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The limited influence that ethnic studies and working-class history have exerted on each other can be explained by the priorities and the predominant theoretical orientations that have characterized the former field. Much more fruitful, instead, has been the growing convergence of related fields such as immigration history and migration studies towards working-class history. While this convergence has resulted in a much more sophisticated knowledge of the social and cultural universe in which labour movements have grown and developed, relatively little progress has been made in isolating ethnicity as a historical category and in determining its place in the development and articulation of social consciousness.