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In conventional histories of the Canadian prairies, Native people disappear from view after the Riel rebellions. In a fresh departure from traditional studies, Frank Tough examines the role of Native people, both Indian and Metis, in the economy of northern Manitoba from 1870 to the Depression. He argues that they did not become economically obsolete but rather played an important role in the transitional era between the mercantile fur trade and the emerging industrial economy of the mid-twentieth century. Tough reconstructs the traditional economy of the fur trade era and examines its evolution through reserve selection and settlement, scrip distribution, and the participation of Natives in the new resource industries of commercial fishing, transportation, and lumbering. His analysis clearly shows that Native people in northern Manitoba responded to the challenge of an expanding market economy in rational and enterprising ways, but that they were repeatedly obstructed by government policy. --Publisher's description. Revision of the author's thesis (Ph. D.)--York University. Contents: 1. 'To Look for Food Instead of Fur': Local Economies -- Indian Bands and Company Posts -- 2. 'The Only Remedy Is the Employment of Steam': Reorganizing the Regional System -- 3. 'Dependent on the Company's Provisions for Subsistence': The Decline of Kihchiwaskahikanihk (York Factory) -- 4. 'To Be Shut Up on a Small Reserve': Geographical and Economic Aspects of Indian Treaties -- 5. 'Lands Are Getting Poor in Hunting': Treaty Adhesions in Northern Manitoba -- 6. 'Terms and Conditions as May Be Deemed Expedient': Metis Aboriginal Title -- 7. 'Go and Pitch His Camp': Native Settlement Patterns and Indian Agriculture -- 8. 'Nothing to Make Up for the Great Loss of Winter Food': Resource Conflicts over Common-Property Fisheries -- 9. 'A Great Future Awaits This Section of Northern Manitoba': Economic Boom and Native Labour -- 10. 'They Make a Comfortable Living': Economic Change and Incomes. Includes bibliographical references (pages 334-363) and index.
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This essay will initiate an assessment of the literature that actually seeks to explain the economic relationships between Natives and Whites. This review is not a detailed empirical study of a particular aspect of Native economic history or a demonstration of the immediate relevance of economic history. Instead, the present-day need for an accessible account, summary and analysis of the existing economic history literature and a critical evaluation of this disparate body of work will be addressed by this essay. By summarizing and reviewing this disparate literature, a rough chronology of Native economic history can trace major changes. Innovative studies using interesting data sources and methods will be highlighted. The examination of economic history before 1870 will focus on the fur trade to consider exchange relations, racial stratification, credit, and resource management problems. The period following 1870 will consider how the social overhead of the fur trade became a government responsibility. --From Introduction
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This paper will examine the major historical processes for the region representing the Interlake and Northern Manitoba from 1870 to 1900. It is apparent that the period reflected the efforts of Native Peoples to adjust to the declining mercantile fur trade. In contrast, the period after the signing of treaties is generally seen as a period when Indians were suddenly confined to reservations. In fact, the development of the reservation at particular locations for distinct Indian bands was a continuation of a settlement process, influenced by fur trade posts and missionaries, originating before the signing of the treaties. This paper will argue that t he ad justments made from 1870 to 1900 were a spatial and economic transformation of the Native economy, which had been largely dependent upon the fur trade, to a more diversified and a more commercialized economy.
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This article reviews the book, "Seasons of Change: Labor, Treaty Rights and Ojibwe Nationhood," by Chantal Norrgard.
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