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The article reviews the book "Seeking the Highest Good: Social Service and Gender at the University of Toronto, 1888-1937," by Sara Z. Burke.

The article reviews the book "A Marriage of Convenience: Business and Social Work in Toronto 1918-1957," by Gale Wills.

The debate about public funding and regulation of childcare has always had as its central focus: should mothers be encouraged or discouraged from seeking paid work outside the home? While some scholars argue that labour needs -- the "reserve army" thesis --best explain resulting public policies regarding childcare, this article argues that campaigns by women's organizations, sometimes aided by mixed-sex progressive social organizations, have been more important in public policy-making. Discourse on paid work for women with children has shifted from 1945 to 1990 from extremely negative to ambivalent. But the Right has limited the impact of women's mobilization for shared state responsibility for childcare by insisting on childcare arrangements as a working mother's responsibility.

This article reviews the book, "Divisions of Labour: Skilled Workers and Technological Change in Nineteenth Century Britain," by Royden Harrison & Jonathan Zeitlin, edited.

This article reviews the book, "Civic Labors: Scholar Activism and Working-Class Studies," edited by Dennis Deslippe, Eric Fure-Slocum, and John W. McKerley.

The article reviews the book, "Radical Ambition: The New Left in Toronto," by Peter Graham and Ian McKay.

The article reviews the book, "The Enchantments of Mammon: How Capitalism Became the Religion of Modernity," by Eugene McCarraher.

The article reviews and comments on severa; books, "Engendering the State: Family, Work, and Welfare in Canada," by Nancy Christie; "The Wages of Sickness: The Politics of Health Insurance in Progressive America, by Beatrix Hoffman; Aux origines sociales de l'État-providence: Familles québécoises, obligation scolaire et allocations familiales, 1940-1955," by Dominique Marshall; and "Poverty Knowledge: Social Science, Social Policy, and the Poor in Twentieth-Century U.S. History," by Alice O'Connor.

The article reviews the book, "Grève et paix. Une histoire des lois spéciales au Québec," by Martin Petitclerc and Martin Robert.

For 300,000 years humans have pushed for equality in their societies. For the first time ever, historian Alvin Finkel brings together the evidence to tell the story of the 99% who have constantly sought to live in a society of equals. This is a history of humanity like it's never been told before. Historian Alvin Finkel builds on the work of archaeologists, anthropologists and historians to present the very long view of the history of the human species. His focus is not on the leaders whose exploits are recounted in traditional histories, but rather on the experiences of ordinary people, the 99%, whose experiences and activities are often overlooked. In the extensive research of many contemporary scholars, Alvin Finkel notes a common thread which most historians have ignored: the constant efforts of ordinary people throughout history to create and sustain societies based on equality of all individuals. Contrary to traditional historical writing, he finds that the earliest human communities usually treated all individuals as equals. In the histories of societies all around the world, he records how individuals who found ways to gain wealth and power have faced constant, often successful, resistance from the rest. From the first recorded communities in Mesopotamia to the COVID-19 pandemic, this book features the resistances, uprisings, struggles, and solidarities of the majority against those seeking to dominate. The result is a fresh and challenging interpretation of the history of our species, one that casts a new light on the true nature of humans. --Publisher's description

The article briefly reviews "Undelivered Letters to Hudson’s Bay Company Men on the Northwest Coast of America, 1830-1857," by Judith Hudson Beattie and Helen M. Buss, "Wartime Images, Peacetime Wounds: The Media and the Gustafsen Lake Standoff," by Sandra Lambertus, “'We, Too, Are Americans': African American Women in Detroit and Richmond, 1940-1954," by Megan Taylor Shockley, "Promise Unfulfilled: Unions, Immigration, and the Farm Workers," by Philip L. Martin, "From Charity to Social Work: Mary E. Richmond and the Creation of an American Profession," by Elizabeth N. Agnew, "Forging America: Adventurers, Ironworkers, and America’s Industrial Revolution," by John Bezis-Selfa, "Working Women in Mexico City: Public Discourses and Material Conditions, 1879-1931," by Susie E. Porter, "The Social Bases of Nazism 1919-1933," by Detlef Mühlberger, "Women and the Labour Market in Japan’s Industrialising Economy: The Textile Industry Before the Pacific War," by Janet Hunter, "Drugs, Labor, and Colonial Expansion," edited by William Jankowiak and Daniel Bradburd, "The Making of a Cybertariat: Virtual Work in a Real World," by Ursula Huws, "Drugs, Labor, and Colonial Expansion," edited by William Jankowiak and Daniel Bradburd, "Parecon: Life After Capitalism," by Michael Albert, "Thinking Past Terror: Islamism and Critical Theory on the Left," by Susan Buck-Morss, "Memoirs of a Media Maverick," by Boyce Richardson, "Canada and the Cold War," by Reg Whitaker and Steve Hewitt, and "Sticking to the Union: An Oral History of the Life and Times of Julia Ruuttila," by Sandy Polishuk.

The article reviews several books including the "Risky Business: Nuclear Power and Public Protest in Canada," by Michael D. Mehta," "Saskatchewan: The Roots of Discontent and Protest," by John W. Warnock, and "City of Clerks: Office and Sales Workers in Philadelphia 1870-1920," by Jerome P. Bjelopara.

The article briefly reviews "Union Women: Forging Feminism in the United Steelworkers of America," by Mary Margaret Fonow, "Women, Power, and AT&T: Winning Rights in the Workplace," by Lois Kathryn Herr, "Reforming the Chicago Teamsters: The Story of Local 705," by Robert Bruno, "The Open Method of Co-ordination in Action: The European Employment and Social Inclusion Strategies," edited by Jonathan Zeitlin and Philippe Pochet, eds., with Lars Magnusson, "Rebuilding Germany: The Creation of the Social Market Economy, 1945-1957," by James C. Van Hook, "Poverty and Charity inthe Jewish Community of Medieval Egypt" and "The Voice of the Poor in the Middle Ages: An Anthology of Documents from the Cairo Geniza," by Mark R. Cohen.

The article briefly reviews M. Ann Hall's "The Girl and the Game: A History of Women’s Sport in Canada;" Hugh D. Hinman's "Child Labour: An American History;" Robert Michael Smith's "From Blackjacks to Briefcases: A History of Commercialized Strikebreaking and Unionbusting in the United States;" P.W. Singer's "Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry;" Andrew Hemingway's "Artists on the Left: American Artists and the Communist Movement, 1926-1956;" "Why Do People Hate America?" by Ziauddin Sardar and Merryl Wyn Davies; Robert J. Alexander's "A History of Organized Labor in Brazil;" Richard D. Salvatore's "Wandering Paysanos: State Order and Subaltern Experience in Buenos Aires During the Rosas Era;" Juanita de Barros's "Order and Place in a Colonial City: Patterns of Struggle and Resistance in Georgetown, British Guiana, 1889-1924;" "Negotiations and Change: From the Workplace to Society," by Thomas A. Kochan and David B. Lipsky; and Carl Freedman's "The Incomplete Projects: Marxism, Modernity, and the Politics of Culture."

The article reviews the book, "Welfare," by Mary Daly.

The article briefly reviews "Up in the Air," by Greg J. Bamber, Jody Hoffer Gittell, Thomas A. Kochan, and Andrew von Nordenflycht, "To Be My Father's Daughter," by Sharon Halfyard, Carmelita McGrath, and Marion Cheeks, "The Welfare State Nobody Knows: Debunking Myths About U.S. Social Policy," by Christopher Howard, "In and Out of the Working Class," by Michael D. Yates, "Icon, Brand, Myth: The Calgary Stampede," edited by Max Foran, "From Hands Now Striving to Be Free: Boxes Crafted by 1837 Rebellion Prisoners," by Chris Raible with John C. Carter, "Reshaping Welfare States and Activation Regimes in Europe," by Amparo Serrano Pascual and Lars Magnusson, "Impossible Peace: Israel/Palestine Since 1989," by Mark LeVine, "Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights and the New War on the Poor," by Paul Farmer, "Why Not Socialism?," by G.A. Cohen, and "More Unequal," edited by Michael D. Yates.

The article briefly reviews "Battling the Plantation Mentality: Memphis and the Black Freedom Struggle," by Laurie B. Green, "A Fair Day's Wage for a Fair Day's Work? Sweated Labour and the Origins of Minimum Wage Legislation in Britain," by Sheila Blackburn, "Between Growth and Security: Swedish Social Democracy From a Strong Society to a Third Way," by Jenny Anderson, "Development, Democracy, and Welfare States: Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe," by Stephen Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman, "Voices from the Ships: Australia’s Seafarers and their Union," by Diane Kirkby, "Class, Race, and Inequality in South Africa," by Jeremy Seekings and Nicoli Nattrass, "Feeding the World: An Economic History of Agriculture, 1800–2000," by Giovanni Federico, and "Reforming Early Retirement in Europe, Japan and the USA," by Bernhard Ebbinghaus.

The article briefly reviews "Exploring the Dimensions of Self-Sufficiency for New Brunswick," edited by Michael Boudreau, Peter G. Toner, and Tony Tremblay; "The State of Working America 2008/2009," by Lawrence Mishel, Jared Bernstein, and Heidi Shierholz,; "And They Were Wonderful Teachers: Florida’s Purge of Gay and Lesbian Teachers," by Karen L. Graves; "Agitate! Educate! Organize! American Labour Posters," by Lincoln Cushing and Timothy W. Drescher; "Hunger: A Modern History," by James Vernon; "Organising History: A Centenary of SIPTU [Services, Industrial, and Professional Trade Union of Ireland], 1909–2009; "by Frances Devine; "Revenge of the Domestic: Women, the Family, and Communism in the German Democratic Republic," by Donna Harsch; and "Logics of Empowerment: Development, Gender, and Government in Neoliberal India," by Aradhana Sharma.

The article briefly reviews Howard Margolian's "Unauthorized Entry: The Truth About Nazi War Criminals in Canada, 1946-1956;" Raka Ray's "Fields of Protest: Women's Movements in India;" Naila Kabeer's "The Power to Choose: Bangladeshi Women and Labour Market Decisions in London and Dhaka;" Daniel James's "Doña María's Story : Life, History, Memory, and Political History;" "Women's Work in Britain and France" by Abigail Gregory and Jan Windebank; Elliott D. Sclar's "You Don 'I Always Get What You Pay For: The Economics of Privatization;" Mary H. Blewett's "Constant Turmoil: The Politics of Industrial Life in Nineteenth- Century New England;" Keith Wrightson's "Earthly Necessity: Economic Lives in Early Modern Britain;" Stephen Heathorn's "For Home, Country and Race: Constructing Gender, Class, and Englishness in the Elementary School, 1880-1914;" and Mêlante Nolan's "Bread Winning: New Zealand Women and the State."

The article briefly reviews "Have Women and Minorities Reached the Top? Diversity in the Power Elite," by Richard L. Zweigenhaft and G. William Domhoff; "An Investigation of Racial Disadvantage," by Derek Leslie et al.; Brian Titley's "The Frontier World of Edgar Dewdney;" Gilbert G. Gonzalez's "Mexican Consuls and Labor Organizing: Imperial Politics in the American Southwest;" Peter Bailey's "Popular Culture and Performance in the Victorian City;" Ching Kwan Lee's "Gender and the South China Miracle: Two Worlds of Factory Women;" Diana Crane's "Fashion and its Social Agendas: Class, Gender, and Identity in Clothing;" "Italian Lives: Cape Breton Memories," edited by Sam Migliore and A. Evo Dipierro; and Glenda Riley's "Women and Nature: Saving the 'Wild' West."