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Though not monolithic, the non-profit social services sector has been an arena where workers and management participated in various forms of shared planning, service development and organizing the labour process. This included: 1- formal participation processes such as collective bargaining with union representation, and 2- practice-profession or task participation. Drawing on 34 qualitative interviews undertaken with a variety of actors (Chief Executive/Senior Directors, senior operational management, Human Resource Managers, frontline staff, and, where available, union representatives) in two non-profit social service agencies in Ontario (Canada), the article traces how these forms of participation have changed as a result of government austerity policies alongside the expansion of precarious employment and funding in the non-profit sector.Using exemplar quotes and qualitative analysis, the article shows that worker’s participation in each form has declined, while management simultaneously has extended greater control over the labour process and removed or reduced forums and opportunities for input from staff. In terms of task participation, measurement and governance structure of New Public Management (NPM) and austerity have led to less autonomy and choice, especially in the area of working time. The study also found that unitarist approaches, intolerant of staff voice and possible dissent, have displaced earlier representative participatory approaches that either utilized the management chain, or embraced and worked constructively with unions. Though these pressures existed prior to the introduction of austerity policies, the data show that decreased worker’s participation coincides and is further undermined by the financial and governance processes associated with NPM and austerity-linked cuts in government and other forms of funding. Overall, the data and analysis suggest that participation in the Non-profit Social Services (NPSS) may be another casualty of this current wave of neoliberalism.
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This edited collection introduces and explores the causes and consequences of precarious employment in Canada and across the world. After contextualizing employment precarity and its root causes, the authors illustrate how precarious employment is created amongst different populations and describe the accompanying social impacts on racialized immigrant women, those in the non-profit sector, temporary foreign workers and the children of Filipino immigrants. --Publisher's description. Contents: Preface: The PEPSO Story -- Part 1: Precarity in Canada. Origins of Precarity: Families and Communities in Crisis / Wayne Lewchuk, Stephanie Procyk and John Shields -- Part 2: Creating Precarity and its Social Impact. “No One Cares about Us”: Precarious Employment among Racialized Immigrant Women / Yogendra B. Shakya and Stephanie Premji -- Precarious Undertakings: Serving Vulnerable Communities through Nonprofit Work / John Shields, Donna Baines and Ian Cunningham -- Sacrificing the Family for the Family: Impacts of Repeated Separations on Temporary Foreign Workers in Canada / Aaraón Díaz Mendiburo, André Lyn, Janet McLaughlin, Biljana Vasilevska, and Don Wells -- Precarious Students and Families in Halton, Ontario: Linking Citizenship, Employment and Filipino Student Success / Jennilee Austria, Philip Kelly and Don Wells -- Part 3: Resisting Precarity. $14 Now!: Voices of the Minimum Wage Campaign / Serene K. Tan -- Re-scripting Care Work: Collaborative Cultural Production and Caregiver Advocacy / Philip Kelly and Conely de Leon -- Cleaners Against Precarity: Lessons from a Vulnerable Workforce / Sean Patterson, Jenny Carson and Myer Siemiatycki -- Austerity, Precarity and Workers’ Voice: Representation for Precarious Workers in Non-Unions Social Services / Ian Cunningham, Donna Baines and John Shields -- The Immigrant Discount: Working on the Edges of the Labour Market / Diane Dyson and Nasima Akter -- Part 4: What To Do About Precarity? Workers’ Precarity: What to Do about It? / Wayne Lewchuk.
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Unpaid work has long been used in nonprofit/voluntary social services to extend paid work. Drawing on three case studies of nonprofit social services in Canada, this article argues that due to austerity policies, the conditions for ‘pure’ gift relationships in unpaid social service work are increasingly rare. Instead, employers have found various ways to ‘fill the gaps’ in funding through the extraction of unpaid work in various forms. Precarious workers are highly vulnerable to expectations that they will ‘volunteer’ at their places of employment, while expectations that students will undertake unpaid internships is increasing the norm for degree completion and procurement of employment, and full-time workers often use unpaid work as a form of resistance. This article contributes to theory by advancing a spectrum of unpaid nonprofit social service work as compelled and coerced to varying degrees in the context of austerity policies and funding cutbacks., Unpaid work has long been used in nonprofit/voluntary social services to extend paid work. Drawing on three case studies of nonprofit social services in Canada, this article argues that due to austerity policies, the conditions for ‘pure’ gift relationships in unpaid social service work are increasingly rare. Instead, employers have found various ways to ‘fill the gaps’ in funding through the extraction of unpaid work in various forms. Precarious workers are highly vulnerable to expectations that they will ‘volunteer’ at their places of employment, while expectations that students will undertake unpaid internships is increasing the norm for degree completion and procurement of employment, and full-time workers often use unpaid work as a form of resistance. This article contributes to theory by advancing a spectrum of unpaid nonprofit social service work as compelled and coerced to varying degrees in the context of austerity policies and funding cutbacks.
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