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Current arguments about the causes of differing union density rates in the US and Canada range from public opinion hypothesis and differences in labor law, to increased US managerial hostility. Survey data on managers' and workers' attitudes in the 2 countries are used to examine the competing arguments. Using questions that probe opinions toward various aspects of union-firm relations, it is found that managers' attitudes in the 2 countries do not differ. This finding suggests that increased US managerial hostility is not the cause of the divergent unionization rates. US workers are the most militant of the 4 groups, with Canadian workers in the middle, between managers and US workers.