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A study empirically examines the relationships between union status, union involvement, and the performance of gainsharing programs. The predictions of various competing theoretical perspectives are evaluated: 1. the agency/transaction cost approach, 2. the monopoly model, 3. the institutional voice model, and 4. a 2-faces model of labor organization. Gainsharing programs with union involvement in program administration resulted in better perceived performance than average programs in the nonunion sector. However, gainsharing programs in the union sector without union involvement had worse outcomes than those in the nonunion sector. These 2 divergent situations resulted in union status itself having an insignificant relationship with program performance.