and working-class cultures, the gendered and racialized experiences of workers, the intersections between colonialism and labour, and the many permutations of labour in the past and present – informal, paid, unpaid, coerced, voluntary.

Towards a Global History of Domestic and Caregiving Workers - Smith, Julia (Labour / Le Travail, 2017)
This article reviews the book, "Towards a Global History of Domestic and Caregiving Workers," edited by Dirk Hoerder, Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk, and Silke Neunsinger.

The Future of Work: Super-Exploitation and Social Precariousness in the 21st Century - Smith, Murray E. G. (Labour / Le Travail, 2017)
The article reviews the book, "The Future of Work: Super-Exploitation and Social Precariousness in the 21st Century," by Adrián Sotelo Valencia.

Worth Fighting For: Canada's Tradition of War Resistance from 1812 to the War on Terror - Smith, Nathan (Labour / Le Travail, 2017)
This article reviews the book, "Worth Fighting For: Canada's Tradition of War Resistance from 1812 to the War on Terror," edited by Lara Campbell, Michael Dawson, and Catherine Gidney.

Cyber-Proletariat: Global Labour in the Digital Vortex - Stevens, Andrew (Labour / Le Travail, 2017)
The article reviews the book, "Cyber-Proletariat: Global Labour in the Digital Vortex," by Nick Dyer-Witheford.

Regulating Work in the Gig Economy: What Are the Options? - Stewart, Andrew; Stanford, Jim (Economic and Labour Relations Review, 2017)
Paid work associated with digital platform businesses (in taxi, delivery, maintenance and other functions) embodies features which complicate the application of traditional labour regulations and employment standards. This article reviews the extent of this type of work in Australia, and its main characteristics. It then considers the applicability of existing employment regulations to these ‘gig’ jobs, citing both Australian and international legislation and case law. There is considerable uncertainty regarding the scope of traditional regulations, minimum standards and remedies in the realm of irregular digitally mediated work. Regulators and policymakers should consider how to strengthen and expand the regulatory framework governing gig work. The article notes five major options in this regard: enforcement of existing laws; clarifying or expanding definitions of ‘employment’; creating a new category of ‘independent worker’; creating rights for ‘workers’, not employees; and reconsidering the concept of an ‘employer’. We review the pros and cons of these approaches and urge regulators to be creative and ambitious in better protecting the minimum standards and conditions of workers in these situations.
https://www.academia.edu/download/73685855/825f335ca4241b265f41972ef57d8d430ee3.pdf

Migration and the Canadian Labour Market - Strauss, Kendra (Labour / Le Travail, 2017)
This article reviews "Liberating Temporariness?: Migration, Work, and Citizenship in an Age of Insecurity," edited by Leah F. Vosko, Valerie Preston, and Robert Latham, "When Care Work Goes Global: Locating the Social Relations of Domestic Work," edited by Mary Romero, Valerie Preston, and Wenona Giles, and "Producing and Negotiating Non-Citizenship: Precarious Legal Status in Canada," edited by Luin Goldring and Patricia Landolt.

The Restructuring of Canada's Automotive Industry, 2005–2014 - Sweeney, Brendan A.; Mordue, Greigory D. (Canadian Public Policy, 2017)
The Canadian automotive industry underwent substantial restructuring between 2005 and 2014. This article draws on establishment-level data to examine these changes as they relate to both automotive assembly and automotive parts manufacturing. It also elucidates the limitations of using official government statistics to study the automotive industry. In addition to analyzing changes to the structure and composition of the industry, our data demonstrate that the industry employs far more people than are reported in official government statistics. We conclude that improvements to data collection methods are important for policy-makers to develop effective supports for the automotive industry.

Nonunion Representation in Law and Practice - Taras, Daphne (Canadian Labour and Employment Law Journal, 2017)
This article provides a brief overview of the development of the Canadian approach to nonunion employee representation. For a century or more, nonunion representation vehicles have been used by workers and employers, without the attention, oversight and statutory regime that characterizes union-management relations. Nonunion representation rarely intersects with the law, and usually does so only when there is a collision between nonunion vehicles and trade unions during union organizing. Otherwise, the law is silent about nonunion representation. In the aftermath of the Supreme Court's contemporary analyses that commenced in 2001 with Dunmore, and moved through B.C. Health, Fraser, MPAO, and Meredith, the status of nonunion representation has not changed; these vehicles remain lawful. But there is considerable uncertainty about future directions. Might nonunion representation vehicles now be protected as collect- ives under the Charter, or will their somewhat sub-rosa nature remain? Should policy-makers and courts respect their maneuverability, or regulate them as inferior to unions? Certainly the Supreme Court has expressed distaste for these vehicles, as in the 2015 MPAO decision, but to what extent will this opprobrium find its way into Canadian law? We are at a crossroads, and if there is a legal challenge involving the status of nonunion collectives, there is no way of pre- dicting the outcome. In this article, the author discusses how an argument might be made that nonunion associations' activities could achieve Charter protection, and raises questions to which there are no clear answers.

Science asservie et invisibilité des cancers professionnels : études de cas dans le secteur minier en France - Thébaud-Mony, Annie (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2017)
Depuis plus d’un siècle, l’évolution de la recherche concernant la santé publique, en général, et les risques du travail, en particulier, est largement dominée par les besoins et stratégies des industriels. Ceux-ci interviennent, non seulement dans le financement des études menées, mais aussi dans leur conception, parvenant à faire subsister le doute là où la mise en danger est manifeste. L’un des principaux points d’appui de cette incertitude indéfiniment reconduite réside dans l’invisibilité des pathologies liées au travail, en particulier les cancers professionnels.S’appuyant sur des enquêtes pluridisciplinaires en sciences sociales et sciences de la vie — qui mettent en question le modèle dominant monocausal de compréhension des liens entre cancer et facteurs de risque — la première partie de cet article démontre comment une interprétation réductrice de la causalité du cancer permet cette incertitude indéfiniment reconduite, inscrite dans le « paradigme du doute », tout en faisant obstacle à la connaissance et à la reconnaissance des cancers professionnels. Deux études de cas dans le secteur minier français illustrent ensuite la remise en cause, toujours possible, de la dangerosité de cancérogènes parfaitement identifiés, et le déni de droits à la reconnaissance en maladie professionnelle des travailleurs atteints, les maintenant dans l’invisibilité. Ainsi, le paradigme du doute, qui domine la santé publique, permet-il aux industriels, mais aussi aux acteurs étatiques — aujourd’hui comme hier — de s’appuyer sur l’incertitude pour envisager favorablement la réouverture de sites miniers dans des régions habitées, sans prise en compte des enjeux sanitaires. L’épidémie de cancer ne cesse de progresser atteignant, en France, une incidence estimée de 385 000 nouveaux cas par an en 2015 (contre 150 000 en 1984). Mais le doute entretenu sur les effets sanitaires de risques industriels, dont les dangers sont pourtant avérés, favorise encore actuellement la poursuite des conditions de production de cancers futurs, en particulier chez les premiers concernés par l’exposition aux cancérogènes, à savoir les travailleurs.

Hell’s History: The USW’s Fight to Prevent Workplace Deaths and Injuries from the 1992 Westray Mine - Thompson, Mark (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2017)
Thiis article reviews the book, "Hell’s History: The USW’s Fight to Prevent Workplace Deaths and Injuries from the 1992 Westray Mine," by Tom Sandborn.

Income Inequality: The Canadian Story - Thompson, Mark (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2017)
The article reviews the book, "Income Inequality: The Canadian Story," edited by David A. Green, W. Craig Riddell and France St.-Hillaire.

"A Colourful Crowning Ceremony": Images of Class, Gender, and Beauty in World War II-Era Canadian Communism - Thorn, Brian (Labour / Le Travail, 2017)
This article discusses beauty contests held by the Communist Party (cp) in British Columbia during World War II. It presents two arguments. First, the article argues that the beauty contests symbolized the Communist Party's viewpoint on the role of women in left movements, and in society in general. Thus, cp beauty pageants possessed a two-sided nature. On one level, cp women appropriated these pageants to present a hybrid version of the beauty contest where women could present leftist views. On the other hand, the pageants show that the cp only held marginally more progressive views on women than the mainstream. Second, the article suggests that Communist women and men had contrasting ideas about what the pageants meant to the party. cp men used women's bodies in pageants in order to promote and raise money for the party; in effect, Communist men saw these pageants as related to women's physical beauty. Communist women, by contrast, did not view the pageants as related to beauty at all. Indeed, these women saw the pageants as simply a way to promote the party's political program of higher wages and better working conditions. The article concludes that leftist men and women had different ideas about what constituted beauty, and that seemingly conservative cultural productions, like beauty pageants, can have radical goals.

Polarity, Patriotism, and Dissent in Great War Canada, 1914–1919. - Tough, David (Labour / Le Travail, 2017)
The article reviews the book, "Polarity, Patriotism, and Dissent in Great War Canada, 1914–1919," by Brock Millman.

The Gig Economy and Contingent Work: An Occupational Health Assessment - Tran, Molly; Sokas, Rosemary K. (Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2017)
The gig economy describes forms of contingent work arrangements that require digital platforms, representing an evolution in contingent work, both in moving up the educational scale and in increased visibility. It has engaged many workers who are highly educated and might previously have been in traditional employer–employee relationships, and appears to increase their vulnerability to wage theft, independent contractor misclassification, job insecurity, and lack of occupational health protections. As occupational health physicians, our need to develop, evaluate, and implement interventions to address the needs of workers in non-traditional employment relationships is growing.

The Christian Labour Association of Canada (CLAC): Between Company and Populist Unionism - Tufts, Steven; Thomas, Mark (Labour / Le Travail, 2017)
The Christian Labour Association of Canada (clac) has historically had a relatively small presence in Canada's labour movement. Increasing interest in clac over the last decade is due to its expanded membership, largely in western Canada and Ontario: the union claims to represent 60,000 workers. Further, the tactics used to achieve this growth have been controversial within organized labour. In fact, clac was expelled from central labour bodies for its employer accommodationist strategies. This article expands the understanding of clac beyond a characterization of classic "company" unionism. In this article we find that clac integrates elements of populism into a specific geographic strategy for expansion in ways that complicate analysis. We focus on labour board records of disputes between clac and other unions, a recent case where the union backed employer-friendly legislation in Ontario, and the union's rhetorical devices and propaganda.

Private Governance, State Regulation and Employment Standards: How Political Factors Shape their Nexus in Australian Horticulture - Underhill, Elsa; Rimmer, Malcolm (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2017)
The global weakness of collective bargaining and state regulation has spawned growing interest in employment protection though private governance. However, scepticism about the efficacy of unsupervised codes of conduct has triggered debate about external discipline through state regulation. This article seeks to contribute to debates about the processes that shape the nexus between private governance and state regulation.It is based on an empirical study of Australian harvest workers who formally benefit from state regulation of pay and occupational health and safety (OHS). However, industry changes have undercut standards. Product market pressures from supermarkets squeeze growers’ capacity to pay. Also, the labour market is increasingly supplied by vulnerable Asian temporary migrants (including undocumented workers), often supplied to growers by unscrupulous temporary work agencies. While pay and OHS practices vary, many harvest workers are exploited. Nor is private governance (which extends to horticulture through the codes of conduct of supermarkets and peak temporary work agency bodies) effective. All codes draw their standards from minimum legal employment conditions, and all possess loopholes allowing breaches to escape attention and rectification.In 2015, media and political attention fell on the working conditions of temporary migrants in horticulture. Government inquiries found evidence of exploitation, but were divided over solutions. Progressive politicians (influenced by unions) favoured stronger state enforcement powers and temporary work agency licensing. Conservative politicians (influenced by business lobbies) claimed these steps would fail, and favoured the status quo. Political reform therefore stalled.This study illustrates the importance of political processes in shaping the nexus between state regulation and private governance. In this case, a political stalemate leaves both regulation and governance deficient. Lacking protection from either source, harvest workers remain exposed to exploitative employment conditions.

Caught Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Mental Health of Migrant Live-in Caregivers in Canada - Vahabi, Mandana; Wong, Josephine Pui-Hing (BMC Public Health, 2017)
Canada depends on Temporary Foreign Workers (TFWs), also known as migrant workers, to fill labour shortage in agriculture, hospitality, construction, child/senior care, and other low-skilled occupations. Evidence shows that TFWs, especially women live-in caregivers (LC), constitute a vulnerable population. Their health is compromised by the precarious and harsh working and living conditions they encounter. There is a paucity of research on the mental health of LCs, their support systems and access to mental health services.

Aftermath of the SCC's Potter Decision: The Interaction between Constructive Dismissal and Mitigation of Damages Still Requires Attention - VanBuskirk, Kelly (Canadian Labour and Employment Law Journal, 2017)
This paper explores ongoing tensions in the Canadian common law of employment between two key principles: the obligation of a constructively dis- missed employee in some circumstances to remain in the employment where it is reasonable to do so in order to mitigate damages, and the possibility that the employee's decision to advance a legal claim alleging constructive dismissal may, in and of itself be treated as a repudiation of the contract so as to disentitle the employee from damages. As explained by the author, this tension reflects the competing influences on employment law of different theories of contract - the classical, the neoclassical, and the relational - and is further complicated by the friction in the case law between the "elective" and the "automatic" theories of contract termination in employment, i.e. can the agreement be terminated only on the election of the innocent party or does any repudiatory breach auto- matically result in the agreement's termination? As a practical matter, these unresolved conflicts make it difficult to predict the outcome of a particular case, and force employees and their legal counsel to make an unnecessarily convo- luted series of decisions in attempting to determine the appropriate course of action. The author argues that many of these issues would be greatly simplified if the courts embraced relational contract law theory in the constructive dis- missal context. This would enable employees to "stand and sue," that is, obtain a determination of a claim without having to resign and without risking loss of the employment in the event that the claim was ultimately unsuccessful.

Proletarian Cromwell: Two Found Poems Offer Insights into One of Canada's Long-Forgotten Communist Labour Leaders - Verzuh, Ron (Labour / Le Travail, 2017)
Introduction and annotated text of two poems written in 1932 by "Red Malcolm" Bruce that lampoon the Canadian Communist labour leader, Harvey Murphy. Both were in prison at the time serving five-year sentences for sedition under section 98 of the Canadian Criminal Code, which banned "unlawful associations" such as the Communist Party of Canada. Includes brief biographies of Murphy and Bruce.

The Compliance Model of Employment Standards Enforcement: An Evidence-Based Assessment of Its Efficacy in Instances of Wage Theft - Vosko, Leah F.; Grundy, John; Tucker, Eric; Thomas, Mark P.; Noack, Andrea M.; Casey, Rebecca; Gellatly, Mary; Mussell, Jennifer (Industrial Relations Journal, 2017)
This article critically assesses the compliance model of employment standards enforcement through a study of monetary employment standards violations in Ontario, Canada. The findings suggest that, in contexts where changes to the organisation of work deepen insecurity for employees, models of enforcement that emphasise compliance over deterrence are unlikely to effectively prevent or remedy employment standards violations.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/irj.12178?msockid=3ba9c3529a3d616023e8d72c9b1760c8

L’activité en théories. Regards croisés sur le travail - Vultur, Mircea (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2017)
Thiis article reviews the book, "L’activité en théories. Regards croisés sur le travail,," edited by Marie-Anne Dujarier, Corinne Gaudart, Anne Gillet and Pierre Lénel.

Canada's Foreign Enlistment Act and the Spanish Civil War - Wentzell, Tyler (Labour / Le Travail, 2017)
Canada was officially neutral in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939); yet nearly 1700 Canadians fought for the Spanish Republic. The Communist Party of Canada (cpc) recruited the bulk of the volunteers. While many in the Canadian left supported the Republican cause, others were alarmed by the involvement of communists in the Republican government and the cpc's role in the recruiting. This tension seemed particularly pronounced between English and French Canada. Québec Premier Maurice Duplessis called upon the federal government to bring the recruiting to an end and to eradicate communism in general. Prime Minister Mackenzie King and his Québec lieutenant and Minister of Justice, Ernest Lapointe, introduced a Canadian Foreign Enlistment Act in response. The statute targeted the cpc in its capacity as a recruiting apparatus (versus targeting the volunteers), and had the added benefit of "Canadianizing" and improving on the existing British statute. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police conducted investigations and warrants for arrest were issued, but the war in Spain was over before the arrests were made. Ultimately, no one was prosecuted under the Foreign Enlistment Act and its record in preventing recruiting is dubious.

Employer-Sponsored Temporary Labour Migration Schemes in Australia, Canada and Sweden: Enhancing Efficiency, Compromising Fairness? - Wright, Chris F.; Groutsis, Dimitria; van den Broek, Diane (Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 2017)
For governments concerned with enhancing labour market efficiency, employer-sponsored temporary labour migration schemes have become increasingly popular. However, the equity implications of these arrangements, which constrain the mobility of migrant workers, have largely been ignored. This paper assesses the factors affecting the vulnerability of employer-sponsored migrant workers and addresses the question of whether these schemes comply with ethical principles relating to fair treatment. It draws upon migration ethics, political economy and socio-legal perspectives to evaluate visa schemes in Australia, Canada and Sweden. The paper argues that there is an ethically justifiable case for selectively restricting certain rights of migrant workers within clearly defined parameters. However, policies facilitating worker mobility, restricting sponsorship to higher-skilled occupations, promoting enforcement and worker representation, and providing accessible opportunities for permanent residency and citizenship help to ensure that employer-sponsored temporary labour migration schemes comply with ethical principles relating to the fair treatment of workers.

Quand le droit conforte les stratégies syndicales reproduisant les arrangements institutionnels sources de discrimination systémique - Yerochewski, Carole; Gagné, Diane (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2017)
Cet article présente un cas de mobilisation contre les discriminations systémiques envers des travailleuses procurant des services d’assistance aux personnes (en anglais, care-workers), en grande majorité Noires et Haïtiennes, qui occupent des emplois aux normes dégradées dans des agences de placement fournissant du personnel pour un seul organisme parapublic. À l’intersection des mutations en cours dans la gestion de la main-d’oeuvre et de la réorganisation de la prise en charge des services d’assistance aux personnes, ce cas est représentatif de la façon dont se redessinent les frontières de la relation d’emploi. Les travailleuses mobilisées étant syndiquées, il permet aussi d’explorer un éventail d’attitudes syndicales. Une stratégie syndicale prédomine : elle consiste à défendre ou gérer la négociation collective institutionnalisée. Elle est encouragée par un ensemble d’institutions qui produisent des constructions contradictoires des enjeux d’égalité et du problème des discriminations. Si ces arrangements institutionnels ouvrent une brèche aux « innovations » patronales et confortent l’adoption de stratégies syndicales visant à préserver la relation bilatérale d’emploi, cet article soutient que cette stratégie est aussi symptomatique de la vision moniste avec laquelle les syndicats abordent l’effritement du modèle dominant de la relation d’emploi, en le réduisant aux conflits d’intérêts entre employeurs et travailleurs. Or, cet effritement est aussi le résultat des réorganisations mutuelles et réciproques des différentes formes sociales de division du travail entre classes, sexes et races. Mais en ne s’interrogeant pas sur ce qui a fondé le compromis de la société salariale, soit la minoration ou l’exclusion de groupes de populations de la norme d’emploi à temps plein et permanent, les syndicats accordent la priorité à des stratégies qui participent, comme l’illustre le cas choisi, si ce n’est à la création de normes discriminatoires, du moins, à la légitimation de frontières entre ceux qui ont accès à des emplois de qualité et les autres.

Judicial Review of Labour Relations Board and Labour Arbitration Decisions in the Post-Dunsmuir Period in Ontario - Yurchak, Luba (Canadian Labour and Employment Law Journal, 2017)
In its groundbreaking decision in Dunsmuir, issued in 2008, the Supreme Court of Canada reduced the number of judicial review standards to two - correctness and reasonableness - and directed courts to afford a high degree of deference to administrative decisions dealing with findings of fact, matters of inextricably intertwined law and fact, and exercises of discretion. Nonetheless, since Dunsmuir, there has been growing concern that the courts' intervention in labour board and labour arbitration decisions has increased. This empirical study examines the frequency and outcomes of judicial review applications from decisions of the Ontario Labour Relations Board and Ontario labour arbitra- tors, and concludes that the courts' interference in those decisions has in fact increased in the post-Dunsmuir period as compared to the pre-Dunsmuir period. Based on a total of 249 judicial review decisions for the period from 2003 to 2013, the research results reveal that the number of OLRB decisions quashed on judicial review increased from 7% in the pre-Dunsmuir period to 21% in the post-Dunsmuir period, while the number of labour arbitration awards quashed on review increased from 18% to 30%. In the majority of those decisions, the courts conducted an intrusive analysis of the tribunal's reasoning, reconsidered the weight accorded to evidence, and made their own findings of fact. Furthermore, there is a high degree of inconsistency among courts in the selection of the stan- dard of review applicable to decisions involving an award of damages or the interpretation of "external" legislation or common law doctrines.

Caring for America: Home Health Workers in the Shadow of the Welfare State - Zeytinoglu, Isik (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2017)
This article reviews the book, "Caring for America: Home Health Workers in the Shadow of the Welfare State," by Eileen Boris and Jennifer Klein.

Evening the Keel: Measuring and Responding to Precarity in the Canadian Labour Economy - Zhang, Selena; Zuberi, Daniyal (Canadian Public Administration, 2017)
This article argues that misalignment between the realities of work in the new economy and the regulations is having negative health and social implications at all levels of Canadian society. Remedying this requires drastic reshaping of policy approaches, but current laws and employment norms presume the labour market is a static entity. Policymakers should focus on improving how labour market data is collected for producing evidence‐based recommendations, and on re‐evaluating neoclassical economic assumptions underpinning this outdated framework. We argue the expansion of precarious work is reshaping the Canadian economy and society, and provide recommendations for data, policy and administration to address this trend.

Lack of Confidence in Police Creates a “Blue Ceiling” for Sex Workers' Safety - Benoit, Cecilia; Smith, Michaela; Jansson, Mikael; Magnus, Samantha; Ouellet, Nadia; Atchison, Chris; Casey, Lauren; Phillips, Rachel; Reimer, Bill; Reist, Dan; Shaver, Frances M. (Canadian Public Policy, 2016)
Confidence in the police is fundamental to citizens' willingness to report unlawful behaviour, share intelligence about crime, seek help when victimized, and generally comply with the law. Marginalized groups overwhelmingly report a lack of confidence that police will apply the law fairly. Although sex work research reports a wide range of negative experiences with the police, it is not known how common these experiences are because most research focuses solely on street-based sex workers and does not include quantitative measures. We report on confidence in the police through the analysis of relevant data gathered from in-person interviews with sex workers from six census metropolitan areas of Canada. Under the pre-2014 legal regime, our non-random sample of sex workers had lower confidence in police than estimated for other Canadians by the General Social Survey and were particularly unlikely to see police as treating sex workers fairly. Thematic analysis suggests this is primarily driven by stigma and discrimination. We also found a significant minority who reported the police to be a source of aid, suggesting that appropriate policy and program regimes could be developed to improve sex worker–police relations.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309817166_Lack_of_Confidence_in_Police_Creates_a_Blue_Ceiling_for_Sex_Workers'_Safety

Projecting the Impact of Population Aging on the Quebec Labour Market - Bissonnette, Luc; Boisclair, David; Laliberté-Auger, François; Marchand, Steeve; Michaud, Pierre-Carl; Vincent, Carole (Canadian Public Policy, 2016)
Quebecers are living longer than ever before as a result of better health as well as improved educational attainment and economic well-being. Using a dynamic microsimulation model, we show that an aging workforce will not necessarily mean a decline in Quebec employment levels in the coming years. Because future experienced workers will be more educated and more of them will remain in employment for longer, we project that annual growth rates in employment will stay positive, averaging between 0.2 and 0.3 percent over the next two decades. Between 2035 and 2050, employment could contribute nearly 0.3 percentage points to annual economic growth in Quebec.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309818811_Projecting_the_Impact_of_Population_Aging_on_the_Quebec_Labour_Market

Lives in Transition: Longitudinal Analysis from Historical Sources - Dillon, Lisa (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Lives in Transition: Longitudinal Analysis from Historical Sources," edited by Peter Baskerville and Kris Inwood.

New Forms of Worker Organization: The Syndicalist and Autonomist Restoration of Class-Struggle Unionism - Grueter, Mark (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "New Forms of Worker Organization: The Syndicalist and Autonomist Restoration of Class-Struggle Unionism," edited by Immanuel Ness.

Austerity Policies, ‘Precarity’ and the Nonprofit Workforce: A Comparative Study of UK and Canada - Cunningham, Ian; Baines, Donna; Shields, John; Lewchuk, Wayne (Journal of Industrial Relations, 2016)
Drawing on qualitative interview data from case studies in Scotland and Canada in the post 2008 era, this article explores the impact of austerity policies on the conditions and experience of employment in two nonprofit social service agencies and their shifting labour process. Despite differences in context, the article finds a similarity of experience of austerity-compelled precarity at several levels in the agency. This precarity increased management control and evoked little resistance from employees. These findings contribute to our understanding of austerity as articulated differently in different contexts, but experienced similarly at the front lines of care work.

Changing Immigrant Characteristics and Pre-Landing Canadian Earnings: Their Effect on Entry Earnings over the 1990s and 2000s - Hou, Feng; Picot, Garnett (Canadian Public Policy, 2016)
During the 1990s and 2000s, the characteristics of new immigrants to Canada changed significantly across several dimensions, including education, admission class, source region, and pre-landing Canadian work experience, owing at least partly to changes in immigration selection policies. This article examines whether these changes affected earnings trends among immigrants. Among all new immigrants and economic principal applicants, aside from cyclical fluctuations, entry earnings changed little over the 1990s and 2000s. This stability was the result of competing influences, some that tended to increase earnings and some that tended to reduce them. The key changes in immigrant characteristics that put upward pressure on entry earnings were the rising educational attainment in the 1990s and a large increase in the share of immigrants with high pre-landing Canadian earnings during the 2000s. The latter characteristic also accounted for the earnings advantage of provincial nominees over skilled worker immigrants. The policy implications of the results are discussed.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306523929_Changing_Immigrant_Characteristics_and_Pre-Landing_Canadian_Earnings_Their_Effect_on_Entry_Earnings_over_the_1990s_and_2000s

Assessing the Potential Impact of Labor Law Reforms on University Faculty: Findings from a Midsized Public University in Ontario - Butovsky, Jonah; Savage, Larry; Webber, Michelle (Labor Studies Journal, 2016)
This article presents the findings of a survey of unionized professors and professional librarians at a public university in Southern Ontario to examine their views on the prospect and desirability of “right-to-work” legislation and “paycheck protection” laws. The purpose of the study is twofold: first, to assess the level of opposition to such legislative initiatives among unionized faculty, and, second, to determine the extent to which the passage of such laws would undermine the dues base of the faculty union. Based on the findings of a mixed methods survey, we found that a strong majority of the university professors and professional librarians surveyed were opposed to “right-to-work” and “paycheck protection” laws and that their passage would not deter them from paying dues or authorizing expenditures for political action.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0160449X16647531

Lands and Resources for Jobs: How Aboriginal Peoples Strategically Use Environmental Assessments to Advance Community Employment Aims - McCreary, Tyler; Mills, Suzanne; St-Amand, Anne (Canadian Public Policy, 2016)
This paper examines whether environmental assessments (EAs) influence the ability of Aboriginal peoples to advance community employment aims in resource development projects. Environmental assessment and labour policy and practices have been conventionally understood as distinct processes. Our investigations demonstrate that EAs play a significant, if indirect, role in Aboriginal efforts to regulate resource sector work. While Aboriginal communities increasingly rely upon private negotiations with development proponents to secure resource sector employment, participation in EA processes provides Aboriginal peoples a space to negotiate language around employment commitments and leverage to secure Aboriginal employment provisions in impact benefit agreements with project proponents.

Beards and Bloomers: Flight Attendants, Grievances and Embodied Labour in the Canadian Airline Industry, 1960s–1980s - Sangster, Joan; Smith, Julia Maureen (Gender, Work & Organization, 2016)
This paper examines union grievances dealing with the body, appearance and demeanour fought by the Canadian Air Line Flight Attendants Association, on behalf of its female and male members over a 30-year period. Taking a historical, materialist-feminist approach, we examine how workers used the grievance system to resist regulations they believed contradicted their right to dignified labour. We ask how and why bodily regulation differed for men and women, and how this changed over time, as the union merged its male and female job occupations. Using arbitrated grievances, union records and discussion of these issues in the mass media, we show how both feminism and service union activism encouraged flight attendant resistance to airlines’ efforts to regulate the appropriate body and attire for male and female workers. The use of labour law offered workers some respite from regulation, but did not facilitate fundamental questions about the power of management to ‘dress’ its workers.
Keywords: arbitration; flight attendant unions; gendered work; grievances; labour law

Queer Mobilizations: Social Movement Activism and Canadian Public Policy - Adam, Barry (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Queer Mobilizations: Social Movement Activism and Canadian Public Policy," edited by Manon Tremblay.

Le transfert des pratiques de flexibilisation de l’emploi dans une firme multinationale : le rôle charnière des acteurs locaux des filiales - Adanhounme, Armel (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
À contre-courant des approches fonctionnaliste, culturaliste et, dans une moindre mesure, constructiviste sur le transfert transnational des pratiques organisationnelles dans les firmes multinationales (MNC), qui insistent toutes sur le rôle primordial des gestionnaires supposés faire le pont entre la maison-mère et les filiales, cet article recourt aux processus de négociation sociale dudit transfert par les acteurs locaux plutôt intéressés par ce qu’ils y gagnent. Pour mieux comprendre les raisons de la réussite (ou de l’échec) du transfert des pratiques de flexibilisation qu’une MNC nord-américaine cherche à implanter dans sa filiale au Ghana et qu’elle a mises en pratique au Canada, l’article propose un modèle analytique de deux facteurs capables d’en influencer l’issue : les mécanismes de gouvernance locale et l’agence micropolitique.Le premier facteur souligne la finalité économique du transfert et traduit les arrangements institutionnels initiés par les gestionnaires des filiales, notamment avec l’exécutif syndical au Canada et la communauté locale au Ghana. Cette gouvernance locale produit une segmentation à l’intérieur du marché de travail au Canada (les permanents vs les temporaires) et à l’extérieur dans la communauté au Ghana (les travailleurs vs la communauté). Quant au second facteur, le rôle politique des acteurs, il reflète les enjeux locaux en termes de survie de l’usine, dans un cas, et de préservation des traditions socio-ethniques, dans l’autre. Ces acteurs locaux qui contrôlent la segmentation des pratiques de flexibilisation de l’emploi dans leur filiale respective jouent ainsi un rôle charnière dans le processus du transfert dont ils conditionnent la réussite.L’article conclut qu’il y a une négociation sociale nécessaire des pratiques organisationnelles que la maison-mère cherche à transférer aux filiales et que la réussite ou l’échec du transfert est fonction de la portée du consensus négocié avec les acteurs touchés par les enjeux, et pas seulement de la finalité économique recherchée par les politiques d’hybridation. // Title in English: The Transfer of Labour Flexibility Practices in a Multinational Firm: The Pivotal Role of Subsidiaries’ Local Actors. Contrary to the functionalist, culturalist and, to a lesser extent, constructivist approaches, which all focus on the managers’ key role in bridging the gap between the parent company and its subsidiaries, this article takes a different perspective on the transnational transfer of organizational practices in a multinational firm (MNC). It argues that local actors engage in social negotiation of the transfer based on what they might gain. The article offers an analytical model of two factors that impact the transfer outcome. This allows us to better understand the reasons for the success (or failure) of the transfer of labour flexibility practices that a North-American MNC seeks to transfer to its Ghanaian subsidiary and which have already been implemented in its Canadian subsidiary. These factors are local governance mechanisms and micro-political agency.The first factor highlights the economic purpose of the transfer and reflects institutional arrangements initiated by the subsidiaries’ managers, notably with the union executive in Canada and the local community in Ghana. This local governance produces a segmentation inside the labour market in Canada (permanent vs temporary workers) and outside in the community in Ghana (workers vs the community). The second factor concerns the actor’s political role, focusing on local issues in terms of plant survival in the Canadian case and the preservation of socio-ethnic traditions in the Ghanaian case. These local actors, who control the segmentation of labour flexibility practices in their respective subsidiaries, play a pivotal role in the transfer process and its success.The article concludes that there is a required social negotiation of organizational practices a parent company seeks to transfer to its subsidiaries. The transfer success or failure depends on the scope of the negotiated agreement between actors affected by the issues and not just on the economic purpose that the MNC pursues through its hybridization policies.

Analyse des processus menant à des changements dans une entreprise du secteur aéronautique : vers un modèle d’évaluation des interventions ergonomiques - Albert, Valérie; Vézina, Nicole; Bilodeau, Henriette; Coutarel, Fabien (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
Bien que les changements organisationnels soient généralement considérés comme générateurs d’effets plus durables que les interventions individuelles, ils sont davantage difficiles à implanter. La littérature en changement organisationnel suggère que la participation d’acteurs-clés de différents niveaux hiérarchiques d’un milieu de travail peut contribuer à définir des changements qui seront mieux acceptés. L’ergonomie est une discipline pour laquelle la participation des divers acteurs en vue d’introduire des modifications dans une organisation du travail déficiente s’impose, depuis de nombreuses années, comme une nécessité méthodologique. Cependant, on constate un déficit de connaissances quant aux processus ou actions de l’ergonome qui mènent à l’implantation des changements. L’objectif de cette étude de cas réalisée dans une entreprise aéronautique est de décrire finement les actions de l’ergonome, en vue d’émettre des recommandations quant aux indicateurs à inclure dans un modèle d’évaluation des processus de l’intervention ergonomique. Comme résultat, une analyse quantitative des processus a permis d’illustrer les modifications dans les stratégies de l’ergonome aux différentes étapes de l’intervention et en fonction de certains éléments-clés du contexte. Au plan qualitatif, cette étude montre à quel point les étapes préalables à l’implantation des changements sont cruciales afin de favoriser l’adhésion collective des acteurs-clés au plan d’action sur les changements à implanter. Cette étude constitue une contribution à la problématique scientifique émergente de l’évaluation des interventions complexes, plus particulièrement celle de l’élaboration d’un modèle d’évaluation des interventions ergonomiques. Les résultats confirment, notamment, l’intérêt d’effectuer des analyses quantitatives et qualitatives des processus ainsi que l’importance de documenter les éléments-clés du contexte ayant influencé ces mêmes processus et leurs effets. Ce tant du point de vue de l’intervenant que de celui des acteurs-clés. Il est fort probable que ces constats puissent, également, s’appliquer à d’autres types d’interventions organisationnelles. Et si l’on souhaite poursuivre cet axe de recherche, l’évaluation d’une série d’interventions ergonomiques permettrait de bonifier ces résultats. // Title in English: Analysis of Processes Leading to Changes in a Company Operating in the Aeronautical Sector: Towards an Evaluation Model for Ergonomic Interventions. Although organizational changes are generally considered as generating longer lasting effects than those generated by individual changes, they are more difficult to implement. The literature on organizational change suggests that the participation of key actors at different hierarchical levels within the workplace can help identify changes that will be more easily accepted. Ergonomics is a discipline in which the participation of various actors has, for many years, represented a methodological necessity in order to make required changes when work organization is poor. However, there is a lack of knowledge related to the processes or actions done by the ergonomist that lead to the implementation of changes. The objective of this case study, conducted in an aeronautical company, is to accurately describe the actions of the ergonomist and to make recommendations as to which indicators to include in a process evaluation model for ergonomic interventions. In terms of results, a quantitative analysis of processes reveals how an ergonomist’s strategy can change at different stages of the intervention, based on certain key contextual elements. Qualitatively, this study shows how the stages prior to implementing changes are crucial in fostering the collective engagement of key actors involved in the action plan describing the changes to be implemented. This study makes a scientific contribution that relates to the evaluation of complex interventions, particularly the development of an evaluation model for ergonomic interventions. The results confirm the interest of conducting quantitative and qualitative analyses of processes and the importance of documenting the key contextual elements that influenced the processes and effects. That, from both the perspective of the facilitator and key actors. These findings could also apply to other types of organizational interventions. To continue this line of research, the evaluation of a series of ergonomic interventions would allow to deepen these results.

Contingency and Satisfaction under Digital Capitalism - Anderson, Benjamin (Stream: Interdisciplinary Journal of Communication, 2016)
Explorations into today's labour context reveal a wide schism between those workers who live under conditions of precarity and contingency and those who seem to be living the dream - and not only in terms of wages. The standardized work day and Taylorized division of labour that characterized most of the industrial era has transitioned, at least in large part, into a regime of flexibility and insecurity that reconstitutes not only working but lifestyle conditions. This paper is intended as an initial conceptual investigation of a dual trend in the conditions of labour under digital capitalism: the rise of contractual contingency and insecurity and the introduction of fun and hipness into the office environment as a means of work intensification.
Number: 1
Keywords: precarity

The Poverty of Bureaucracy: New Left Theory and Practice in the Canadian Labour Movement during the 1960s and 1970s - Antaya, Sean (The Great Lakes Journal of Undergraduate History, 2016)
This essay examines the New Left’s impact on the Canadian labour movement in the 1960s and 1970s. Specifically, it argues that in large industrial unions such as the UAW, New Left ideas that were popular amongst the rank and file were stifled by the more conservative labour bureaucrats. However, in public sector unions and unions unaffiliated with the Canadian Labour Congress, New Left ideas were often able to flourish, and these more radical unions were sometimes able to obtain substantial gains for their members throughout the 1970s while also fostering a broader sense of class consciousness in Canadian society – culminating most notably in the Common Front’s general strikes in Quebec. Furthermore, this essay suggests that New Left ideas were more popular in public sector and independent unions because these unions had a larger proportion of women in comparison to other unions, and women at this time had a greater incentive to embrace transformative ideologies than men.

“The Dignity of Every Human Being”: New Brunswick Artists and Canadian Culture between the Great Depression and the Cold War - Antoncic, Debra (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "'The Dignity of Every Human Being': New Brunswick Artists and Canadian Culture between the Great Depression and the Cold War," by Kirk Niergarth.

(R)évolution du management des ressources humaines. Des compétences aux capabilités - Arnoud, Justine; Krohmer, Cathy (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
This article reviews the book, "(R)évolution du management des ressources humaines. Des compétences aux capabilités," coordinated by Solveig Fernagu Oudet and Christian Batal.

Insatisfaction des salariés et des clients en réaction à l’automatisation des caisses d’un hypermarché : de la prise de parole à la défection et à la négligence - Ba, Amadou; Alis, David (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
La grande distribution fait l’objet d’innovations technologiques fortes. Le développement des caisses libre-service (CLS) vise à réduire les dépenses de personnel et faciliter la gestion des effectifs en caisse, tout en répondant aux attentes de nombreux consommateurs autonomes et pressés. Nous analysons les réactions des clients et des salariés à l’automatisation des caisses dans un hypermarché à l’aide du modèle « Défection, Prise de parole, Loyauté, Négligence » connu sous l’acronyme anglo-saxon EVLN (Exit, Voice, Loyalty, Neglect) initié par les travaux fondateurs de Hirschmann, en utilisant également le modèle d’acceptation de la technologie développé par Venkatesh et Davis. Nous nous appuyons sur une étude de cas unique portant sur l’un des hypermarchés français les plus avancés en matière d’automatisation des caisses. La méthodologie qualitative repose sur une observation participante d’une durée de trois ans, sur 29 entretiens semi-directifs avec les salariés et sur une analyse du contenu de 184 réclamations émises par la clientèle.La recherche permet de mettre en évidence les manifestations concrètes de la prise de parole, de la défection et de la négligence. Les réticences vis-à-vis de l’automatisation exprimées à la fois par la clientèle et le personnel sont ainsi expliquées à l’aide du modèle d’acceptation de la technologie. L’intérêt de comparer les perceptions de salariés et de clients est mis en évidence. Les sources d’insatisfaction vis-à-vis de l’automatisation ne sont pas identiques, ce qui nécessite des analyses croisées des convergences et divergences de perceptions. L’analyse des mécanismes de co-production du service et du transfert de rôle de l’organisation vers les clients dans la distribution apparait ainsi riche, avec de nouvelles formes d’intensification du travail des caissiers. Dans ce contexte de changement technologique, l’importance des mécanismes d’écoute des salariés et des clients est soulignée. La recherche contribue ainsi au renouveau des études sur l’importance de la prise de parole en relations industrielles dans une économie de plus en plus tertiaire, caractérisée par une forte évolution technologique. // Title in English: Employee and customer dissatisfaction in response to the automation of hypermarket checkouts: from voice to defection and negligence. Supermarkets have undergone significant technological innovations in recent years. The development of the self-service checkout (SSC) is aimed at reducing personnel costs and facilitating the management of staff at the checkout, whilst, at the same time, responding to the expectations of busy customers who wish to be more autonomous. We analyze the reactions of customers and employees to the automation of hypermarket checkouts with the help of the EVLN (Exit, Voice, Loyalty, Neglect) model developed by Hirschmann in his seminal work. We also use the technology acceptance model developed by Venkatesh and Davis. We rely on a single case study that focuses on a French hypermarket that is one of the most advanced in terms of the automation of self-service checkouts. The qualitative methodology adopted in this study is based on participant observation that took place over a three-year period. 29 semi-structured interviews were conducted with employees and we also carried out a content analysis of 184 customer complaints.The research allows us to consider the concrete expressions of voice, defection and negligence. The reticence expressed by both customers and employees relating to automation are explained using the technology acceptance model. Furthermore, we focus on the differences between the perceptions of staff and customers. The sources of dissatisfaction with regards to automation are not all the same and hence we perform a cross-analysis of the similarities and differences relating to those perceptions. The analysis of the co-production mechanisms of the service and the transfer of an organizational role to the customer is very rich. We also observe new forms of work intensification for cashiers. In this context of technological change, we emphasize the importance of mechanisms for listening to employees and customers. This research contributes to the revival of studies on the importance of voice in industrial relations in an economy that is increasingly service-oriented and characterized by a strong technological evolution.

Migration Management, Disciplinary Power, and Performances of Subjectivity: Agricultural Migrant Workers’ in Ontario - Basok, Tanya; Belanger, Daniele (Canadian Journal of Sociology, 2016)
Agricultural migrant workers, recruited to work in Canada under the Temporary Foreign Workers Program (TFWP), are disciplined to be compliant and productive. Based on ethnographic data, we draw attention to several ways in which Spanish-speaking migrants, employed in agriculture in a rural community in Southwestern Ontario, respond to this disciplinary power. Most migrants discipline themselves and others to be productive and compliant workers. We refer to these acts as “performances of self-discipline.” At other times, some (albeit, few) migrants challenge this disciplinary power either individually or collectively. We refer to these performances of subjectivity as “performances of defiance.” Another way migrants may respond to the disciplinary power is by attempting to escape from it. Coining these performances “performances of escape,” we discuss how some agricultural migrant workers drop out of the program and remain in Canada without authorization. By turning attention to these performances of subjectivity, the article fills a gap in the literature on migration management and its disciplinary practices in Canada.
Keywords: Latin American migration

Emploi, formation, compétences : les régulations de la relation salariale en questions - Bédard, Jean-Luc (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Emploi, formation, compétences : les régulations de la relation salariale en questions,," edited by Elodie Béthoux, Jean-Vincent Koster, Sylvie Monchatre, Frédéric Rey, Michèle Tallard and Catherine Vincent.

La ville, quartier par quartier - Bérubé, Harold (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews and comments on the books, "Vivre en quartier populaire. Saint-Sauveur,1930–1980," by Dale Gilbert, and "Pointe-Saint-Charles. L’urbanisation d’un quartier ouvrier de Montréal, 1840–1930," by Gilles Lauzon.

Undocumented: How Immigration Became Illegal - Bhuyan, Rupaleem; Vargas, Adriana (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Undocumented: How Immigration Became Illegal," by Aviva Chomsky.

Illiberal Reformers: Race, Eugenics and American Economics in the Progressive Era - Bishop, Wesley R. (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Illiberal Reformers: Race, Eugenics and American Economics in the Progressive Era," by Thomas C. Leonard.

Perspectives multidimensionnelles sur les restructurations d’entreprise - Bolduc, François (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Perspectives multidimensionnelles sur les restructurations d’entreprise," edited by Patrice Jalette et Linda Rouleau.
Keywords: SnR_publicationTitle_Relations industrielles_Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations_2025-09-22T15:31:55.974Z

Bad Girls: Young Women, Sex, and Rebellion before the Sixties - Boulay, Nadine (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Bad Girls: Young Women, Sex, and Rebellion before the Sixties," by Amanda H. Littauer.

Pratiques de conciliation travail-famille et détresse psychologique des salariés québécois : une comparaison selon le genre - Boulet, Maude; Le Bourdais, Céline (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
Dans le contexte où les couples à deux carrières constituent maintenant la norme, l'enjeu de la conciliation travail-famille devient incontournable. Cette nouvelle réalité souligne la nécessité d'examiner les effets des pratiques de conciliation travail-famille mises en place dans les organisations québécoises sur le bien-être des travailleurs. Une comparaison selon le genre s'avère également pertinente, vu la persistance des rapports sociaux de sexe et de la division sexuelle du travail. Encore aujourd'hui, les femmes allouent davantage de temps aux soins des enfants et aux tâches domestiques que les hommes, tandis que ces derniers s'investissent plus dans leur carrière. La présente étude réalisée à partir des données de l'Enquête québécoise sur des conditions de travail, d'emploi et de santé et de sécurité du travail (EQCOTESST) s'inspire du modèle théorique des demandes et des ressources de l'emploi de Bakker et Demerouti. Globalement, l'analyse montre que les pratiques de conciliation, en particulier celles liées à la maternité et à la gestion flexible du temps de travail, réduisent la détresse psychologique des femmes. Une fois contrôlé l'effet des variables sociodémographiques, des conditions de travail, des responsabilités familiales et de l'environnement organisationnel, le fait d'avoir accès à un nombre élevé de pratiques de conciliation (soit sept ou plus sur dix) atténue la probabilité des femmes d'avoir un niveau élevé de détresse psychologique, mais non celle des hommes. À l'inverse, le temps passé à faire des tâches domestiques ou à assumer les responsabilités familiales accroît la probabilité des hommes d'avoir un niveau élevé de détresse psychologique, alors que ce n'est pas le cas chez les femmes. // Title in English: Work-Family Balance Practices and Psychological Distress Among Employees in Quebec: A Gender Comparison. In a context where dual-career couples are now the norm, the issue of balancing work and family cannot be ignored and it underlines the relevance of examining the effect of existing work-family practices in Quebec organizations on workers' wellbeing. A comparison by gender is also relevant, given the social relations of gender and the sexual division of labour. Nowadays, women still allocate more time to childcare and housework than men, while the latter are more engaged in career work. Using data from the Québec Survey on Working Conditions, Employment and Health and Safety at Work (EQCOTESST), the present study is based on Bakker and Demerouti's theoretical Job demands and resources (JD-R) model. Overall, the analysis indicates that work-family practices, especially those related to maternity and flexible management of working hours, reduce the psychological distress of women. After controlling for sociodemographic variables, working conditions, family responsibilities and organizational environment characteristics, having access to a large number of work-family practices (seven or more out of ten) decreases the probability of women experiencing a high level of psychological distress, but not that of men. Conversely, time spent doing housework or assuming family responsibilities increases the likelihood of men having high levels of psychological distress, whereas this is not the case for women.

La diffusion de l’instrumentation de la gestion des compétences en Amérique du Nord depuis David C. McClelland - Bouteiller, Dominique; Gilbert, Patrick (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
Cet article s’intéresse aux prédicteurs de laperformance utilisés dans les organisations pour gérerleurs ressources humaines. Il amorce la réflexion à cetteétape charnière que fut la publication, en 1973, del’article de David McClelland préconisant l’usage ducritère de la compétence plutôt que celui del’intelligence dans les processus de sélection.L’article tente de tracer le devenir de ce nouveauprédicteur jusqu’à nos jours et d’explorer dequelle façon la théorie des compétencess’est traduite en modèles appliqués dans le mondeprofessionnel. Basé sur une analyse de la littératurenord-américaine, ainsi que sur des études de cas enentreprise (n=150), l’article montre le passage progressifd’une approche « inductive »,inspirée de la démarche scientifique et basée surdes analyses approfondies du travail et descompétences-clés, à une démarche« déductive » basée surl’usage de dictionnaires de compétences,déjà formatés et répondant aux exigences dela pratique. Si la façon d’y parvenir est trèsdifférente, l’objectif est le même : obtenir unréférentiel de compétences traduisant le mieuxpossible les exigences de l’emploi et permettant de reconfigurerplusieurs pratiques en gestion des ressources humaines, telles que lasélection, la formation ou la gestion des carrières. Dansles faits, bon nombre d’entreprises ont pris l’habituded’utiliser simultanément et encomplémentarité les deux approches dans une formehybride. Le recours aux dictionnaires permet de dégagerl’espace des possibles et d’identifier rapidement lescompétences les plus critiques dans un cadre participatifdestiné à faciliter l’appropriation de ladémarche. Le travail plus analytique sur certainescompétences, à l’aide des entrevues baséessur les comportements, facilitera la validation de certaines opinionsà priori. À travers ce parcours, les auteurs soulignentles enjeux qui accompagnent le passage d’une théorieà son application pratique. En conclusion, ils se demandent sile « pari » de McClelland a ététenu et soulèvent la question des prédicteurs àvenir, en signalant plus particulièrement le concept de talentqui tend actuellement à remplacer celui de compétence. // Title in English: The Dissemination of Competency-Based Management Tools in North America since David C. McClelland. Summary: This article focuses on the predictors of job performance used by organizations in managing their human resources. It begins, in particular, with an examination of the events following the 1973 publication of a seminal article by David McClelland in American Psychologist recommending that organizations test for competence rather than intelligence when selecting. The article follows the development of this new predictor up to the present day and explores how competency theory has translated into models that can be applied in the world of work. Based on an analysis of North American literature and firm-level case studies (N=150), the article shows how the theory, first applied through an “inductive” approach-based on a scientific method and in-depth analyses of a given job and the key competencies needed for effective job performance—gradually shifted to a “deductive” approach—based on the use of pre-formatted competency dictionaries, addressing practical concerns. While these two approaches are quite different, they share the same goal, namely, obtaining a list of key competencies (between 6 and 20) that reflect the requirements of the job as closely as possible and help to reshape human resource practices such as selection, training and career management. In practice, many firms began simultaneously using both approaches in a complementary fashion, thus implementing a hybrid approach. In this approach, the use of dictionaries provides a broad selection of possible choices which enable firms to quickly identify the most crucial competencies in a participatory atmosphere, thereby making it easier to appropriate the approach. If necessary, behavioral-event interviews can then be held to examine some competencies in a more analytical way in order to validate some choices or opinions put forward in the first step. Throughout the article, the authors highlight the challenges that have accompanied the transition from theory to practice. In conclusion, they raise questions about the predictors to come, in particular the concept of talent which is currently overtaking the concept of competency.

Tweeting Care: Educators’ Dissent through Social Media in the US and Canada - Brickner, Rachel K. (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
In the neoliberal era, where teachers’ unions have suffered from a public backlash and legislative moves that have restricted collective bargaining rights and labour protections for educators, individual educators are becoming more politically active outside their unions. Some teachers are using a “narrative of care” when engaging in political dissent and resistance to articulate the caring components of their work and push back against a public dialogue that has focused on poorly performing schools and the financial burden of public education to taxpayers. This study explores two Twitter campaigns – #EvaluateThat in the US and #ThisIsMyStrikePay in British Columbia – to analyze how narratives of care are articulated and how these articulations act as a form of political dissent and resistance. I argue, building on the work of Donna Baines, Stephen Ackroyd, and Paul Thompson, that educators’ participation in these Twitter campaigns represents a form of grassroots dissent, which allows them to articulate their multiple identities – as educators, workers engaged in caring labour, and unionists. Moreover, this informal form of resistance can generate a stronger sense of solidarity rooted in these identities, which can intersect with and encourage participation in formal labour resistance and political activism.

Education Deform and Social Justice Unionism - Brogan, Peter (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews and comments on several books, including "Worth Striking For: Why Education Policy is Every Teacher’s Concern (Lessons from Chicago)," by Isabel Nuñez, Gregory Michie, and Pamela Konkol, "How to Jump-Start Your Union: Lessons from the Chicago Teachers," by Alexandra Bradbury, Mark Brenner, Jenny Brown, Jane Slaughter, and Samantha Winslow, and "Strike for America: Chicago Teachers Against Austerity" by Micah Uetricht.

The Emancipatory Praxis of Ukrainian Canadians (1891–1919) and the Necessity of a Situated Critique - Brophy, Susan Dianne (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
In this essay, I focus on the first wave of [Ukrainian] immigrants who arrived from 1891 to the end of World War I and the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919. My purpose is to understand the conditions that compelled these people to challenge exclusionary and exploitative practices, and expose the logic behind the dominant Canadian historical narrative that is so pregnant with the “pioneer myth." ...Four core contributions stem from my application of a situated critique: first, a rediscovery of the emancipatory praxis of Ukrainian Canadians from the era in question; second, a link between the particularities of their struggle to both coeval and current struggles; third, an analytical framework that exposes the reactionary tendencies in select writings about Ukrainian Canadians, and; fourth, an analytical framework that can be adapted to apply to the study of other groups and historical eras. –From author's introduction

Within and Without the Nation: Canadian History as Transnational History - Brushett, Kevin (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Within and Without the Nation: Canadian History as Transnational History," edited by Karen Dubinsky, Adele Perry, and Henry Yu.

The Invisibilization and Denial of Work in Argentinian Garment Homework - Burchielli, Rosaria; Delaney, Annie (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
Homeworkers are a globally significant part of the informal workforce, commonly regarded as invisible because their work is not recognized (Burchielli et al., 2008; Prugl, 1999). In this qualitative study, we examine homeworker invisibility in the case of Argentinian garment homework using the concepts of work invisibilization and work denial.The work invisibilization concept (Krinsky and Simonet, 2012), referring to devalorized work resulting from the neoliberal agenda, is used to understand recent global trends away from standard work arrangements/protections. Arising from the social relations of domination, invisibilized work is precarious, with irregular/ non-existent employment contracts and relationships. Invisibilization thus provides a valuable lens for analysing homework, which shares key characteristics with emerging forms of invisibilized employment. Homework however, has not transformed but has always been informal, characterized by inferior standards. To account for this, we articulate a concept of denial of work.Cohen's (2001) concept of denial describes broad dimensions, including different forms, strategies and levels of denial. Adapting these, we construct a framework to analyze the denial of Argentinian garment homework, enabling a detailed examination of the specific social actors and processes involved in casting homework as non-work.In considering the denial of homework in relation to invisibilization, we argue that these are related but distinct concepts. Used together, they help explain the low-power condition of two types of garment homeworkers in Argentina while also accounting for their differences: the mostly male, migrant workers employed in clandestine workshops (such as the Bolivians interviewed in our study), and the traditional, mostly female, Argentinian garment homeworkers.Our findings suggest that Bolivian immigrant homeworkers are partially visibilized due to NGO advocacy. However, as there are no improvements to their working conditions, they remained largely invisibilized through the effects of capitalism. By contrast, traditional women homeworkers have no representation and internalize their condition: their invisibilization is explained by the cumulative effects of capitalism and patriarchy. // Globalement, les travailleurs à domicile constituent une partie importante de la main-d'oeuvre informelle et ils sont communément considérés invisibles parce que leur travail n'est pas reconnu (Burchielli et al., 2008; Prugl, 1999). Dans cette étude qualitative, nous examinons l'invisibilité du travailleur à domicile dans l'industrie argentine du vêtement à domicile, en recourant aux concepts d'invisibilité et de déni du travail.Le concept d'invisibilité du travail (Krinsky et Simonet, 2012), lequel réfère à la dévalorisation du travail résultant de l'agenda néolibéral, est utilisé pour comprendre les tendances globales récentes d'éloignement des protections ou des contrats de travail « standard ». Découlant des relations sociales de domination, le travail invisible est précaire, avec des contrats de travail et des relations d'emploi nonexistants ou irréguliers. Le processus d'invisibilité procure alors une loupe intéressante pour analyser le travail à domicile, lequel partage certaines caractéristiques clés avec les formes émergentes de l'emploi invisible. L'emploi à domicile, toutefois, ne s'est pas transformé, mais a toujours été de nature informelle, caractérisé par des conditions de travail inférieures. Afin de rendre compte de ce phénomène, nous développons le concept de déni de l'emploi.Ce concept, emprunté à Cohen (2001), décrit de grandes dimensions, incluant diverses formes, stratégies et niveaux de déni. Adaptant cette réflexion théorique, nous avons construit un cadre d'analyse du déni de l'emploi à domicile dans l'industrie argentine du vêtement, permettant un examen en détail des acteurs sociaux et des processus spécifiques impliqués dans l'édification de ces emplois à domicile comme du non-travail.En considérant le déni de l'emploi à domicile en relation avec le concept d'invisibilité, nous soutenons qu'il s'agit là de deux concepts reliés, mais distincts. Pris ensemble, ils aident à expliquer les conditions de faible puissance de deux types d'emploi à domicile dans l'industrie du vêtement en Argentine, tout en rendant compte de leurs différences : d'abord, celui des travailleurs, principalement des hommes et immigrants, employés dans des ateliers clandestins (comme les Boliviens interviewés dans notre étude); et, ensuite, le secteur traditionnel de l'emploi à domicile argentin, composé principalement de femmes.Nos résultats suggèrent que les travailleurs à domicile immigrants boliviens sont partiellement rendus visibles grâce au travail de défense de leurs intérêts par des organisations non-gouvernementales (ONG). Toutefois, comme il n'y a pas d'améliorations de leurs conditions de travail, ils demeurent largement invisibles sous les effets du capitalisme. En revanche, les travailleuses à domicile traditionnelles ne sont pas représentées et, de ce fait, elles internalisent leurs conditions : leur invisibilité s'explique par les effets cumulatifs du capitalisme et du patriarcat.

Worker Movement as a Union Issue: An Examination of Collective Bargaining Agreements in the Construction Sector in Alberta, Canada - Cake, Susan (Canadian Journal of Sociology, 2016)
The fluctuating expansion of oil sands development in northern Alberta, Canada has led to employers hiring a large number of mobile workers. The working conditions for some of these mobile workers are modulated in part by unions through their role in negotiating of collective bargaining agreements. Using a social reproductive framework, this study has two main findings: through collective agreements mobile workers are treated as a distinct category of worker, and there is a simultaneous expansion of workplace rules and regulations alongside a divide of the workplace from the home. The resulting expansion of the union regulated space in contrast to the divide of workplace from the home challenges union revitalization efforts, while also reaffirming traditional gendered experiences of mobility.
Keywords: Canadian Labour movement

Terrifying Muslims: Race and Labor in the South Asian Diaspora - Chowdhury, Amitava (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Terrifying Muslims: Race and Labor in the South Asian Diaspora," by Junaid Rana.

Leverage of the Weak: Labor and Environmental Movements in Taiwan and South Korea - Chun, Jennifer Jihye (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Leverage of the Weak: Labor and Environmental Movements in Taiwan and South Korea," by Hwa-Jen Liu.

Building the Golden Gate Bridge - Coodley, Lauren (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Building the Golden Gate Bridge," by Harvey Schwartz.

Comparing Quebec and Ontario: Political Economy and Public Policy at the Turn of the Millennium - Cooke, Murray (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Comparing Quebec and Ontario: Political Economy and Public Policy at the Turn of the Millennium," by Rodney Haddow.

Understanding Turnover as a Lifecycle Process: The Case of Young Nurses - Côté, Nancy (Relations Industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
Based on the life course perspective and the sociology of individuation, this article aims to examine the temporal processes at work in the decision of nurses to leave their jobs and the role played by different life contexts in guiding this decision. Based on a qualitative approach that sought to develop an in-depth understanding of the reasons why so many young nurses want to leave their jobs, we present four job-leaving pathways that account for the social dimensions involved in the nurses' decision to leave their jobs. The findings reveal that the nurses' decision to leave their jobs represents a complex process that involved various dimensions of their lives, and was closely tied to their quest for self-fulfillment through work and in other spheres of their lives. // À partir de l'approche des parcours de vie et de la sociologie de l'individuation, cet article propose d'examiner les processus temporels à l'oeuvre dans la décision de quitter son emploi et le rôle des différents contextes de vie dans l'orientation de ce processus. Une étude qualitative a été menée auprès d'infirmières et d'infirmières auxiliaires afin de comprendre « de l'intérieur », c'est-à-dire à partir de la perspective des acteurs, les raisons motivant autant de jeunes infirmières à vouloir quitter leur emploi. L'approche théorique retenue insiste sur l'importance de considérer l'interaction entre les différents contextes de vie d'un individu, l'environnement social dans lequel il évolue et les choix professionnels qu'il fait. Des entrevues de type récit de vie ont été menées au cours desquelles les infirmières ont été questionnées sur l'ensemble de leur trajectoire professionnelle et les événements de leur vie professionnelle, personnelle et familiale, qui, de leur point de vue, ont contribué à la décision de quitter leur emploi. Au total, 26 infirmières de moins de 35 ans ont été rencontrées. L'analyse des données a permis de dégager une typologie des parcours de départ structurée autour de trois principales dimensions : 1- l'aspect temporel des départs (à court ou à long terme); 2- l'évolution de l'expérience subjective de travail; et 3- la phase de la vie professionnelle ou personnelle au moment de la prise de décision. Les résultats démontrent que la décision de quitter se présente comme un processus qui se construit dans un laps de temps plus ou moins long et qui implique différentes dimensions de la vie des infirmières. Ainsi, deux axes de tensions à la source des départs ont été identifiés : 1- les tensions engendrées par un écart entre les attentes de réalisation de soi au travail et la réalité d'emploi; et 2- les tensions provoquées par un emploi qui limite les possibilités de se réaliser dans les autres domaines de la vie.
Keywords: Business And Economics–Labor And Industrial Relations; Business And Economics–Personnel Management; Employee turnover; Labor Unions; Nurses; Sociology; Studies; Younger workers

Street-Level Advocates: Developmental Service Workers Confront Austerity in Ontario - Courtney, Joseph; Hickey, Robert (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
Based on focus group interviews of front line staff, this study explored the lived experiences of workers in the developmental services sector in Ontario. The workers were employed at non-profit organizations and provided a range of community and social services to people with developmental disabilities. The impact of government austerity exacerbated chronic problems facing workers in the sector. Common themes in the work experiences included an intensification of workloads, the degradation of services with the return of custodial care, more complex labour relations, and unique forms of solidarity that extended beyond traditional union models. The study demonstrates how workers strive to overcome the barriers to street-level advocacy.

Solitudes of the Workplace: Women in Universities - Cummins, Helene A. (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Solitudes of the Workplace: Women in Universities, edited by Elvi Whittaker.

Building Global Labor Solidarity in a Time of Accelerating Globalization - Dabscheck, Braham (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
This article reviews the book, "Building Global Labor Solidarity in a Time of Accelerating Globalization," by Kim Scipes.

Sports and Labor in the United States - Dabscheck, Braham (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Sports and Labor in the United States," by Michael Schiavone.
Keywords: SnR_publicationTitle_Relations industrielles_Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations_2025-09-22T15:31:55.974Z

Prescriptive or Interpretive Regulation at the Frontlines of Care Work in the “Three Worlds” of Canada, Germany and Norway - Daly, Tamara; Struthers, Jim; Müller, Beatrice; Taylor, Deanne; Goldmann, Monika; Doupe, Malcolm; Jacobsen, Frode F. (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
This paper examines the tension between macro level regulation and the rule breaking and rule following that happens at the workplace level. Using a comparative study of Canada, Norway, and Germany, the paper documents how long-term residential care work is regulated and organized differently depending on country, regional, and organizational contexts. We ask where each jurisdiction’s staffing regulations fall on a prescription-interpretation continuum; we define prescription as a regulatory tendency to identify what to do and when and how to do it, and interpretation as a tendency to delineate what to do but not when and how to do it. In examining frontline care workers’ strategies for accomplishing everyday social, health, and dining care tasks we explore how a policy-level prescriptive or interpretive regulatory approach affects the potential for promising practices to emerge on the frontlines of care work. Overall, we note the following associations: prescriptive regulatory environments tend to be accompanied by a lower ratio of professional to non-professional staff, a higher concentration of for-profit providers, a lower ratio of staff to residents and a sharper division of labour. Interpretive regulatory environments tend to have higher numbers of professionals relative to non-professionals, more limited for-profit provision, a higher ratio of staff to residents, and a more relational division of labour that enables the work to be more fluid and responsive. The implication of a prescriptive environment, such as is found in Ontario, Canada, is that frontline care workers possess less autonomy to be creative in meeting residents’ needs, a tendency towards more task-oriented care and less job autonomy. The paper reveals that what matters is the type of regulation as well as the regulatory tendency towards controlling frontline care workers decision-making and decision-latitude.

The Rise of the Chicago Police Department: Class and Conflict, 1850–1894 - DeStefanis, Anthony R. (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "The Rise of the Chicago Police Department: Class and Conflict, 1850–1894," by Sam Mitrani.

Culture organisationnelle, conditions de l’organisation du travail et épuisement professionnel - Dextras-Gauthier, Julie; Marchand, Alain (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
Cet article a pour objectif d’analyser l’influence de la culture organisationnelle sur les problèmes d’épuisement professionnel dans la main-d’œuvre. Ceci est important pour explorer des pistes d’intervention qui vont au-delà des employés eux-mêmes et des conditions de travail ainsi qu’afin de mieux comprendre comment les éléments du contexte organisationnel peuvent influencer le développement de l’épuisement professionnel dans les organisations. En intégrant à la fois la culture organisationnelle et les conditions de l’organisation du travail, il est possible d’examiner comment la culture influence les différentes composantes des conditions de l’organisation du travail et comment celles-ci peuvent, ensuite, donner lieu au développement ou à l’aggravation des différentes dimensions de l’épuisement professionnel. Cette étude s’appuie sur le courant fonctionnaliste, selon lequel la culture existe dans l’organisation par ses manifestations et artefacts — qui expriment les valeurs et les croyances partagées —, et sur lesquels la haute direction peut avoir une emprise. Des analyses de régression multiples de type multi-niveaux ont été conduites à partir de données recueillies dans 60 établissements privés canadiens auprès de 1824 individus lors de l’étude SALVEO (2009-2012). Les résultats montrent que les cultures groupales, rationnelles et développementales s’associent aux différentes dimensions de l’épuisement professionnel. Ainsi, les cultures organisationnelles groupales et développementales, qui sont caractérisées par la flexibilité, s’associent indirectement à un niveau plus faible d’épuisement émotionnel et de cynisme et à un niveau plus élevé d’efficacité professionnelle. La culture rationnelle, qui est caractérisée par la performance, s’associe indirectement à un niveau plus élevé d’épuisement émotionnel et de cynisme. La culture hiérarchique, quant à elle, ne s’associe pas avec l’épuisement professionnel. Les résultats obtenus démontrent l’importance d’intégrer des variables reliées au contexte organisationnel dans les études portant sur l’épuisement professionnel.
Keywords: SnR_publicationTitle_Relations industrielles_Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations_2025-09-22T15:31:55.974Z

Les agences de travail temporaire : leur rôle et leur fonctionnement comme intermédiaires du marché du travail / sous la direction de Mircea Vultur et Jean Bernier. - Dioh, Marie-Laure; Vultur, Mircea (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
Keywords: SnR_publicationTitle_Relations industrielles_Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations_2025-09-22T15:31:55.974Z

Only One Thing Can Save Us: Why America Needs a New Kind of Labor Movement - Dixon, Marc (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Only One Thing Can Save Us: Why America Needs a New Kind of Labor Movement," by Thomas Geoghegan.

Twenty-First-Century Workers’ Education in North America: The Defeat of the Left or a Revitalized Class Pedagogy? - Dolgon, Corey; Roth, Reuben (Labor Studies Journal, 2016)
The main response (Mantsios 2015) to neoliberalism and the marginalization of labor studies in higher education has been the call for a “new” labor college—one that integrates “workforce development” and liberal arts, yet separates worker education from its working-class roots. This article interrogates the state of worker education and the impact of neoliberalism on various civic engagement efforts at colleges and universities. The authors argue for a critical reevaluation of workers’ education and labor studies programs, calling for organized workers to retake control of such projects to avoid the deradicalization of class politics now ascendant in neoliberal institutions.

Empire of Cotton: A Global History - Drapeau, Thierry (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Empire of Cotton: A Global History," by Sven Beckert.

Reflexive Labour Law in the World Society - Dumas, P. (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
This article reviews the book, "Reflexive Labour Law in the World Society," by Ralf Rogowski.

Responsabilité sociale des entreprises: mirage ou réalité ? - Dupont, Claire (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
This article reviews the book, "Responsabilité sociale des entreprises: mirage ou réalité ?," by Mustapha Bettache.

Temps horloge et temps religieux : une sociologie historique des familles ouvrières à Québec à la fin du 19e siècle et au début du 20e - Durou, Guillaume (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
Au Canada, le 19e siècle constitue une période de transformations profondes. Parmi celles-ci etaient la transition au capitalisme qui simula l’économie coloniale et produisit une richesse nationale alors même que son mouvement engendra d’importantes inégalités sociales. Cette transition se loge au cœur de plusieurs questions qui occupent la sociologie historique sur les façons dont le capitalisme transforma les relations sociales en Occident et au Canada. Nombreuses de ces questions ont déjà été éclairées alors que d’autres demandent toujours à sortir de l’obscurité. Cet article a pour objectif de dresser un portrait des familles ouvrières et de leurs différentes stratégies de reproduction. À l’aide des données recueillies sur la population de la ville de Québec, nous souhaitons comparer différentes pratiques sociales en mettant l’accent sur les caractéristiques d’un nouveau régime temporel et mesurer son influence sur les ouvriers et ouvrières.

Transforming Provincial Politics: The Political Economy of Canada’s Provinces and Territories in the Neoliberal Era - Dyck, Rand (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Transforming Provincial Politics: The Political Economy of Canada’s Provinces and Territories in the Neoliberal Era," edited by Bryan M. Evans and Charles W. Smith.

Why Is There No Labor Party in the United States? Political Articulation and the Canadian Comparison, 1932 to 1948 - Eidlin, Barry (American Sociological Review, 2016)
Why is there no labor party in the United States? This question has had deep implications for U.S. politics and social policy. Existing explanations use “reflection” models of parties, whereby parties reflect preexisting cleavages or institutional arrangements. But a comparison with Canada, whose political terrain was supposedly more favorable to labor parties, challenges reflection models. Newly compiled electoral data show that underlying social structures and institutions did not affect labor party support as expected: support was similar in both countries prior to the 1930s, then diverged. To explain this, I propose a modified “articulation” model of parties, emphasizing parties’ role in assembling and naturalizing political coalitions within structural constraints. In both cases, ruling party responses to labor and agrarian unrest during the Great Depression determined which among a range of possible political alliances actually emerged. In the United States, FDR used the crisis to mobilize new constituencies. Rhetorical appeals to the “forgotten man” and policy reforms absorbed some farmer and labor groups into the New Deal coalition and divided and excluded others, undermining labor party support. In Canada, mainstream parties excluded farmer and labor constituencies, leaving room for the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) to organize them into a third-party coalition.

A Survey of the Living Wage Movement in Canada: Prospects and Challenges - Evans, Bryan M.; Fanelli, Carlo (Interface: A Journal for and About Social Movements, 2016)
The contemporary living wage movement emerged in the United States through the 1990s. It marked a particularly dramatic response at the local and regional level to the erosion in the quality of employment in the American labour market. In many respects it was and is today a rebellion of urban, racialized service sector workers. What is much less discussed are efforts to establish living wage policies in Canada. The Canadian living wage campaigns are much less movements than a strategy of rational policy advocacy. A variety of legal, political and ideological factors make this so. It is not a judgement but an observation meriting some greater interrogation.

Metis and the Medicine Line: Creating a Border and Dividing a People - Evans, Sterling (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Metis and the Medicine Line: Creating a Border and Dividing a People," by Michel Hogue.

Multi-Scalar Trade Unionism: Lessons from Maritime Unions - Fairbrother, Peter; Gekara, Victor (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
Union approaches in relation to the global recalibration of work and employment relations and practices over the last three decades are being worked out in practice. The question for unions is by which means they either have leverage or the potential to exercise power in relation to state and corporate decisions and strategies. Unions thus face challenging questions about the ways they organize, exercise their capacities and attempt to meet their purposes. With reference to the Australian maritime sector, the study examines the ways the main union, the Maritime Union of Australia, developed multi-scalar approaches to localized events. The problem unions face is to defend and advance workers’ interests. The task is to organize, to realize their capacities to defend and advance maritime workers’ interests, increasingly in multi-scalar ways. The argument is that leaderships and activity that ‘bridge’ scalar relationships are an important condition in this process. There appears to be a complex set of cross-connections between the local, the national and the international. While transnational connectivity increasingly defines contemporary forms of trade unionism, these scalar relations are defined in relation to the workplace, the everyday world, and by the ways that transport is a defining characteristic of the global world. These relations constitute contemporary class struggle where work and employment relations are always in a process of change and development. Trade unionism, thus, remains a collective expression of power relations, in an increasingly internationalized world of work and employment. Thus, this research presents important lessons for multi-scalar organization and campaigning by unions to realize their capacities and purpose. Nonetheless, this study is only a beginning. While it indicates the processes of bridging, the next step is to investigate the variety of ways that bridging may take place and with what outcomes for the development of multi-scalar activity. // Les approches syndicales en relation avec le rééquilibrage des relations industrielles et des pratiques en matière d’emploi et de travail durant les trois dernières décennies s’élaborent dans la pratique. La question qui se pose pour les syndicats est de savoir quels sont les moyens qui peuvent leur permettre d’influencer ou qui ont un potentiel pour influer sur les décisions et les stratégies de l’État et des entreprises. Les syndicats sont ainsi confrontés à diverses questions concernant les manières d’organiser et d’exercer leurs capacités ainsi que d’atteindre leurs objectifs. En se basant sur l’expérience du syndicalisme maritime australien, cette étude examine la façon dont le principal syndicat, le Syndicat maritime de l’Australie (Maritime Union of Australia), a su développer des approches à paliers multiples pour aborder les situations locales. Le problème auquel les syndicats doivent faire face est celui de défendre et de faire progresser les intérêts des travailleurs. Leur défi principal est d’organiser et de montrer leurs capacités à défendre et faire progresser les intérêts des travailleurs maritimes, en utilisant davantage l’approche à paliers multiples. Notre argumentation est à l’effet que le leadership et les activités qui permettent de faire le pont entre les paliers multiples constituent une importante condition du processus. Il semble exister un ensemble de connexions complexes entre les paliers local, national et international. Alors que la connectivité transnationale définit de plus en plus les formes contemporaines de syndicalisme, ces relations à paliers multiples sont définies en rapport avec les milieux de travail, le monde du quotidien, et par le fait que le transport s’avère une caractéristique du monde global. Ces relations constituent le lieu de la lutte des classes contemporaine où le travail et les relations industrielles s’insèrent continuellement dans un processus de changement et d’évolution. Ainsi, le syndicalisme demeure une expression collective des relations de pouvoir dans un monde du travail et de l’emploi s’internationalisant de plus en plus. Aussi, la présente recherche offre de tirer d’importantes leçons pour les organisations à paliers multiples et pour les syndicats qui cherchent à mettre en oeuvre leurs ressources et leurs objectifs. Malgré tout, cette étude constitue seulement un début. Bien qu’elle procure des indications sur le processus d’harmonisation des paliers multiples, la prochaine étape sera d’étudier les diverses manières dont cette recherche d’harmonisation peut se dérouler et avec quels résultats pour le développement d’activités à paliers multiples.

Working through the Past: Labor and Authoritarian Legacies in Comparative Perspective - Fast, Travis (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
This article reviews the book, "Working through the Past: Labor and Authoritarian Legacies in Comparative Perspective," edited by Teri L. Caraway, Maria Lorena Cook and Stephen Crowley.

Varieties of Capitalism: A Critique - Fast, Travis William (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
The Varieties of Capitalism (VoC) has become the dominant approach in comparative political economy and enjoys wide application and attention in disciplines outside of political science and sociology. Indeed the VoC approach has enjoyed much attention in comparative industrial/employment relations (IR). This article undertakes a critical evaluation of the importation of the VoC paradigm into comparative IR. Inter alia, it is argued that the VoC approach, as it is presently configured, may have little to teach IR scholars because its basic theoretical concepts and methodological priors militate against accounting for change. This article begins with a summary of the routine problems researchers in comparative political economy and comparative IR have encountered when attempting to account for change within the constraints of the VoC paradigm. Here the focus is on the limitations imposed when privileging the national scale and the problems engendered by a heavy reliance on comparative statics methodology infused with the concepts of equilibrium and exogenous shocks. The article then goes beyond these routinely recognized limitations and argues that the importation of terminology from neoclassical economic theory, of which the original VoC statement makes foundational reference, further serves to constrain and add confusion to the comparative enterprise; namely, comparative advantage, Oliver Williamson’s neoclassical theory of the firm, the use of the distinction made between (im)perfect market competition in neoclassical economics and the fuzzy distinction made between firms, markets and networks. In the concluding section we argue that the VoC’s narrow focus on the firm and its coordination problems serve to legitimate IRs traditional narrow focus on labour management relations and the pride of place that HRM now enjoys in the remaining IR departments. Ultimately, however, the embrace of the VoC paradigm by comparative IR is a net negative normative move.
Keywords: SnR_publicationTitle_Relations industrielles_Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations_2025-09-22T15:31:55.974Z

Techniciens de l’organisation sociale. La réorganisation de l’assistance catholique privée à Montréal (1930-1974) - Ferretti, Lucia (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Techniciens de l’organisation sociale. La réorganisation de l’assistance catholique privée à Montréal (1930-1974)," by Amélie Bourbeau.

Jazz libre : « musique-action » ou la recherche d’une praxis révolutionnaire au Québec (1967–1975) - Fillion, Eric (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
Fondé en 1967, le Jazz libre se démarque dans le paysage culturel du Québec par sa quête d’une praxis révolutionnaire dont la visée est de promouvoir la démocratie culturelle dans les milieux ouvriers. Durant ses huit années d’existence, ce groupe d’improvisateurs tisse des liens non négligeables avec le Conseil central des syndicats nationaux de Montréal, le Front de libération du Québec et le Front de libération des femmes. Les membres de ce collectif s’approprient le free jazz – une musique rattachée au nationalisme noir – afin de situer leur projet d’un Québec socialiste et indépendant dans un processus historique marqué par la décolonisation. Cette appropriation exprime un désir de concrétiser un rapprochement entre l’individu québécois colonisé – celui que Pierre Vallières qualifie de « nègre blanc d’Amérique » – et son homologue afro-américain. Elle repose sur la conviction que l’improvisation en musique est un vecteur de communication, d’organisation et de participation. La présente étude interroge le discours politico-culturel sur lequel la « musique-action » du Jazz libre repose. Elle propose une analyse élargie de la place occupée par le free jazz dans les mouvements de résistance au pouvoir tout en mettant en relief le volet culturel du militantisme politique déployé au Québec durant les années 1960 et 1970.

Free Labor: The Civil War and the Making of an American Working Class - Fleche, Andre M. (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Free Labor: The Civil War and the Making of an American Working Class," by Mark A. Lause.

L’intervention en santé et en sécurité du travail. Pour agir en prévention dans les milieux de travail - Fortin, Renée (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "L’intervention en santé et en sécurité du travail. Pour agir en prévention dans les milieux de travail," edited Sylvie Montreuil, Pierre-Sébastien Fournier and Geneviève Baril-Gingras.

Solidarity on the TransCanada: The Role of Immigrant Activism and Innovative Union Tactics in the 2005 Lakeside Packers Strike - Foster, Jason (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The 2005 first-contract strike at Lakeside Packers in Brooks, Alberta was one of the largest private sector labour victories in that province in over twenty years. At the time, the strike made national headlines for violence and animosity on the picket line. The strike is also noteworthy because African and Asian immigrant and refugee workers played a central role in the dispute. The union involved, United Food and Commercial Workers Local 401, adopted a series of innovative tactics which also contributed to the outcome. This article examines the events of the 2005 strike and explores the role played by immigrant activism in catalyzing and anchoring the struggle. It also analyzes which strategies employed by the union were most effective in organizing this group of workers. The article concludes by contemplating possible lessons for the labour movement today for organizing immigrant workers.

Public Goods and Good Jobs: The Byrne Report and the Labour Question in New Brunswick, 1963–1968 - Frank, David (Acadiensis: Journal of the History of the Atlantic Region / Revue d'histoire de la region atlantique, 2016)
When Professor Murray Young was teaching his pioneering courses on New Brunswick history up to what was then the recent past of the 1960s, colleagues would ask him what text he was using for the contemporary period. His answer was the Byrne Report. Students in that class learned how to read tables of data and lists of recommendations, and they came to appreciate the Report of the Royal Commission on Finance and Municipal Taxation as one of the most significant documents in the historical evolution of the province. –Introduction

Sensing Disorder: Sensory History and Future Directions for Working-Class and Urban Environmental Scholarship - Frankenbach, Julia C. (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the books, "Sensing Chicago: Noisemakers, Strikebreakers, and Muckrakers," by Adam Mack, "Urban Green: Nature, Recreation, and the Working Class in Industrial Chicago," by Colin Fisher, "The People and the Bay: A Social and Environmental History of Hamilton Harbour," by Nancy B. Bouchier and Ken Cruikshank, and "Baptized in PCBs: Race, Pollution, and Justice in an All-American Town," by Ellen Griffith Spears.

Watching Women’s Liberation 1970: Feminism’s Pivotal Year on the Network News - Freeman, Barbara M. (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Watching Women’s Liberation 1970: Feminism’s Pivotal Year on the Network News," by Bonnie J. Dow.

"You Will Have a Good Career Here, but Not a Great Career": Male Mentoring and the Women Journalists of the Canadian Press News Cooperative, 1965–2000 - Freeman, Barbara M. (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
Analyzes various forms of discrimination experienced by women journalists at Canadian Press from the mid-1960s to 2000. A feminist, interdisciplinary approach is used to examine masculine newsroom norms and how they affected women's careers. Problems of mentoring are also explored. The study is based on over 30 oral interviews including with women who worked at different times as journalists and editors at CP.

The Right to Strike: The Supreme Court of Canada, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Arc of Workplace Justice - Fudge, Judy; Jensen, Heather (King's Law Journal, 2016)
In a momentous decision, released on 30 January 2015, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in Saskatchewan Federation of Labour v Saskatchewan (SFL) that the right to strike is protected by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom's guarantee of freedom of association. Writing for the majority (5:2), Justice Abella asserted: The conclusion that the right to strike is an essential part of a meaningful collective bargaining process in our system of labour relations is supported by history, by jurisprudence, and by Canada's international obligations … The right to strike is not merely derivative of collective bargaining, it is an indispensable component of that right. It seems to me to be the time to give this conclusion constitutional benediction. The case is significant not only for the Court's conclusion that the freedom of association protected in section 2(d) of the Canadian Charter includes the right to strike, but also because it signalled that the gradual expansion of the scope of constitutional protection for labour rights that began in 2001 with Dunmore, had not been reversed in 2011 in Fraser. In fact, Justice Abella began her judgment in SFL by remarking that ‘clearly the arc bends increasingly towards workplace justice’. The crucial issue before the Court was the constitutionality of provincial legislation that unilaterally designated public sector workers as essential and prohibited them from striking.... –Introduction (footnotes omitted)
https://kar.kent.ac.uk/57118/

Quand le syndicat devient vecteur d’inégalités : les effets des clauses « orphelins » sur l’association syndicale - Gagné, Diane; Dupuis, Marie-Josée (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
Depuis les années 1980, les syndicats locaux doivent souvent gérer les compressions demandées par la partie patronale lors des rondes de négociation. Disposant de très peu de marge de manoeuvre dans sa négociation, le syndicat se voit contraint de choisir entre une précarité généralisée et une précarité réservée à un groupe de travailleurs. Il en arrive à faire des compromis qui l’amènent à devenir un vecteur d’inégalités économiques et sociales, plutôt qu’un moteur d’amélioration des conditions des travailleurs. Les diverses clauses de disparité de traitement confèrent des droits et des avantages différents à certaines catégories de salariés travaillant pour un même employeur, que ce soit en raison de leur statut d’emploi (Bernier, 2011), de leur affiliation syndicale ou de leur date d’embauche (Côté, 2008).L'objectif principal de cette étude est de traiter des conséquences qu'ont eu la présence de ces clauses « orphelins », ainsi que leur contestation, sur les deux syndicats locaux étudiés. Également, nous souhaitons fournir des pistes de réflexion quant à ses impacts sur le collectif syndical. En effet, nous avons observé, chez les deux syndicats étudiés, que l'on refuse de considérer la double échelle salariale comme étant de la discrimination, et ce, pour deux principales raisons. D'abord, les exécutifs locaux sont peu familiers avec la notion de discrimination. Leurs connaissances se limitent souvent à la discrimination directe, alors que les plaignants allèguent une discrimination indirecte désavantageant les salariés les plus récemment embauchés, et donc plus jeunes. Secundo, les syndicats ne se reconnaissent aucune part de responsabilité dans l'entente intervenue en raison du contexte économique et juridique de la négociation et des fortes pressions exercées par l'employeur. En conclusion, nous aborderons les différents effets de la négociation de clauses « orphelins », soit la persistance des inégalités et la difficulté de mettre en oeuvre la norme d'égalité en milieu syndiqué. // Title in English: When the Union Becomes a Vector of Inequalities: The Effects of Orphan Clauses on Union Association. Since the 1980s, unions have often been under pressure to accept wage compressions during collective bargaining. Faced with little bargaining power, their only choice sometimes ends up being between accepting eroded conditions for all or only some of their members. In this context, unions go from being a partner in the fight against inequalities to being a vector of inequalities. Based on two case studies where unions agreed to introduce orphan clauses to existing collective agreements, this paper aims to document the consequences unions have to deal with when some of their members decide to challenge such clauses because they find them to be discriminatory.We observed that in both unions, there was a refusal to consider the dual salary scale as being discriminatory for two main reasons: first, local officers are unfamiliar with the notion of discrimination, often limited to direct discrimination, while the orphan clauses create indirect discrimination that impacts the newlyhired employees, and consequently those employees that are younger; second, Unions do not recognize any responsibility on their part as the labour agreement was reached in a specific legal and economic context and under pressure from the employer.In conclusion, we find that various effects of the negotiation of orphan clauses include the persistence of inequalities and the difficulty to implement equality rules within the unionized sector.

« J'entends parler de leurs intérêts les plus chers » : Alphonse-Télesphore Lépine et l'engagement électoral des Chevaliers du travail à Montréal (1888–1896) - Gagnon, Marc-André (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
Cet article fait la lumière sur le militantisme et la vie politique d’Alphonse-Télesphore Lépine (1855–1943), premier député ouvrier élu à la Chambre des communes du Canada (1888–1896). Dans le cadre de cette analyse, nous explorons la manière dont ce membre influent de l’Ordre des Chevaliers du travail de Montréal met en place sa campagne électorale et nous tentons de comprendre les liens, parfois tumultueux, que celui-ci entretient avec les militants de l’Ordre. Centrant notre analyse sur la personne d’Alphonse-Télesphore Lépine comme objet historique – dont les choix, les relations professionnelles, les idées et les valeurs sont au centre de la chose publique –, nous cherchons à rendre compte des réseaux partisans, et plus largement, de la culture politique des ouvriers.

Packing Disability into the Historian’s Toolbox: On the Merits of Labour Histories of Disability - Galer, Dustin (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews and comments on the books, "Disability Histories," edited by Susan Burch and Michael Rembis, and "Civil Disabilities: Citizenship, Membership, and Belonging," edited by Nancy J. Hirschmann and Beth Linker.

Understanding the Pathways to Above-Mandatory Severance Pay When Downsizing: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of 20 Cases in France - Garaudel, Pierre; Beaujolin, Rachel; Noël, Florent; Schmidt, Géraldine (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
When it comes to negotiating over a collective dismissals plan, the French national legal framework explicitly encourages social partners to favour outplacement services over significant indemnity payments. However, significant above-mandatory redundancy payments are commonly granted to laid-off workers. Based on these factual observations, this article aims to identify the antecedent conditions, or, more precisely, the combinations of conditions, that lead to the granting of a large severance pay. We conducted a qualitative comparative analysis (Crisp set QCA) methodology applied to 20 monographs on downsizing operations that took place in France during the 2000s. The results show that above-mandatory severance payments are closely related to two major dimensions characterizing the economic and social context in which restructuring processes are carried out. The first one is about the balance of power prevailing between the company decisionmakers and the employees. This balance of power dimension is subsumed by two distinct conditions: the availability of financial resources and the presence of active unions. The second dimension relates to the moral and economic damages inflicted upon laid-off workers. This dimension is intrinsically connected to two downsizing process features, i.e. the perceived degree of legitimacy associated with the downsizing process and the degree of employability associated with the laid-off workers. Most notably, it appears that none of the identified conditions is sufficient by itself to induce the payment of a significant above-mandatory indemnity. However, some causal conditions may induce the outcome variable when they are combined with some specific other antecedent conditions. Thus, our research shows that the financial resource condition leads to the granting of an above-mandatory indemnity either in conjunction with a low degree of worker’s employability or in conjunction with both a weak perceived legitimacy of the restructuring process and the presence of active unions.
Keywords: SnR_publicationTitle_Relations industrielles_Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations_2025-09-22T15:31:55.974Z

Charivari et justice populaire au Québec - Garneau, Jean-Philippe (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Charivari et justice populaire au Québec," by René Hardy.

Santé et travail à la mine, XIXe-XXIe siècle - Gaudreau, Guy (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Santé et travail à la mine, XIXe-XXIe siècle," edited by Judith Rainhorn.

Le système d’emploi des travailleurs agricoles saisonniers : portrait d’un rapport salarial multipartite - Gesualdi-Fecteau, Dalia (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
Les programmes de migration temporaire constituent une manifestation de la division internationale du travail qui se concrétise par le déplacement de la main-d’oeuvre. Les travailleurs étrangers temporaires et leurs employeurs s’insèrent dans un système d’emploi qui se caractérise par l’action intervenant à l’occasion de la formation, de l’exécution et de la terminaison du rapport salarial. Or, si l’action intervenant au sein d’un système d’emploi résulte notamment des effets des règles juridiques applicables, elle découle également des schémas d’action mis de l’avant par les acteurs qui y interagissent. Cependant, certains de ces acteurs sont susceptibles d’occuper, de façon singulière, la scène de l’action : la prégnance de leurs schémas d’action est directement proportionnelle à la nature et à la portée du rôle qu’ils assument dans le système d’emploi. Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude de terrain qui a permis de cerner les contours du système d’emploi dans lequel s’insèrent les travailleurs agricoles guatémaltèques embauchés via le « Volet agricole » du Programme des travailleurs étrangers temporaires. Notre recherche révèle de quelle façon s’organise la capacité d’action des acteurs exogènes et endogènes au champ du travail. Elle permet également de comprendre de quelle façon certains acteurs sont contraints par l’effet de frontières géographiques et systémiques. Finalement, l’appréhension empirique du système d’emploi étudié amène aussi à brosser le portrait d’un rapport salarial multipartite tout à fait singulier.

Prévenir les problèmes de santé mentale au travail : contribution d’une recherche-action en milieu scolaire - Gouin, Marie-Michelle (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Prévenir les problèmes de santé mentale au travail : contribution d’une recherche-action en milieu scolaire," by Marie-France Maranda, Simon Viviers et Jean-Simon Deslauriers.
Keywords: SnR_publicationTitle_Relations industrielles_Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations_2025-09-22T15:31:55.974Z

International and Comparative Employment Relations. National regulation, global changes - Gould, Anthony (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "International and Comparative Employment Relations. National regulation, global changes," 6th ed., by Greg J. Bamber, Russell D. Lansbury, Nick Wailes and Chris F. Wright.

The Philosophical Foundations of Management Thought - Gould, Anthony (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
This article reviews the book, "The Philosophical Foundations of Management Thought," by Jean-Etienne Joullié and Robert Spillane.

Establishing the South Slavic Radical Labour Press in Canada: The 1931 Reminiscences of Anyox Miner Marko P. Hećimović - Granic, Stan (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
Introduces the memoir of Marko P. Hećimović (1894-1967). Written in 1939, the memoir focuses on Hećimović's role in the establishment of a communist press in Canada in 1931 that was published in the language of South Slavic immigrant workers such as himself (at the time, Hećimović, a Croat, was a miner in Anyox, BC).

Austerity as an Opportunity for Union Revival: Québec Public School Teachers - Grenier, Jean-Noël; Jalette, Patrice (The Economic and Labour Relations Review, 2016)
This article proposes an account of how two teachers’ labour federations have been reacting to austerity measures in public education. Current austerity measures have coincided with the renewal of collective agreements, thus allowing the study of how unions link bargaining stances to wider issues of service quality and accessibility. Union responses are the result of at least three influences: the institutional framework for public sector collective bargaining and worker representation, the previous orientation of members and their organisations towards social and work relations, and ongoing innovations for renewal and member engagement. We posit that union responses can contribute to renewal if they are guided by concerns to redefine union purpose, union organisation and building capacities. Under these conditions, unions are able to engage members and push forward an alternative agenda to that of the government. In doing so, they may be able to forge temporary alliances with outside stakeholders, namely parents. Analysis of union responses should consider the dialectic between union renewal effort and the opportunities and constraints of the institutional framework for public sector collective bargaining. The challenge for these two labour federations is in sustaining member engagement and activism beyond the current context of collective bargaining.

What’s Next after Psychological Contract Violation? - Guerrero, Sylvie; Naulleau, Mickael (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
This article adopts an in-depth clinical perspective based on the theoretical framework of grief in order to examine individuals’ reactions following psychological contract violation over a period of 12 months. By focusing on emotional intra-psychic phenomena our study provides evidence of the enduring effects of psychological contract violation on individuals and the employment relationship. We conducted a total of 60 interviews among 11 managers of a temporary employment agency that has implemented a series of organizational changes, mainly related to restructuring and downsizing decisions. The 11 managers interviewed have been chosen after having reported in a short survey that they experienced a psychological contract violation at work. Our results indicate that psychological contract violation triggers the subject into a grief process only when violation deprives the individual from a highly invested object at work. In these circumstances, the grief process lasts longer than we originally expected since, over 12 months, we were unable to observe the grief process in its entirety among our participants. We also find that the grief process may be accelerated or stopped according to the capacity of the organization and the individual to offer new objects that satisfy the individual’s needs and thus may help the person mourn the loss experienced as a result of the violation. Finally, our results show that the grief process deeply alters the employment relationship and modifies the amount and intensity of energy that the participants of our study devote to their work. // Cet article adopte une perspective clinique fondée sur le cadre théorique du deuil afin de d’examiner les réactions à la violation du contrat psychologique au cours d’une période de 12 mois. En se centrant sur les phénomènes émotionnels propres à l’individu, notre étude apporte des éléments d’observation des effets durables que peut engendrer la violation du contrat psychologique chez les personnes concernées, et de la manière dont ces effets altèrent leur relation d’emploi avec l’entreprise. Nous avons mené, au total, 60 entretiens auprès de 11 gestionnaires d’une agence de travail temporaire qui a mis en place une série de changements organisationnels importants, portant essentiellement sur des restructurations et coupures de poste. Les 11 gestionnaires interrogés furent sélectionnés après avoir vérifié, au préalable lors d’une enquête brève, qu’ils avaient bien vécu un sentiment de violation du contrat psychologique. Nos résultats montrent que la violation du contrat psychologique ne pousse le sujet à effectuer un travail de deuil que lorsque cette violation prive l’individu d’un objet fortement investi au travail. Dans ces circonstances, le deuil est un processus plus long que nous l’avions anticipé, puisqu’à l’issue de la période de collecte (soit 12 mois), nous n’avons pas été en mesure d’observer l’ensemble du processus chez les participants. Nos résultats indiquent aussi que le processus de deuil peut être accéléré ou ralenti selon la capacité de l’organisation et de l’individu à offrir ou trouver de nouveaux objets qui satisfont les besoins de l’individu et l’aident à accepter la perte vécue lors de la violation. Finalement, nos résultats montrent que le processus de deuil conduit à une modification importante de la relation d’emploi et qu’il change tant le contenu que l’intensité de l’énergie que les participants consacrent à leur travail.

Canadian State Trials, Volume IV: Security, Dissent, and the Limits of Toleration in War and Peace, 1914–1939 - Guth, DeLloyd J. (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Canadian State Trials, Volume IV: Security, Dissent, and the Limits of Toleration in War and Peace, 1914–1939, edited by Barry Wright, Eric Tucker, and Susan Binnie.

Identifying Knowledge Activism in Worker Health and Safety Representation: A Cluster Analysis - Hall, Alan; Oudyk, John; King, Andrew; Naqvi, Syed; Lewchuk, Wayne (American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 2016)
Background: Although worker representation in OHS has been widely recognized as contributing to health and safety improvements at work, few studies have examined the role that worker representatives play in this process. Using a large quantitative sample, this paper seeks to confirm findings from an earlier exploratory qualitative study that worker representatives can be differentiated by the knowledge intensive tactics and strategies that they use to achieve changes in their workplace. Methods: Just under 900 worker health and safety representatives in Ontario completed surveys which asked them to report on the amount of time they devoted to different types of representation activities (i.e., technical activities such as inspections and report writing vs. political activities such as mobilizing workers to build support), the kinds of conditions or hazards they tried to address through their representation (e.g., housekeeping vs. modifications in ventilation systems), and their reported success in making positive improvements. A cluster analysis was used to determine whether the worker representatives could be distinguished in terms of the relative time devoted to different activities and the clusters were then compared with reference to types of intervention efforts and outcomes. Results: The cluster analysis identified three distinct groupings of representatives with significant differences in reported types of interventions and in their level of reported impact. Two of the clusters were consistent with the findings in the exploratory study, identified as knowledge activism for greater emphasis on knowledge based political activity and technical-legal representation for greater emphasis on formalized technical oriented procedures and legal regulations. Knowledge activists were more likely to take on challenging interventions and they reported more impact across the full range of interventions. Conclusions This paper provides further support for the concepts of knowledge activism and technical-legal representation when differentiating the strategic orientations and impact of worker health and safety representatives, with important implications for education, political support and recruitment.
Keywords: accidents; committees; health; injuries; occupational; representatives; safety; workers

Reproduction and Resistance: An Anti-Colonial Contribution to Social-Reproduction Feminism - Hall, Rebecca Jane (Historical Materialism, 2016)
In Northern Canada, Indigenous mixed economies persist alongside and in resistance to capital accumulation. The day-to-day sites and processes of colonial struggle, and, in particular, their gendered nature, are too often ignored. This piece takes an anti-colonial materialist approach to the multiple labours of Indigenous women in Canada, arguing that their social-reproductive labour is a primary site of struggle: a site of violent capitalist accumulation and persistent decolonising resistance. In making this argument, this piece draws on social-reproduction feminism, and anti-racist, Indigenous and anti-colonial feminism, asking what it means to take an anti-colonial approach to social-reproduction feminism. It presents an expanded conception of production that encompasses not just the dialectic of capitalist production and reproduction, but also non-capitalist, subsistence production. An anti-colonial approach to social-reproduction feminism challenges one to think through questions of non-capitalist labour and the way different forms of labour persist relationally, reproducing and resisting capitalist modes of production.
https://brill.com/view/journals/hima/24/2/article-p87_5.xml

Soviet Princeton: Slim Evans and the 1932–33 Miners' Strike - Hannant, Larry (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Soviet Princeton: Slim Evans and the 1932–33 Miners' Strike by Jon Bartlett and Rika Ruebsaat.

La « rébellion de 1837 » à travers le prisme du Montreal Herald. La refondation par les armes des institutions politiques canadiennes - Harvey, Louis-Georges (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "La « rébellion de 1837 » à travers le prisme du Montreal Herald. La refondation par les armes des institutions politiques canadiennes," by François Deschamps.

Capitalism: A Short History - Heller, Henry (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Capitalism: A Short History," by Jürgen Kocka.

La pratique de la négociation basée sur les intérêts dans les processus de négociation collective : perceptions et appropriations syndicales - Hennebert, Marc-Antonin; Faulkner, Marcel; Bourque, Reynald (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
Après plusieurs décennies de formation et de mises en pratique de la NBI dans les relations patronales-syndicales, cette étude cherche à comprendre la résonnance pratique de cette approche auprès des négociateurs syndicaux ainsi que comment elle est réellement utilisée dans le cadre de négociations collectives. Rapportant les résultats d’une étude empirique menée auprès de quarante-cinq négociateurs syndicaux œuvrant dans le secteur privé et ayant, pour la plupart, mis en pratique à plusieurs reprises la NBI au cours des dernières années, les résultats de cette recherche soulignent à la fois les limites et les retombées multiples de cette approche sur la pratique de la négociation collective en entreprise. Les résultats de notre étude démontrent que les négociateurs syndicaux n’hésitent pas à s’approprier la NBI et à modeler ses principes et procédés en fonction de leurs besoins et du contexte dans lequel ils interviennent. Cette « appropriation imaginative » de la NBI ainsi que les pratiques innovantes auxquelles elle donne lieu montrent, non seulement l’existence de frontières poreuses entre les approches distributive et intégrative et l’existence de « négociation mixte » (ou mixed motive bargaining), mais également les différentes formes que peuvent prendre cette négociation mixte dans le cadre de la négociation collective. Enfin, si les négociateurs syndicaux interrogés rapportent très peu de cas d’application intégrale de la NBI, cette recherche révèle néanmoins à quel point cette approche s’avère, à travers ses diverses formes d’appropriation, une source fondamentale de l’évolution de la pratique de la négociation collective.
Keywords: SnR_publicationTitle_Relations industrielles_Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations_2025-09-22T15:31:55.974Z

Analyzing Exclusion in Global Worker Health Policy - Hilgert, Jeffrey (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
This article examines the development of the ILO’s Global Strategy on Occupational Safety and Health through the lens of social exclusion. Social exclusion is a transversal concept across the social sciences. The article integrates the study of exclusion as an essential element of institutional analysis in industrial relations. After discussing the treatment of the study of exclusion in labour and employment relations scholarship, it presents an analytic frame using four mechanisms of exclusion taken from sociology: 1- encoding; 2- framing pathways; 3- non-decision making; and 4- mining actualities. Observations are presented from a qualitative study of 125 preparatory and legal texts created through the development of the Global Strategy between 2000 and 2015. The method of analysis is a socio-historic interpretation following the principles of analysis of primary source documents outlined by Marc Trachtenberg in his book The Craft of International History: A Guide to Method. Exclusionary dynamics are observed in three areas: 1- managing the meaning of OSH policy integration; 2- shaping the role of collective labour rights in OSH policy; and 3- sidestepping the development of specific OSH hazard protections. Comparisons are made at key points with recent normative work by UN human rights bodies, including the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and their General Comment No. 23 on the human right to just and favourable conditions of work. The result is a Global OSH Strategy with promotional strengths, but also neoliberal values interwoven in its policy framework. // Cet article examine le développement de la Stratégie globale en matière de sécurité et de santé au travail de l’Organisation internationale du Travail (OIT) à travers le prisme de l’exclusion sociale. L’exclusion sociale est un concept transversal dans les sciences sociales. L’article intègre l’étude de l’exclusion comme une composante essentielle d’une analyse institutionnelle en relations industrielles. Il présente un cadre analytique en utilisant quatre mécanismes d’exclusion repris de la sociologie : 1- l’encodage ; 2- les voies encadrant ; 3- la non-prise de décision ; et 4- les actualités minées. Les observations sont présentées à partir d’une étude qualitative de 125 textes juridiques préparatoires rédigés dans le cadre du développement de la Stratégie globale entre 2000 et 2015. Notre méthode s’avère être une interprétation socio-historique suivant les principes de l’analyse des documents primaires articulés par Marc Trachtenberg dans son livre The Craft of International History : A Guide to Method. Des dynamiques d’exclusion furent observées dans trois domaines : 1- la gestion du sens de l’intégration des politiques en matière de SST ; 2- l’élaboration du rôle des droits collectifs du travail dans la politique en matière de SST ; et 3- le développement des protections spécifiques de danger en matière de SST. Le résultat a donné une Stratégie globale en matière de SST avec des forces de promotion, mais aussi des valeurs néolibérales entrelacées dans le cadre de sa politique.

Disaster Citizenship: Survivors, Solidarity, and Power in the Progressive Era - Horssen, Jessica van (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Disaster Citizenship: Survivors, Solidarity, and Power in the Progressive Era," by Jacob A.C. Remes.

Local Government, the Standard Employment Relationship, and the Making of Ontario’s Public Sector, 1945–1963 - Hurl, Chris (Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 2016)
This article examines the unionization of local government workers in Ontario during the 1940s and 1950s. While these workers played a central role in consolidating a standard employment relationship across the public sector, the advancement of collective bargaining rights, regular hours of work, and wages and benefits was fractured and spatially uneven. Bringing together theories of state formation with recent debates in labour geography, this article explores the politics of scale in the unionization of local government workers. Through the 1950s, it is argued that local government workers were able to effectively mount campaigns for recognition, develop shared bargaining capacities and establish federated labour organizations across the province, building from their embeddedness in a rapidly expanding metropolitan environment. Moreover, it is shown that the ‘scaling up’ of collective bargaining in this way provoked civic officials to establish new governance structures with the aim of containing the explosive growth of public sector unions. This entailed both the professionalization of labour relations practices and the development of more centralized administrative capacities. In this sense, it is argued that state formation through the 1950s and 1960s advanced through the efforts to normalize the demands of local government workers within a wider economy of service.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282389986_Local_government_the_Standard_Employment_Relationship_and_the_making_of_Ontario's_public_sector_1945-1963

Irresponsibility, Obligation, and the "Manly Modern": Tensions in Working-class Masculinities in Postwar Saint John, New Brunswick - Huskins, Bonnie; Boudreau, Michael (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
Historians have analyzed working-class masculinities from multiple perspectives, but few have examined how these masculinities were viewed and experienced by working-class women. Ida Martin (nee Friars), a working-class diarist from Saint John, New Brunswick, commented on the work-related activities and social behaviours of her husband, Allan Robert Martin (AR), a longshoreman and odd-jobber. Ida’s diaries reveal that older forms of working-class masculinity persisted in the postwar period in Saint John, including participation in a homosocial recreational culture; risk-taking behaviour; and a commitment to direct action as a form of labour unrest. Moreover, Martin’s diaries illustrate that AR’s participation in these forms of masculinity threatened the stability of the family economy. By documenting AR’s various injuries, the diaries also highlight the impact that physically demanding and dangerous work had on working-class male bodies.

Welcome to Resisterville: American Dissidents in British Columbia - Janovicek, Nancy (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Welcome to Resisterville: American Dissidents in British Columbia," by Kathleen Rodgers.

Labour Standards in Global Value Chains: Disentangling Workers’ Voice, Vicarious Voice, Power Relations, and Regulation - Josserand, Emmanuel; Kaine, Sarah (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
Theoretical developments and case studies have started to explore the complexity and intricacies of new forms of labour regulation in Global Value Chains (GVCs). This paper builds on these to integrate what we know into a coherent framework that can guide practice and future research. We bring together existing knowledge on new forms of labour standards regulation—such as Private Social Standards (PSSs) and International Framework Agreements (IFAs)—into a framework that integrates and disentangles the contextual determinants, processes, regulatory mechanisms, and outcomes of such regulation in GVCs. Of special significance is the distinction between regulatory processes—vicarious voice, workers’ voice, coordinated international campaigns—, and regulatory mechanisms—IFAs and PSSs. Extant literature tends to deal with existing forms of regulation without much clarity on their respective roles. Our framework identifies two pathways from regulatory processes to regulatory mechanisms: the labour power and the customer power pathways. Our framework also establishes clear connections between concepts, underlining links of causality and moderating effects. We explore the impact of value chain structure, and specifically, the connections between workers’ and vicarious voice, on regulatory outcomes. With regard to the structure of supply chains, we examine the coupling of operations and the sensitivity of value chain participants to reputational risk and drive within value chains. We add the significant dimension of ‘internal drive’ to existing understandings of drive to capture the possible internal discrepancies leading managers in multinational companies (MNCs) to apply mixed incentives to their suppliers to comply with labour standards. Additionally, we introduce the concept of ‘vicarious voice’, which we define as a situation where workers’ voice is substituted by that of actors who, unlike local unions or activist unionism, do not have a close representative link with workers. Vicarious voice may be composed of ethical consumerism, social advocacy, and international union federations. // Certains développements théoriques et des études de cas récentes ont commencé à explorer la complexité et les subtilités des nouvelles formes de régulation du travail dans les chaînes de valeur mondiales (CVM). À partir de ces analyses, le présent article cherche à intégrer ce que nous savons déjà dans un cadre cohérent qui puisse guider la pratique et la recherche à l’avenir. Nous y intégrons les connaissances actuelles sur les nouvelles formes de régulation du travail — telles les normes sociales privées (NSP) et les accords-cadres internationaux (ACI) — dans un cadre cohérent qui intègre, tout en les démêlant, les déterminants contextuels, processus et mécanismes de régulation, ainsi que les résultats de cette régulation dans les CVM. S’avère particulièrement importante la distinction entre les processus de régulation — tels la voix du salariat (workers’ voice en anglais), la voix par procuration (vicarious voice), les campagnes coordonnées au niveau international — et les mécanismes de régulation — tels les NSP et ACI. La littérature existante a tendance à traiter ces diverses formes de régulation sans grande nuance quant à leurs rôles respectifs. Notre cadre identifie deux avenues permettant de passer des processus de régulation aux mécanismes de régulation : le pouvoir des travailleurs et le pouvoir des consommateurs. Il établit également des connexions claires entre concepts, liens de causalité sous-jacents et effets modérateurs. Nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement à l’impact des structures des chaînes de valeur, des connexions entre voix du salariat et voix par procuration, sur les résultats de la régulation. En ce qui ce qui a trait aux structures des chaînes de valeur, nous examinons le couplage des opérations, la sensibilité des participants à l’intérieur de ces chaînes au risque à la réputation, ce qui procure une influence (drive en anglais) à l’intérieur de ces chaînes de valeurs. Nous ajoutons la dimension significative de « l’influence interne » aux termes déjà convenus du sens de l’influence, cela afin de mieux pouvoir saisir les divergences internes possibles pouvant conduire les gestionnaires principaux dans les multinationales à mettre en place divers types d’incitatifs pour leurs fournisseurs afin de satisfaire aux normes du travail. De plus, nous introduisons le concept de voix par procuration (vicarious voice en anglais), que nous définissons comme une situation dans laquelle le moyen traditionnel qu’est la voix du salariat — tel le syndicalisme local ou l’activisme syndical en tant qu’agent de représentation des travailleurs — se voit remplacé par des acteurs qui n’ont pas de lien de proximité avec les travailleurs. La « voix par procuration » peut s’exprimer par le consumérisme éthique, les groupes de pression sociale, ou les fédérations syndicales internationales.

Canada Post workers fight for a fairer, greener future - Judd, Monica (Canadian Dimension, 2016)
Discusses the conflict between Canada Post and the Canadian Union of Postal Workers. Describes the union's vision of the postal service (in particular, postal banking) in "Delivering Community Power: How Canada Post Can Be the Hub of Our Next Economy," released on the website, deliveringcommunitypower.ca, on Feb. 29, 2016.
Keywords: Canada Post; Canadian Union of Postal Workers (CUPW)

Maximizing the Benefits of Internationalization: The Moderating Role of Labour Flexibility - Jung, Heung-Jun; Noh, Sung-Chul; Chung, Sun-Wook (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
SummaryUsing the large-scale Korean Workplace Panel Survey, this study examines the interplay between international diversification, labour flexibility, and workplace-level performance in the context of advanced emerging markets. Filling the gap in the literature on the international diversification-performance (IDP) relationship, which focuses primarily on firm-level characteristics and overlooks the role of labour factors as contingent variables, we draw attention to the workplace level dynamics by exploring how the two types of labour flexibility—functional and numerical flexibility—moderate the impact of international diversification on performance. The results show that when workplaces invest in training for job enlargement and employee involvement programs that lead to the enhancement of functional flexibility, the link between international diversification and performance can be strengthened.This finding supports the assertion in the international HRM literature that, in the ever-globalized business environment, investment in human capital is a better strategy for improving financial performance in the long run. Furthermore, we find that numerical flexibility, as measured by in-house subcontracting arrangements, has a negative impact on the IDP relationship. Overall, our study suggests that the quality of human resources and a well-designed workplace configuration may still help improve performance in the context of international diversification, whereas excessive dependence on employment externalization for cost reduction is likely to hurt not only financial performance but also long-term sustainability. We also believe that our findings on the advanced emerging market economy complement insights from previous studies, which are largely based on Western developed economies, thus enriching current theories on labour flexibility. // En s’appuyant sur une enquête à grande échelle, le « Panel d’enquête coréen sur les milieux de travail » (Korean Workplace Panel Survey), la présente étude examine l’interaction entre diversification internationale, flexibilité du travail et rendement au travail en contexte de marchés avancés émergents. Afin de combler les écarts dans la littérature sur la relation entre rendement et diversification internationale — laquelle met principalement l’accent sur les caractéristiques de l’entreprise et néglige le rôle des facteurs liés au travail comme variables conditionnelles —, nous attirons l’attention sur les dynamiques en cours au niveau du milieu de travail en explorant comment les deux types de flexibilité du travail, soit la flexibilité fonctionnelle et la flexibilité numérique, atténuent l’effet de la diversification internationale sur le rendement. Les résultats montrent que lorsque, dans les milieux de travail, on investit dans des programmes de formation en vue de l’élargissement des tâches et la participation des salariés afin d’accroître la flexibilité fonctionnelle, le lien entre diversification internationale et rendement devrait se renforcir.Ces résultats appuient l’assertion de la littérature internationale sur la gestion des ressources humaines à l’effet que, dans un environnement commercial sans cesse globalisé, l’investissement en capital humain constitue une meilleure stratégie pour améliorer la performance financière à long terme. De plus, nous constatons que la flexibilité numérique, telle que déterminée dans les ententes de sous-traitance internes, a une influence négative sur la relation entre rendement et diversification internationale. Globalement, notre étude suggère que la qualité des ressources humaines et une configuration bien conçue du milieu de travail peuvent aider à améliorer la performance dans un environnement de diversification internationale, tandis qu’une dépendance excessive à l’égard de l’externalisation de l’emploi dans le but de réduire les coûts est susceptible de plomber non seulement la performance financière, mais aussi le développement à long terme. Nous pensons également que nos résultats relatifs à une économie de marché émergente avancée ajoutent aux observations rapportées dans d’autres études qui portaient principalement sur les économies occidentales avancées, constituent un enrichissement des théories actuelles sur la flexibilité du travail.

Editor's Note = Note de la rédaction [78, Fall 2016] - Kealey, Gregory S. (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
Announces the appointment of Charles Smith and Joan Sangster as co-editors of the journal.

Editors’ Note = Note des rédacteurs en chef - Kealey, Gregory S.; Palmer, Bryan D. (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
Announces Sean Cadigan's resignation as editor. Bryan Palmer and Gregory Kealey to be interim co-editors until a new appointment is made. Takes note of the Canadian Labour Studies database, an open access bibliography of labour studies resources produced by Laurentian University librarians Desmond Maley and Dan Scott.

The Differential Impact of Universal Child Benefits on the Labour Supply of Married and Single Mothers - Koebel, Kourtney; Schirle, Tammy (Canadian Public Policy, 2016)
We examine the effects of the Universal Child Care Benefit on the labour supply of mothers. The benefit has a significant negative effect on the labour supply of legally married mothers, reducing their likelihood of participation in the labour force by 1.4 percentage points and hours worked by nearly one hour per week. In contrast, the likelihood of participation by divorced mothers rises by 2.8 percentage points when receiving the benefit and does not affect hours worked. Moreover, the benefit does not have a statistically significant effect on the participation of common-law married mothers or never-married mothers.

The Rise of the “Gig Economy” and Implications for Understanding Work and Workers - Kuhn, Kristine M. (Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2016)
Bergman and Jean (2016) include freelancers as one of the categories of workers who are understudied in the industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology literature. This neglect is particularly striking given the attention paid by the popular media and by politicians to the rise of the “gig economy,” comprising primarily short-term independent freelance workers (e.g., Cook, 2015; Kessler, 2014; Scheiber, 2014; Warner, 2015). This may be due in part to challenges involved in accessing and researching this population, as discussed by Bergman and Jean, but it may also arise from complexities in defining and conceptualizing freelance work, as well as from misunderstandings about the nature of the work now performed by many people who are considered freelancers. Major topics of interest to I-O psychologists such as organizational attraction, job satisfaction, and turnover may seem at first glance to lack relevance to the study of workers who are officially classified as self-employed. But there is substantial opportunity for I-O psychologists and other behaviorally oriented organizational researchers to contribute to our understanding of the growing number of people who earn all or some of their income by freelancing.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/industrial-and-organizational-psychology/article/abs/rise-of-the-gig-economy-and-implications-for-understanding-work-and-workers/0359098FEC51B66EFC02101105B25FCF

Generation Rising: The Time of the Québec Student Spring - Lafrance, Xavier (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Generation Rising: The Time of the Québec Student Spring," by Shawn Katz.

Swedes in Canada: Invisible Immigrants - Lahlum, Lori Ann (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Swedes in Canada: Invisible Immigrants," by Elinor Barr.

The Workers' State: Industrial Labor and the Making of Socialist Hungary, 1944–1958 - Lalande, J.-Guy (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "The Workers' State: Industrial Labor and the Making of Socialist Hungary, 1944–1958," by Mark Pittaway.

The Raids: The Nickel Range Trilogy, Volume 1 - Lang, John B. (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "The Raids: The Nickel Range Trilogy, Volume 1," by Mick Lowe.

Amélioration ou polarisation ? Évolution de la structure et de la qualité des emplois au Québec et au Canada, 1997-2013 - Lapointe, Paul-André; Bach, Catherine (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
Les micro-données de l’Enquête sur la population active de Statistique Canada sont utilisées dans le cadre d’une approche centrée sur les professions, qui repose elle-même sur l’approche des régimes d’emploi. Les auteurs construisent une typologie des professions en huit classes. Sur la base de la part relative des classes professionnelles dans l’emploi salarié, il appert que les professionnels et les techniciens, tant dans les sciences naturelles et dans les nouvelles technologies de l’information et des communications que dans les sciences sociales et dans les sciences de la santé, ont enregistré la croissance la plus importante ; les employés faiblement qualifiés dans les services interpersonnels ont également connu une croissance, tandis que les cols bleus et les cols blancs ont subi un déclin alors que les cadres supérieurs et les professionnels de la finances se sont enlisés dans la stagnation. Toutefois, ces derniers se sont avéré être les véritables gagnants de la répartition des revenus au cours de la période. Sur le plan de la qualité des emplois mesurée par la croissance relative des professions regroupées en quintiles de revenus, on observe un phénomène de polarisation asymétrique : les quintiles supérieurs regroupant les bons emplois, ont connu une croissance plus élevée que le quintile inférieur, associé aux mauvais emplois, alors que les quintiles intermédiaires ont régressé. On enregistre également une croissance des inégalités salariales, en ce sens que les salaires du quintile supérieur se sont accrus plus rapidement que ceux des autres quintiles de revenus. Enfin, le Québec et le Canada appartiennent au régime néolibéral. Le Québec est, certes, une société plus égalitaire, mais, contrairement aux pays du modèle social-démocrate, ce caractère « distinctif » n’est pas le résultat de politiques sociales plus progressistes et d’un syndicalisme davantage inclusif qui auraient rehaussé les salaires du quintile inférieur ; il s’explique plutôt par la stagnation, voire le déclin, de l’emploi dans le quintile supérieur et des salaires dans le quatrième quintile.
Keywords: SnR_publicationTitle_Relations industrielles_Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations_2025-09-22T15:31:55.974Z

Le Capital au XXIe siècle - Lavoie, Marc (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Le Capital au XXIe siècle," by Thomas Piketty.

Precarious Employment and Precarious Resistance: “We Are People Still” - Lewchuk, Wayne; Dassinger, Janet (Studies in Political Economy, 2016)
This paper explores worker resistance at the point of production, and how the terrain of workplace control is both different and more ambiguous for workers in precarious employment compared to that of workers in secure employment. For the most part, this is the story of unorganized workers who face their employers without the protection of a formal union. The main focus of this study is the individualized, informal, and under-the-radar strategies that workers employ to shape workplace outcomes, and how these strategies might translate into broader collective action.
Keywords: Labour markets; precarious employment; unions; unorganized workers; worker resistance

Seeking Security: Gay Labour Migration and Uneven Landscapes of Work - Lewis, Nathaniel M; Mills, Suzanne (Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 2016)
Previous research has understood the migrations of gay men and other queer people through a lens of identity development, whereby relocation is driven by processes of coming out and consuming particular urban amenities. Meanwhile, labour geographers have largely overlooked sexuality, seeking to understand work-related migration in relation to gender, race, citizenship and the collective organization of workers. Drawing on the migration narratives of gay-identified men living in Ottawa, Canada, and Washington, DC, USA, we argue that the norms governing gender and sexuality within various workplaces, economic sectors and locales continuously influence migration related to work and inextricably linked processes of social reproduction. In particular, we explain how the affective needs of gay workers both deflect them from and attract them to particular locales and workplaces. In their migration destinations, gay workers tend to also transform the norms of social reproduction within workplaces and sectors. While gay workers may use migration to successfully negotiate the uneven landscapes of inclusion and visibility in North America, their agency is also constrained by the ongoing of regulation of sexuality in both workplaces and social and community environments.

Changes and Continuities in the Workplace of Long-Term Residential Care in Canada, 1970–2015 - Lowndes, Ruth; Struthers, James (Journal of Canadian Studies, 2016)
In this article, we compare current Canadian nursing home workers’ experiences and conditions of care to past work and care conditions to determine changes and similarities over the period from 1970 to the present. Employing a feminist political economy framework and a team-based rapid ethnography approach, our study involved observations of and in-depth interviews with management, health providers, support staff, informal care providers, union officials, and residents between 2012 and 2015. The historical substudy drew on interviews of past and present workers of one large long-term residential care home in Ontario. While improvements have been made in training and in the physical safety of staff and residents in these gendered spaces of work, there has been a persistence, if not intensification, in job precarity; inadequate staffing levels coupled with heavy workloads; routinized, assembly-line types of work; and cost-cutting on supplies.
Keywords: care conditions; care work; care worker experience; conditions de soin; effectifs; elder care; ethnographie; ethnography; expériences des travailleurs du domaine des soins; feminist political economy; formation; histoire; history; long-term care; niveau de dotation; relational care; soins de longue durée; soins des ainés; soins relationnels; staffing levels; training; travail soignant; économie politique féministe

Ressources humaines. Gérer les personnes et l’ordre social dans l’entreprise - Luc, Sylvain (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Ressources humaines. Gérer les personnes et l’ordre social dans l’entreprise," by Évelyne Léonard.

Elizabeth Gurley Flynn: Modern American Revolutionary - Lynn, Denise (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Elizabeth Gurley Flynn: Modern American Revolutionary," by Lara Vapnik.

Détroit pas d’accord pour crever. Une révolution urbaine - Madi, Sari (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
This article reviews the book, "Détroit pas d’accord pour crever. Une révolution urbaine," by Dan Georgakas and Marvin Surkin; translated from English by Laure Mistral.

L’identification au contenu du travail comme déterminant du souhait de rester dans un emploi - Mainhagu, Sebastien; Castéran, Herbert (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
Les recherches sur le choix de demeurer dans un emploi sont peu nombreuses ou traitent ce sujet à travers des modèles sur le roulement de personnel (turnover), considérant que les mêmes déterminants influencent de manière opposée l'intention de rester ou de quitter. De plus, à l'exception notable de Cossette et Gosselin (2012), les chercheurs ne traitent que le choix de rester dans l'entreprise, mêlant dans la même variable expliquée le choix de rester dans un emploi et celui de la mobilité intra-organisationnelle.Cette recherche poursuit deux objectifs: 1- identifier des concepts associés au souhait de rester dans son emploi; 2- explorer les relations entre les variables identifiées et le désir de rester. L'apport de cette recherche est double. Il s'avère tout d'abord théorique puisque nous avons identifié les variables associées au souhait de rester dans un emploi. Les résultats obtenus permettent de proposer un modèle théorique décrivant les relations entre trois groupes de variables (identification, contextes personnel et au travail) et le souhait de rester. Nous montrons, en particulier, l'influence probable des variables d'identification au contenu du travail sur le souhait de rester dans l'emploi, réalité rarement prise en compte dans les analyses sur ce sujet, que nous définissons comme un état où un salarié établit une équivalence entre ce qu'il est et ce qu'il fait. Cette identification est obtenue suite aux succès obtenus par la personne, qui lui indiquent ses compétences et lui procurent un sentiment d'efficacité, source de fierté. Le second apport de cette recherche est méthodologique. Il semble fécond d'associer une analyse des entretiens, appliquant les principes de la théorie enracinée, à un traitement statistique de type analyse des correspondances multiples, peu connu des chercheurs anglosaxons. // Title in English: Identification with Work Content as a Determinant of the Desire to Stay in a Job. Research on the choice to remain in a job is limited, and that which exists tends to be based on turnover models that consider that the determinants influencing the intent to remain or to leave a job are the same. Furthermore, with the exception of Cossette and Gosselin (2012), scholars have traditionally only dealt with the choice to remain within a company and have not made any distinction between variables that explain the choice of employees to remain in a particular job or to be intraorganizationally mobile.This research serves two purposes: 1- it identifies the concepts related to the desire to stay in a job; 2- it explores the interrelationships between identified variables and the desire to stay in a job. The contribution of this research is twofold: the first is theoretical in so far as we identify the variables associated with the desire to remain in a job. The findings make it possible to propose a theoretical model that describes the relationships between three groups of variables (identification, personal context, and work context) and the desire to stay. In particular, we show the likely influence of how people identify with work content upon the desire to remain in a job. Rarely taken into account in analyses on this topic, we define this influence as a condition where an employee establishes equivalence between what he/she is and what he/she does. This identification follows the success achieved by a person that attests to his/her range of skills and provides him/her with a feeling of efficacy. The person identifies with this source of pride. The second contribution of this research is methodological. It appears to be fruitful to associate interview analysis, applying the principles of grounded theory, with a statistical process, such as a Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), an approach that is little known to Anglo-Saxon scholars.

Les critiques de la gestion - Malo, François (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
This article reviews the book, "Les critiques de la gestion," by Jean Nizet and François Pichault.

Tribute to Richard J. Long / Hommage à Richard J. Long - Mentzer, Marc; Ponak, Allen (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)

The Canadian Oral History Reader - Mercier, Laurie (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "The Canadian Oral History Reader," edited by Kristina R. Llewellyn, Alexander Freund, and Nolan Reilly.

Reform or Repression: Organizing America's Anti-Union Movement - Mitchell, Tom (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Reform or Repression: Organizing America's Anti-Union Movement," by Chad Pearson.

Refonder le système de protection sociale. Pour une nouvelle génération de droits sociaux - Mohamed, Yasmine (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
This article reviews the book, "Refonder le système de protection sociale. Pour une nouvelle génération de droits sociaux," by Bernard Gazier, Bruno Palier and Hélène Périvier.

The Italians Who Built Toronto: Italian Workers and Contractors in the City’s Housebuilding Industry, 1950-1980 - Molinaro, Dennis (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "The Italians Who Built Toronto: Italian Workers and Contractors in the City’s Housebuilding Industry, 1950-1980," by Stefano Agnoletto.

The Rising Tide of Color: Race, State Violence, and Radical Movements across the Pacific - Munro, John (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "The Rising Tide of Color: Race, State Violence, and Radical Movements across the Pacific," edited by Moon-Ho Jung.

Beyond Brutal Passions: Prostitution in Early Nineteenth-Century Montréal - Namaste, Viviane (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Beyond Brutal Passions: Prostitution in Early Nineteenth-Century Montréal," by Mary Anne Poutanen.

“These French Canadian of the Woods are Half-Wild Folk”: Wilderness, Whiteness, and Work in North America, 1840–1955 - Newton, Jason L. (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
Examines the exodus of Quebeckers to the US and what was written about them, ranging from literary works to racialized science.

"Not to Be Bought, Nor for Sale": The Trials of Joseph Edward Bird - Nicol, Janet Mary (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
Biographical account of lawyer Joseph Edward Bird (1868-1948) who, after his arrival in Vancouver from Ontario in 1902, became involved some of the leading labour and civil rights' cases of the day, including the Komagata Maru case (1914), where 376 Indian passengers were blocked from entry into Canada.

En déficit d'autonomie. La commission d'indemnisation des accidents du travail du Nouveau-Brunswick (1918–1932) - Ouellet, Nelson (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
Empruntant la voie tracée par l’administration quotidienne de la Commission des accidents du travail au Nouveau-Brunswick, le présent texte examine les tensions engendrées par l’introduction d’un régime d’indemnisation sans égard à la faute durant sa phase d’implantation (1918-1932). L’augmentation des accidents du travail au Nouveau-Brunswick au cours des années 1920 ayant incité les commissaires à réviser les taux d’évaluation sectorielle pour maintenir en équilibre la caisse des accidents, des employeurs qui contestaient les hausses les contraignirent à recourir aux tribunaux pour protéger le pouvoir discrétionnaire que lui conférait la loi. Dans la seconde moitié de la décennie, lorsque les employeurs et les membres élus du nouveau gouvernement conservateur se rapprochèrent sous l’effet d’une économie tournant au ralenti, la Commission entra dans une phase critique de son histoire. Les déficits budgétaires étant absorbés par un État qui la priva d’une autonomie restreignant des projets de relance, la Commission se consacra à une gestion sélective de la décroissance, laquelle accentua l’état de dépendance des travailleurs accidentés et des familles endeuillées. À l’aube de la réforme législative introduite au printemps 1932, le déficit d’autonomie de la Commission ne réussit pas à capter l’attention des contemporains préoccupés par les risques du travail et de la dépendance matérielle. Comme les protagonistes élaborant l’« infrastructure de la prévention » pour contrer les crises, notre contribution cherche à pallier une connaissance qui confère à l’indemnisation une place trop modeste comme sujet d’étude historique et comme objet de réflexion théorique sur le risque et le désastre.

The Effects of the Psychological Contract Among Professional Employees Working in Non-Professional Organizations - Paillé, Pascal; Raineri, Nicolas; Valeau, Patrick (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
Few researchers have sought to examine the consequences of psychological contract breach in the particular case of professional employees working for nonprofessional organizations. To increase our understanding, the purpose of this article was to test an original research model encompassing psychological contract breach, psychological contract violation, perceived organizational support, organizational and professional commitment, and intention to leave the organization. A study was conducted among a sample of 329 professional employees working in nonprofessional organizations. As predicted, this research shows a positive relationship between psychological contract breach and psychological contract violation, a negative relationship between breach and organizational commitment, and a negative relationship between organizational commitment and the intention to leave the organization. However, contrary to expectations, the results indicated that perceived organizational support has no moderating effect on the relationship between breach and violation. This finding does not confirm previous findings from the study by Suazo and Stone-Romero (2011). This unexpected result led to testing a different combination between perceived organizational support and PC-breach and PC-violation, which is documented in the literature on nonprofessional employees. Thus, in accordance with previous results by Suazo (2009), the data from our research indicate that the relationship between PC breach and perceived organizational support is mediated by PC violation. This alternative research model suggests testing a long mediation process by which the breach influences the intention to leave the organization via the violation, the perceived organizational support, and professional and organizational commitment. This long mediation process has been confirmed by our data. Finally, the results of this research suggest that when working in a non-professional context, professional employees tend to react to breaches of the psychological contract in a similar way to non-professional employees. // Peu de recherches ont examiné les conséquences de la brèche du contrat psychologique dans le cas particulier des employés professionnels travaillant pour des organisations non-professionnelles. Afin de combler cette lacune et dans le but de gagner en compréhension, cet article a pour objectif de tester un modèle de recherche original englobant la brèche et la violation, le soutien organisationnel perçu, les engagements organisationnel et professionnel, ainsi que l'intention de démissionner. Une recherche a été conduite auprès un échantillon de 329 employé(e)s professionnel(le)s travaillant dans des organisations non-professionnelles. Conformément aux prédictions, notre étude montre une relation positive entre la brèche et la violation, une relation négative entre la violation et l'engagement organisationnel, ainsi qu'une relation négative entre l'engagement organisationnel et l'intention de quitter l'organisation. Toutefois, contrairement aux attentes, les résultats ont indiqué que le soutien organisationnel perçu n'a pas d'effet modérateur sur la relation entre la brèche et la violation, ce qui tend à infirmer les conclusions précédentes de l'étude de Suazo et Stone-Romero (2011). Ce résultat inattendu a conduit au test d'une combinaison différente et documentée dans la littérature auprès d'employés non-professionnels. Ainsi, en conformité avec les résultats de Suazo (2009), les données indiquent que la violation a un effet médiateur sur la relation entre la brèche et le soutien organisationnel perçu. Ce modèle de recherche alternatif suggère de tester un processus de médiation long par lequel la brèche influence l'intention de quitter l'organisation via la violation, le soutien organisationnel perçu ainsi que les engagements professionnel et organisationnel. Ce long processus de médiation a été confirmé par nos données. Finalement, les résultats de cette recherche laissent penser que lorsqu'ils travaillent en contexte non-professionnel, les employés professionnels tendent à réagir aux brèches du contrat psychologique de manière semblable aux employés non-professionnels.

Trotskyists on Trial: Free Speech and Political Persecution since the Age of FDR - Palmer, Bryan D. (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Trotskyists on Trial: Free Speech and Political Persecution since the Age of FDR," by Donna T. Haverty-Stacke.

L’interaction entre facteurs organisationnels et locus de contrôle dans la prédiction de l’engagement organisationnel affectif - Parent-Rocheleau, Xavier; Simard, Gilles; Bentein, Kathleen; Tremblay, Michel (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
Nombreuses sont les études ayant répertorié les facteurs susceptibles de favoriser l’engagement affectif des employés envers leur organisation. Toutefois, davantage de recherches sont requises afin de comprendre les mécanismes par lesquels ces facteurs agissent sur le niveau d’engagement organisationnel affectif (EOA), et de cerner dans quel contexte et sous quelles conditions leurs effets s’avèrent les plus puissants (Becker, Klein, et Meyer, 2009). La présente étude s’inscrit dans la lignée des études récentes qui visent à surmonter cette limite en investiguant l’interaction entre les facteurs organisationnels et les caractéristiques individuelles dans la prédiction de l’EOA, soutenant que des dispositions individuelles modulent les perceptions des expériences de travail, influençant par le fait même les réactions attitudinales et comportementales. Plusieurs études démontrent que le locus de contrôle, défini comme la tendance des individus à croire qu’ils contrôlent ou non leur environnement et le cours des évènements (Rotter, 1954), joue notamment un rôle sur la façon dont les individus perçoivent leur environnement. Appuyant son raisonnement sur la théorie de l’échange social (Blau, 1964) et sur le modèle de l’engagement au groupe (Tyler et Blader, 2003), l’objectif de cette étude est d’examiner l’effet de l’interaction entre le locus de contrôle (interne/externe) et les perceptions de justice procédurale ainsi que la fierté organisationnelle des employés sur leur niveau d’engagement affectif. Les résultats indiquent que le locus de contrôle exerce un effet modérateur entre l’EOA et les deux antécédents proposés. Ainsi, en vertu de la norme de réciprocité, la tendance des individus à croire que la fierté organisationnelle et la justice procédurale sont le produit de leurs actions les conduiraient à s’engager affectivement auprès de cette dernière. En plus de souligner le rôle important du locus de contrôle dans les réactions attitudinales aux facteurs organisationnels, les résultats démontrent la pertinence d’étudier l’effet modérateur d’autres traits individuels susceptibles de moduler l’adoption de certains comportements et attitudes, ce qui peut représenter un avantage pour les salariés et les dirigeants.
Keywords: SnR_publicationTitle_Relations industrielles_Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations_2025-09-22T15:31:55.974Z

Lunch-Bucket Lives: Remaking the Workers' City - Parnaby, Andrew (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Lunch-Bucket Lives: Remaking the Workers' City," by Craig Heron.

More Menial than Housemaids?: Racialized and Gendered Labour in the Fruit and Vegetable Industry of Canada's Niagara Region, 1880–1945 - Patrias, Carmela (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
During the period of the expansion and consolidation of the fruit and vegetable industry between about 1880 and 1945, seasonal work in the fields, orchards, packing houses and canneries of the Niagara Peninsula was performed by two main groups of marginalized workers: immigrant women and adolescents of eastern and southern European origin, and indigenous families. Contemporaries believed that these groups were inherently suited for the long hours, physical demands and low wages that characterized such work that those with greater options avoided. Such racial classification restricted their access to year-round, better-paid and cleaner work. That it was largely performed by minority groups, in turn, derogated such seasonal labour. During the two world wars, a radically different group of workers entered Niagara’s agricultural workforce: middle-class, Anglo-Canadian girls and women, most often labelled farmerettes. By comparing minority workers and farmerettes in Niagara’s fruit and vegetable industry the study sheds light on a little-studied sector of Canada’s workforce. The willingness of the state and growers to improve working conditions generally deemed perfectly acceptable for “foreigners" and “Indians," for the benefit of farmerettes, illustrates the workings of a racialized hierarchy in Canada’s labour market with great clarity. At the same time, the limit on wages even for the privileged farmerettes simultaneously demonstrates the depth and endurance of gender-based inequality in the workforce.

The Origins of Right to Work: Antilabor Democracy in Nineteenth-Century Chicago - Pearson, Chad (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "The Origins of Right to Work: Antilabor Democracy in Nineteenth-Century Chicago," by Cedric de Leon.

Ten Pathways to Death and Disaster - Pérusse, Michel (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
This article reviews the book, "Ten Pathways to Death and Disaster," by Michael Quinlan.

From New Peoples to New Nations: Aspects of Métis History and Identity from the Eighteenth to Twenty-First Centuries - Pigeon, Émilie (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "From New Peoples to New Nations: Aspects of Métis History and Identity from the Eighteenth to Twenty-First Centuries," by Gerhard J. Ens and Joe Sawchuk.

Reviving Social Democracy: The Near Death and Surprising Rise of the Federal NDP - Pilon, Dennis (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Reviving Social Democracy: The Near Death and Surprising Rise of the Federal NDP," edited by David Laycock and Lynda Erickson.

Mentir au travail - Plamondon, Frederick (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
This article reviews the book, "Mentir au travail," by Duarte Rolo.

American Gandhi: A.J. Muste and the History of Radicalism in the Twentieth Century - Powell, Christopher (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "American Gandhi: A.J. Muste and the History of Radicalism in the Twentieth Century," by Leilah Danielson.

Kent State: Death and Dissent in the Long Sixties - Powell, Christopher (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Kent State: Death and Dissent in the Long Sixties," by Thomas M. Grace.

Trumbo - Powell, Christopher (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the film, "Trumbo," directed by Jay Roach, written by John McNamara, ShivHans Pictures, Everyman Pictures, Groundswell Productions, 2015.

Workers and Dictators: Brazilian Labour History 50 Years after the Military Coup - Purdy, Sean (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the books, "Migration and the Making of Industrial São Paulo," by Paulo Fontes and "Trabalhadores e Ditaduras: Brasil, Espanha e Portugal," edited by Marcelo Badaró Mattos and Rubén Vega.

Labour Rights and Labour Politics Under the Charter - Quail, Susanna (Ottawa Law Review, 2016)
This paper analyzes the impact of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms on of the Canadian labour movement, identifying advantages and pitfalls in relying on constitutional law to advance labour rights.
Keywords: Labour Rights and Labour Politics Under the Charter; SSRN; Susanna Quail

The Modern Girl: Feminine Modernities, the Body, and Commodities in the 1920s - Rabinovitch-Fox, Einav (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "The Modern Girl: Feminine Modernities, the Body, and Commodities in the 1920s," by Jane Nicholas.

The Fallen Woman - Ramsay, Ellen L. (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "The Fallen Woman," by Lynda Nead.

Red Rosa: A Graphic Biography of Rosa Luxemburg - Reiter, Ester (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Red Rosa: A Graphic Biography of Rosa Luxemburg," by Kate Evans.

Insurgent Democracy: The Nonpartisan League in North American Politics - Rennie, Bradford J. (Labour / Le Travail, 2016)
The article reviews the book, "Insurgent Democracy: The Nonpartisan League in North American Politics," by Michael J. Lansing.

Words at Work: Constructing a Labour Conflict - Reshef, Yonatan; Keim, Charles (Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations, 2016)
Summary: We use the 2011-12 conflict between the British Columbia Teachers’ Federation (BCTF) and the British Columbia (BC) government to explore how the union president, Susan Lambert, used language to bring the conflict into being and mobilize union members in opposition to the government. We use newspaper articles and archival material from mid-2011 to June 2012 to explore how Lambert identified the core issues and actors, prescribed roles, relationships and actions, and, importantly, inspired a will to act in union members and supporters.To explore how she constructed the conflict, we adopt a mobilization theory developed by scholars of social movement organizations (SMO). Snow and Benford (1988: 200-202) conceptualize three core pillars of conflict: 1- diagnostic framing identifies a problem, attributes blame or causality, and identifies the key actors; 2- prognostic framing offers a solution and identifies strategies, tactics and targets; 3- motivational framing provides a call to arms, or rationale for action while inspiring an urge to act among members and supporters. In exploring how she urged action among members, we use the four archetypal legitimation strategies identified by Van Leeuwen (2008) and Van Leeuwen and Wodak (1999): authorization, rationalization, moralization and mythopoesis.McAdam (1982: 48) argues that before collective action can begin people must come to view their situation as unjust and subject to change. We use the above framework to structure our exploration of how the union president used language to frame members’ understanding of the conflict. Through language she ushered the reality of labour conflict into being and constructed a reality in which union members could identify themselves as agents of protest and change. // Dans cet article, nous nous penchons sur le conflit de travail, survenu en 2011-2012, entre la Fédération des enseignants-es de la Colombie-Britannique et le gouvernement de cette province, afin d’examiner de quelle manière la présidente de cette fédération, Susan Lambert, a utilisé le langage pour amener ses membres à réaliser l’ampleur du conflit et les mobiliser contre le gouvernement. À cette fin, nous avons passé en revue des articles de quotidiens et des documents d’archives couvrant la période s’étendant de la mi-2011 à juin 2012, dans le but de cerner comment Mme Lambert est parvenue à identifier les enjeux et les acteurs cruciaux, attribuer les rôles, établir les relations et les actions, et, surtout, comment elle a réussi à inspirer une volonté d’agir chez les membres et leurs partisans.Pour explorer comment elle a « construit » le conflit, nous adoptons une théorie de la mobilisation développée par des universitaires qui ont étudié les mouvements sociaux organisés. Snow et Benford (1988 : 200-202) ont conceptualisé trois piliers-clés du conflit : 1-élaboration du diagnostic, soit identifier un problème, en attribuer le blâme ou la cause, et identifier les acteurs-clés; 2- élaboration du pronostique, soit offrir une solution et en identifier les stratégies, tactiques et cibles; et, enfin, 3- élaboration de la motivation, soit faire un appel aux armes ou offrir un argumentaire qui convaincra les membres et les partisans de l’urgence de passer à l’action. Pour analyser la manière dont la présidente a réussi cela, nous nous référons aux quatre stratégies de légitimation identifiées par Van Leeuwen (2008), et Van Leeuwen et Wodack (1999) : autorisation, rationalisation, moralisation et construction d’un mythe.McAdam (1982 : 48) soutient qu’avant qu’une action collective ne débute, il faut que les personnes concernées considèrent leur situation comme étant injuste et devant être changée. Nous nous servons de ce cadre d’analyse pour explorer la manière dont la présidente a utilisé le langage pour « construire » cette vision. Grâce au langage utilisé, elle est parvenue à faire ressortir les enjeux du conflit et à « construire une réalité » où les membres ont pu s’identifier comme agents de changement et acteurs de la protestation.